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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

自尊程度、自尊不穩定性、自我設限與三種拖延習慣的關係

李奇姜 Unknown Date (has links)
拖延習慣是相當普遍的行為現象,許多研究認為害怕失敗是人們產生拖延行為的主要原因之一。而害怕失敗的想法往往與個人的自我評價有關。因此本研究的主要目的是想要暸解自尊程度與三種拖延習慣的關係。進一步地,自尊程度對三種拖延習慣的關係是否會受到自尊不穩定性或自我設限傾向的影響。其次,本研究結果亦欲了解三種拖延習慣與拖延後情緒習慣的關係。 本研究採用問卷法,共298位有效受訪者參加,男生佔總人數的66.4%,女生佔總人數的33.6%,受訪者主要來源為國立政治大學與私立大華技術學院的大學部學生。受訪者填寫Rosenberg自尊量表、自尊不穩定性量表、學校生活問卷、拖延習慣量表以及拖延後情緒習慣量表。研究結果如下: 1.自尊程度與三種拖延習慣有顯著相關。其中自尊程度與個人性拖延習慣或社會性拖延習慣有顯著負相關;而與非拖延習慣有顯著正相關。 2.性別、年齡等人口變項在個人性拖延習慣上無顯著差異,但在社會性拖延習慣上有顯著差異。 3.有將近70%的受訪者認為自己有拖延習慣,而將近80%的受訪者認為拖延習慣會造成困擾。但對於社會性拖延習慣,受訪者認為並不一定會造成困擾。 4.對低自尊程度者而言,自尊不穩定性會增強個人性拖延習慣,有顯著的調節效果;但在社會性拖延習慣上並未發現其調節效果。 5.自我設限對個人性拖延習慣與社會性拖延習慣皆有顯著的預測力,但在本研究中並未發現自我設限對自尊程度與拖延習慣之間有調節效果。 6.自尊程度與自我設限對拖延習慣或非拖延習慣皆有顯著的預測力,表示如果想要降低拖延習慣或是增加不拖延的習慣,那麼可以朝降低自我設限傾向或提升自尊程度的方向來努力。 7.不論是否具有拖延習慣,對拖延後情緒習慣皆有顯著相關。若考量關聯性強度,具有個人性拖延習慣的人容易出現負向情緒以及沒差別的感受;而具有社會性拖延習慣的人容易出現沒差別的感受;平時沒有拖延習慣的人對於偶爾的拖延行為會比較在意,而且也容易出現負向情緒。 最後說明本研究的結果討論、研究的限制與建議,以及未來研究方向。
2

拖延行為的研究--量表編製及相關因素之探討

塗振洋, Tu, Chen-yang Unknown Date (has links)
本論文主要在探討拖延行為及其相關因素,共分成以下三個研究: 研究一的目的是編製一份拖延行為量表及拖延時感受量表。在拖延行為量表方面,區分為「學業拖延量表」及「一般拖延量表」兩種。 研究二的目的是探討時間觀、成就目標與拖延行為的關係。其中,在時間觀部分,包含有「未來」、「現在快樂主義」、「現在宿命論」、「過去-正向」、「過去-負向」五種時間觀取向;而「成就目標」則分成「趨向精熟」、「趨向表現」、「逃避精熟」、「逃避表現」四種目標導向。除此之外,本研究亦針對不同性質任務的拖延情形及性別、年級、是否有兼職或打工、創新行為與拖延行為、拖延時感受的關係,進行探討。 研究三的目的是探討拖延行為、情緒調節與拖延時感受的關係。其中,情緒調節部份分成「重新評估」及「壓抑」兩種調節方式。 經由統計分析的結果,各研究有以下的發現: 研究一以大學生為對象,有效樣本277人,扣除性別漏填3人,男有88人,女有186人。經由主成份分析結果,拖延行為量表中的「學業拖延量表」、「一般拖延量表」均為單一因素的量表,並且該兩種量表在內部一致性的信度分析方面,Cronbach α值分別為.70(學業拖延量表)、.90(一般拖延量表),在效標關聯效度方面,也均與「自我概念」、「學業成績表現」呈顯著負相關(r=-.21&#12316;-.33,p<.001)。而「拖延時感受量表」經因素分析結果共得「自圓其說」、「自責後悔」、「僥倖心理」、「自我調適」、「灰心逃避」五個因素,這五個因素在內部一致性的信度分析方面,除了「自我調適」分量表(3題)的Cronbach α值為.56外,其他四個因素的α值則介於.74&#12316;.82之間。 研究二也是以大學生為對象,有效樣本541人,扣除性別漏填1人,男有193人,女有347人。利用研究一所編製的量表進行施測,結果發現無論是在學業拖延或是一般拖延上,約有50﹪以上的人認為自己的拖延情形在中間程度(五點量表,中數為3)以上;而在拖延時感受部分,人在拖延時最常出現的感受是「自責後悔」(M=3.60,SD=.70)與「自我調適」(M=3.52,SD=.65)。在不同性質任務的拖延程度上,「自己不想做但又必須做的事情」最會拖延(M=2.99,SD=.84),「自己想做也喜歡做的事情」最不會拖延(M=1.95,SD=.70)。而「性別」、「是否有兼職或打工」在拖延程度上並無顯著的差異存在;但是,在拖延時的感受部分,男生在拖延時比女生較常感到「自圓其說」,女生則比男生在拖延時較常感到「自責後悔」;「沒有兼職或打工」的人比「有兼職或打工」者在拖延時較常感到「自圓其說」。至於,拖延行為與創新行為的關係,拖延程度越高的人創新行為的表現越低;而拖延時較少感到「自我調適」,或較常感到「灰心逃避」的人,其創新行為表現也較低。 在時間觀、成就目標與拖延行為關係方面,除了時間觀中的「未來」時間觀與拖延行為呈顯著負相關(r=-41、-.47,p<.001)之外、「現在快樂主義」與「過去-負向」兩種時間觀則均與拖延行為呈正相關(r=.08&#12316;.20,p<.05),亦即時間觀越是「現在快樂主義」、「過去-負向」,越不是「未來」取向者,其拖延的情形越高。至於,成就目標與拖延行為的關係,無論是「趨向精熟」、「趨向表現」、「逃避精熟」還是「逃避表現」的目標導向,則或多或少均與拖延行為呈負相關(r=-.13&#12316;.22,p<.01);但是,成就目標對拖延行為的影響,則因為時間觀的作用達顯著時而式微。 研究三則以研究一所編製的量表對研究二的樣本進行分析,主要想要了解情緒調節是否能作為拖延行為與拖延時感受的調節變項。應用階層迴歸分析的結果發現,基本上情緒調節與拖延行為對拖延時感受的影響並無顯著的交互作用存在。但是,若從情緒調節、拖延行為對拖延時感受的主要效果來看,兩者則分別對拖延時感受具有不同顯著的影響。以拖延行為對拖延時感受的影響來看,拖延程度越高的人在拖延時越常感到「僥倖心理」、「灰心逃避」、「自圓其說」。而以情緒調節對拖延時感受的影響來看,情緒調節越是以「重新評估」方式來調節的人,在拖延時則越常感到「自責後悔」、「自我調適」,越不會感到「自圓其說」、「灰心逃避」;情緒調節若越是以「壓抑」方式來調節的人,在拖延時則越常感到「自圓其說」。除此之外,本研究也發現,「重新評估」的情緒調節方式與學業拖延呈正相關(r=.09,p<.05),但是相關不大;而且若從時間觀與情緒調節的關係來看,「重新評估」情緒調節方式與「未來」、「現在快樂主義」時間觀呈正相關(r=.21&#12316;.27,p<.001),與「過去-負向」時間觀呈負相關(-.15,p<.001)。可見,這樣的結果與研究二中時間觀與拖延行為的關係加以對照來看,「重新評估」可能不是影響一個人是否經常學業拖延的直接原因,真正影響的是他站在怎樣的時間觀取向下來進行「重新評估」的情緒調節。 綜合三個研究結果,我們獲得以下幾個主要結論:(一)本論文所編製的學業拖延量表、一般拖延量表及拖延時感受量表,無論是在信、效度上均是可以接受的,可作為測量個體拖延程度與輔導其拖延問題的參考工具。(二)拖延已是大學校園內普遍的一種行為,而這種行為的程度並不因「性別」或「是否有兼職或打工」而有所不同;真正影響一個人是否經常拖延的原因主要與個體的時間觀取向有關,當一個人的時間觀越是傾向於「未來」時間觀,越不傾向於「現在快樂主義」、「過去-負向」的人,則越少拖延。(三)當任務是自己想做也喜歡做時,大學生比較不會拖延;相反地,當任務是自己不想做但又必須做時,大學生則比較會拖延。(四)雖然性別、是否兼職或打工在拖延行為程度上並無顯著的差異;但是,在拖延時感受的比較上,男生在拖延時比女生較常感到「自圓其說」,女生則比男生較常感到「自責後悔」,而沒有兼職或打工的學生則比有兼職或打工的學生在拖延時較常感到「自圓其說」。(五)拖延程度越高的人,在拖延時越常感到「僥倖心理」、「灰心逃避」、「自圓其說」。(六)情緒調節越是傾向以「重新評估」方式來調節的人,在拖延時越常感到「自責後悔」、「自我調適」,越少感到「自圓其說」、「灰心逃避」;而情緒調節越是以「壓抑」方式來調節的人,在拖延時則越常感到「自圓其說」。(七)拖延行為程度越高的人,其創新行為的表現也越低。 最後,本論文根據以上的研究發現,進行綜合討論與結論,並據以對學校、輔導及未來研究提出相關的綜合建議。 關鍵字:拖延、學業拖延、一般拖延、拖延時感受、創新行為、時間觀、成就目標、情緒調節。 / This dissertation mainly explores procrastination through three studies. Study 1’s objectives are to develop inventories about procrastination. The measurement instruments include academic procrastination, general procrastination , feelings when procrastinating. Study 2’s objectives are to explore relationships among time perspective(TP), achievement goals and procrastination. The five factors of TP include future, present-hedonistic, present-fatalistic, past-positive and past-negative orientations(Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999). The achievement goal variable includes a 4-dimensional goal orientation: approach-mastery, approach-performance, avoidance-mastery and avoidance-performance(Elliot & McGregor, 2001). Furthermore, this study also investigates: a)procrastination of different tasks, b)the difference of procrastination behaviors and feelings when procrastinating based on different variables such as sex, grades, whether or not the students have part-time work, and c)relationship between procrastination and innovative behaviors(Scott & Bruce, 1994). Study 3’s objectives are to determine the relationships among procrastination, emotion regulation and feelings when procrastinating. The two forms of emotion regulation include reappraisal and suppression(Gross & John, 2003). The following are some findings based on the three studies: In study 1, the participants were 277 college students(88 males, and 186 females).The data was analyzed using Principle Component Analysis. Results yielded the following: 1)Both academic procrastination and general procrastination were unidimensional scales. The former’s reliability was Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of .70 and the latter’s was .90. Two scales were related negatively to academic performance and self-concept(r=-.21&#12316;-.33, p<.001). 2)Items of feelings when procrastinating were divided into five factors. These five factors were labeled as excuse-making(4 items, α=.82), self-blame and regret(4 items, α=.74), wishful thinking(3 items, α=.78), self-adaptation(3 items, α=.56), and dejection and avoidance(2 items, α=.78). In study 2, the subjects were 541 college students(193 males, and 347 females).All participants were measured by inventories developed in study 1. Results yielded the following: 1)More than 50﹪of students reported that their procrastination was higher than middle level. 2)People procrastinated more with tasks that they have to do but do not want to do; and less with tasks that they want to do and like to do. 3)No significant relationship was found between procrastination and sex, or whether or not the students have part-time work. However, males were more inclined to excuse themselves than females when they were procrastinating. In contrast, females were more inclined to blame themselves and feel regretful than males when they were procrastinating. Non-part-time workers were more inclined to excuse themselves than part-time workers when they were procrastinating. 4)People with higher procrastination levels tended to have lower scores of innovative behavior. 5)People with higher scores of future orientation, lower present-hedonistic TP and past-negative TP tended to have lower procrastination levels. In study 3, study 2’s participants were also part of study 3. The study primarily aimed to understand how “emotion regulation” functions as a moderator of the relation between procrastination level and feelings when procrastinating. Data was analyzed using Hierarchical Multiple Regression. Basically, we did not find the interaction between procrastination level and emotion regulation to explain variance of feelings when procrastinating. However, when examining the effects of procrastination level and emotion regulation individually, both variables significantly affected variance of feelings when procrastinating. When the analyzing between procrastination level and feelings when procrastinating, people with higher procrastination levels tended to have higher scores of wishful thinking, dejection and avoidance, and excuse-making when they were procrastinating. This indicated that the relationship between emotion regulation and feelings when procrastinating, people with higher reappraisal scores tended to have higher scores of self-blame and regret, higher scores of self-adaptation, lower scores of excuse-making, and lower scores of dejection and avoidance. Further, people with higher suppression scores tended to have higher scores of excuse-making. In addition, this study also found that emotion regulation by reappraisal was marginally related to academic procrastination(r=.09,p<.05); but from the relationship between TP and emotion regulation, we found that reappraisal was related positively to future TP(r=.21, p<.001) and present-hedonistic TP(r=.27, p<.001), and related negatively to past-negative TP(r=-.15, p<.001).Therefore, in contrast with point 5 in the results of study 2 in this dissertation, academic procrastination may not be directly affected by reappraisal. In fact, the relation between reappraisal and academic procrastination was determined by one’s TP. Through the results of above three studies. From this dissertation 7 key points were concluded: 1) Reliability and validity of procrastination inventories which were developed in this dissertation were acceptable. Therefore, these inventories could be used when we want to measure one’s procrastination level and to resolve problems of procrastination. 2)Procrastination was a common behavior in campus. No significant relationship was found between procrastination level and sex, or whether or not the students have part-time work. Procrastination level was mainly affected by one’s TP. People with higher scores of future orientation, lower scores of present-hedonistic and past-negative TP tended to exhibit greater procrastination behavior. 3)People procrastinated more with tasks that they have to do but do not want to do; and less with tasks that they want to do and like to do. 4)There were differences when feelings when procrastinating were compared with different sex or whether or not the students have part-time work. Males were more inclined to excuse themselves than females when they were procrastinating. Females were more inclined to blame themselves and feel regretful than males when they were procrastinating. Non-part-time workers were more inclined to excuse themselves than part-time workers when they were procrastinating. 5)People with higher procrastination levels were more inclined to have scores of wishful thinking, dejection and avoidance, and excuse-making when they were procrastinating. 6)People with higher reappraisal scores of emotion regulation tended to have higher scores of self-blame and regret, higher scores of self-adaptation, lower scores of excuse-making, and lower scores of dejection and avoidance. People with higher suppression scores of emotion regulation tended to have higher scores of excuse-making. 7)People with higher procrastination level tended to exhibit lower scores of innovative behavior. Key words: procrastination, academic procrastination, general procrastination, feelings when procrastinating, innovative behavior, time perspective(TP), 2×2 achievement goal, emotion regulation
3

大學生防禦性悲觀、拖延、自我設限及因應策略對幸福感影響之探討 / The Relationships among defensive-pessimism, active-procrastination, self-handicapping, coping-strategy and well-being of college students

郭俊豪, Kuo, Chun Hao Unknown Date (has links)
本研究主要目的在探討有學業上拖延習慣的大學生之「防禦性悲觀」、「主動性拖延」、「自我設限」、「因應策略」對「幸福感」影響之探討。依此目的,本研究先探討不同背景變項的大學生在「防禦性悲觀」、「主動性拖延」、「自我設限」、「因應策略」及「幸福感」的差異情形,並建構「防禦性悲觀、主動性拖延、自我設限、因應策略對幸福感影響」之模式。研究採問卷調查法,以台灣15所大學922位有拖延習慣的大學生為對象。並以隨機方式將之分為兩組,用以驗證模式及探究不同背景變項的受試在各研究變項上的差異。研究工具包括防禦性悲觀量表、主動性拖延量表、自我設限量表、因應策略量表、及幸福感量表。資料分析方法為因素分析、信度分析、t考驗、單因子變異數分析及結構方程模式。 / 本研究以第一組樣本探討初始模式與觀察資料間的適配情形,並依據修正指標及相關理論進行模式修正,修正後的模式與資料適配後,再以第二組樣本驗證模式的穩定性,經驗證後模式具相當穩定性。   主要研究結果如下: 一、在背景變項方面:(一)不同性別有拖延習慣的大學生在「防禦性悲觀」、「自我設限」及「幸福感」等方面都有顯著差異。(二)不同年級有拖延習慣的大學生在「主動性拖延」及「幸福感」等方面都有顯著差異。 二、在模式方面:(一)防禦性悲觀對幸福感有負向直接效果;(二) 主動性拖延對自我設限有正向直接效果;(三)自我設限對因應策略有負向直接效果;(四) 自我設限對幸福感有正向直接效果;(五)因應策略對幸福感有正向直接效果。(六)主動性拖延經由自我設限及因應策略的中介影響而對幸福感有正向效果。   最後,根據研究結果,針對個人、學校輔導單位及未來相關研究提出建議,以供參考。 / The main purpose of this research was to study the relationships among Defensive-pessimism, Active-procrastination, Self-handicapping, Coping-strategy and Well-being of college student who had the habit of procrastination. The researcher first investigated the differences in terms of “Defensive-pessimism”, “Active-procrastination”, “Self-handicapping”, “Coping-strategy” and “Well-being” among the participants who had the different background variables, also studied the relationships among Defensive-pessimism, Active-procrastination, Self-handicapping, Coping-strategy and Well-being of college students who had the habit of procrastination by using the model of “The relationships among Defensive-pessimism, Active-procrastination, Self-handicapping, Coping-strategy and Well-being.” The study employed five questionnaires to collect data . The participants of the study were 922 Taiwan college students who had the habit of academic procrastination from 15 universities, and were randomly divided into two groups, to test model and study the differences in regards of different research variables among the participants who had the different background variables. The participants were evaluated by Defensive-pessimism scale, Active-procrastination scale, Self-handicapping scale, Coping-strategy scale, and Well-being scale. The data were analyzed by factor analysis, Cronbach α analysis, t-test,one-way ANOVA and SEM. / The initial models tested by group one did not fit well with the observed data. Therefore, applying the modification index and the theories, the researcher modified the model till the model fit the observed data, then tested the models’ stability by group two, and came to confirm the stability of model. The researcher found the model fit the observed data, and could effectively explain the relationships among the variables. The main results of this study were as follows: First, about the background variables: 1.The scores of “defensive-pessimism”, “self-handicapping”, and “well-being” had the differences between boys and girls. 2. The scores of “active-procrastination” and “well-being” had the differences between difference grades. Second, about the model: 1. Defensive-pessimism could directly negative affect well-being. 2. Active-procrastination could directly affect self-handicapping. 3. Self-handicapping could directly negative affect coping-strategy. 4. Self-handicapping could directly affect well-being. 5. Coping-strategy could directly affect well-being. 6. Active-procrastination could through the self-handicapping and coping-strategy to affect he well-being. Finally, based on the results of the study, the researcher made some further suggestions for individuals, school counseling and future researchers.
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內控人格特質者的拖延傾向與行為:以心理抗拒感為中介 / Procrastination tendency and behavior of people with internal locus of control: Mediated by psychological reactance.

黃一琦, Huang, Yi Chi Unknown Date (has links)
「拖延」意指個體對應該且必須要做的事情,延遲開始、延遲結束或集中到最後一刻才完成的行為。本研究從內控人格特質與拖延間的不一致結果切入探討,提出兩個可能的影響因素:心理抗拒感與成就動機。研究一採問卷施測,內控人格特質越強者,心理抗拒感傾向越高,拖延傾向亦較高,支持以心理抗拒感觀點切入探討拖延行為;在成就動機方面,未得到內控人格特質透過兩種取向成就動機預測拖延的結果。研究二加入努力與智力本質觀概念,再次驗證研究一內控人格特質、心理抗拒感與拖延傾向的關係;此外,研究二採用實驗法探討高抗拒狀態是否會有較高的拖延行為。然而研究二發現受試者對操弄引發的認知與情緒反應不一,採用內部分析,根據操弄檢核分數重新區分生氣情緒與認知自由高低分組,挑選最符合與最不符合抗拒狀態概念的兩組(高生氣情緒、低認知自由/低生氣情緒、高認知自由)進行分析,結果並未支持抗拒狀態越高,拖延行為亦越高的假設。重新檢視心理抗拒感理論,加入基本能力為新分組變數,以2(認知自由高低)× 2(生氣情緒高低)× 2(基本能力高低)三因子受試者間設計進行分析。結果顯示生氣情緒與認知自由可能扮演不同的角色,生氣情緒提供個人展現某些行為的動力,認知自由表示個人知覺自由的程度,而個人基本能力的表現則受到情境的影響。生氣情緒與認知自由的交互作用顯示能力高低的差異展現在高生氣情緒、高認知自由與低生氣情緒、低認知自由的情況中,高生氣情緒、低認知自由時,能力越高越早開始越早結束,且較不會延遲結束;低生氣情緒、低認知自由時,基本能力低者可能因預期較差的表現,因此晚點開始較愉悅的想法較高,較晚結束作業,也較易延遲結束。高低基本能力者在另外兩種情境無顯著差異;高生氣情緒、低認知自由時,可能因為即使生氣情緒提供行為動力,但主觀自由低,使能力高者並未發揮其能力而無顯著差異;低生氣情緒、高認知自由時,雖主觀自由高但可能因為缺乏展現行為的動力,高低能力者行為表現相似。總結來說,本研究以心理抗拒感觀點貫穿研究一與研究二,研究一發現內控人格特質高者,有較高的心理抗拒感傾向,而有較高的拖延傾向。研究二除驗證研究一發現外,另顯示抗拒狀態的情緒與認知層面具有不同的影響與作用,且視個人基本能力的不同而有表現的差異。此發現有助於深入理解心理抗拒感概念,並為心理抗拒感理論提出一小步的進展與突破。
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被告於審判上證據調查聲請之探討-以德國刑事訴訟法為中心-

甯若蓁 Unknown Date (has links)
摘要 審判中調查證據即係發現真實過程的核心,證據調查聲請係訴訟參與人於審判期日以書面或口頭向法院請求就刑事訴訟法規定的證據方法為提出、調查。 為求與刑事訴訟法第163條第1項用語一致,刑事訴訟法第95條第4款應修訂為「得聲請調查有利之證據」。又證據調查聲請的提出必須為清楚的表示,且該聲請並不需由法院為進一步的評估衡量,即當事人聲請之主觀意思需清楚,而不需再由法院再為進一步認定判斷。依據德國學界見解,證據調查聲請需具備證據主張(Beweisbehautung)與明確指出法定證據方法(Benennung eines bestimmten Beweismittels)二項要件。證據查明聲請(Beweisermittlungsantrg)係與證據調查聲請相似概念,聲請人欲藉證據查明聲請之調查結果,而獲得聲請證據調查之要件事實,因此通常係就缺乏一定待證事實或特定證據方法所為的聲請。法院對於證據查明聲請亦不能輕易忽略、不考慮,而仍須於澄清義務範圍內做出合義務之裁量決定(nach pflichtgemäßem Ermessen),此時,有德國刑事訴訟法第244條第3項及第4項理由存在時證據調查聲請可被駁回,證據查明聲請自亦可依此理由予以駁回;反之,如果不符合德國刑事訴訟法第244條第3項及第4項理由時,依據德國刑事訴訟法第244條第2項法院需依職權做出合義務裁量,如果認為無調查必要即予以駁回, 依據德國最高法院的見解,法院全面的事實澄清義務擴及至法院明知及可得而知的情形(bekannt sind order hätten bekannt sein müssen),然而澄清義務不只要求充分的調查,並且也要求符合事實及證據情況的調查,如此才是理想的查明行為,因為基於真實發現而要求不計代價的偵查及證據調查並不符合刑事訴訟的目的,因此縱然在澄清義務作為整個程序的指導原則要求下,也必須依據現實上的證據及事實情況才能判斷調查程度為何始不違反澄清義務要求。本文以為職權調查範圍內之證據應以發現可能性、調查三基準作為判斷基準,從而落入此範圍內之證據,法院負有應依職權調查義務,而不在區分是否為案內案外證據,一概皆有「蒐集」義務。職是之故,刑事訴訟法法第163條第2項本文既以「為發現真實」作為發動要件,此屬於應依職權調查證據之要件內涵,又使用「得依職權調查證據」用語,讓人混淆法院面對有調查必要性之證據竟有裁量權限實屬不當立法。刑事訴訟法第163條第2項但書縱然使用「應依職權調查證據」而無裁量空間,然而使用「於公平正義之維護」、「對被告關係有重大關係事項」此等不確定法律概念,實在有解釋操作上困難。 德國刑事訴訟法第244條第3項第2句各款相對駁回事由規範內涵本文亦一一加以分析:一、公眾週知事實:聲請調查的待證事實若為公眾週知之事實即屬於顯然不必要之證據取得,所謂公知事實,係指廣為一般人所知悉之事實,極具有通常知識經驗之一般人均不致有所懷疑的程度。二、待證事實不具重要性: 不具重要性事實係指,如果在待證事實與判決事件間無法判斷辨認出有任何關聯性,或是儘管有這樣關聯性存在,但卻無法對判決產生影響,則該證據調查便是無關聯性或不必要的。三、待證事實已臻明確:聲請人所聲請調查的待證事實已被積極證明而已臻明確時,繼續其他的證明便無必要。四、完全不適當證據方法:所謂完全不適當的證據方法係指法院根據確實可靠的生活經驗預測,判斷藉由這樣的證據無法獲得證據調查聲請所希望取得的結果,而不能證明所主張的事實。 五、無法取得之證據方法:所謂無法取得的證據係指對於該證據的取得,法院盡一切有意義的努力都不會有結果,且另一方面亦無法合理期待在可預見期間內法院能夠獲取該證據。六、意圖拖延訴訟:根據德國聯邦最高法院的見解,法院對於意圖拖延訴訟所提出的證據調查聲請,僅在符合下列要件而加以駁回時始謂合法:(一) 客觀要件:1. 依據法院的看法所聲請的證據調查不能為被告帶來任何一點利益,毫無調查的希望。2. 被請求的證據取得、調查本質上係會明顯拖延訴訟終結的時點。(二). 主觀要件:被告本身明知客觀要件的情形,並且他意圖藉由聲請該證據調查僅係為了達到拖延訴訟的目的。七、假定真實:假定真實係指聲請證據調查證據之人在聲請中所提出之主張,即使沒有證據證明,亦得基於某些原因直接將之「視為」真實。 本文以為我國法之規定明顯有下列二個不足之處,第一,未對完全不適當之證據方法加以規範,造成體系上缺漏;第二,未對意圖拖延訴訟明確訂立駁回要件,對人民權利保障似嫌不週,須加以立法以確實保障人民訴訟上權利。本文以為我國法之規定明顯有下列二個不足之處,第一,未對完全不適當之證據方法加以規範,造成體系上缺漏;第二,未對意圖拖延訴訟明確訂立駁回要件,對人民權利保障似嫌不週,須加以立法以確實保障人民訴訟上權利。

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