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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

核能四廠興建計畫決策模式之探討(民國69-90年):政策網絡途徑

方英祖 Unknown Date (has links)
核能四廠興建計畫自民國69年提出至今,已歷經20多年,期間亦曾有數度爭議而曾決定緩辦,並於民國81年2月奉行政院核定,由立法院預算委員會表決恢復預算動支,然此計畫卻一直處於爭議之中,到底核能四廠興建計畫的決策到底是如何?為什麼會有這麼多的衝突和爭議?本文以決策的角度切入這個紛擾台灣社會二十多年的政策議題,嘗試找出其決策模式與決策理性程度。本文所研究的問題如下: 一、核能四廠興建計畫適用於以何種決策模式加以解釋? 二、核能四廠興建計畫的政策網絡所顯現的決策模式為何?那些行動者所顯現的權力較大?不同時期所顯現的決策模式是否相異? 三、核能四廠興建計畫決策所表現出的理性程度為何?在不同的時期是否有不同理性程度表現? 首先,本文對決策理論各家學者定義、理論基礎與模式作一探究,同時探討政策網絡興起的背景、各家學說要點和實際應用情形,來理解以政策網絡來探討政策決策過程的優劣之處,與提供研究者何種助益,並嘗試提出本文的分析層次與研究架構;在研究方法上則採取文獻分析法,並輔以內容分析法的方式以描繪出政策網絡型態與決策模式、決策理性程度,總結前面的政策網絡研究與內容分析結果,描繪出核能四廠興建計畫的決策面貌,本文並將核能四廠興建計畫區分為三個時期,加以分析及觀察其決策行為的變化與政策網絡的變動: 一、核四計畫平靜期:民國69年5月27日(台電首次提出核四廠興建計畫)—民國73年6月30日(立法委員首次反對核四廠興建計畫)。 二、核四計畫爭議期:民國73年6月30日(立法委員首次反對核四廠興建計畫)—民國89年3月18日(第二屆總統選舉結果揭曉政黨輪替)。 三、核四計畫劇變期:民國89年3月18日(第二屆總統選舉結果揭曉政黨輪替)—民國90年2月13日(行政院和立法院簽署協議)。 在研究之後,就政策網絡的類型來看,在平靜期,參與者十分有限,社會大眾對於國家機關的價值是認同與共享的,此時期由國家主導的決策模式較傾向於Van Waarden的「國家主義」類型與Rhodes的「政策社群」類型;然於進入爭議期,國家力量無法完全掌握時,乃進入一個較為多元的型態,各種團體、政黨的立場衝突,較符合於Rhodes的「專業網路」、「府際網絡」紛雜的情形;而在最後的階段中,不穩定的情形與眾多的團體、個人,權力和資源也不平等的情形下,各行動者的關係呈現一種「議題網絡」的網絡型態。 而在決策模式方面,本文認為在核能四廠興建計畫的爭議之中,最能加以解釋的決策模式是團體決策模式,在擁核和反核的團體之中,又加上了政治立場、經濟立場形成兩個團體的拉鋸戰,過去在野黨無法撼動執政黨執政優勢的情形下,形成一個團體大,一個團體小的局面,核能四廠也就朝著興建的方向前進,但是在政黨輪替後,我們看到執政的民進黨試圖以新民意(總統選舉勝選)來決定核能四廠興建計畫的停止,但卻遭遇了原先國民黨與企業界、甚至其他政黨基於不同立場的反抗,又將此均衡點拉向了興建,本文發現以如此的決策模式來解釋核能四興建計畫較能符合實際情況;最後,本文提出下列的研究發現: 一、決策過程偏向菁英決策模式與團體決策模式。 二、政治決策先於理性與組織程序決策。 三、專家的參與而非民眾的參與。 四、缺乏地方民眾的參與機制。 五、記為既定政策如何溝通。 六、代議制民主的困境。 對此爭議性高的決策提出研究建議如下: 一、健全負責的決策機制。 二、建立衝突管理決策文化。 三、建立良好溝通模式。 四、建立解決公共政策爭議機制-公民投票機制的建立。 五、平等與審慎思辯的調和-審慎思辯民調。
2

論沉沒成本之攸關性:以核四決策為例 / Does Sunk Cost Matter? A Study of the Decision Making in Lungmen Nuclear Power Plant

鄭錦瑩, Cheng, Ching Ying Unknown Date (has links)
會計學教課書都教學生:決策之作成,應從成本效益出發,至於過去已投入的成本屬沉沒成本,非攸關,不應影響決策,讀者少有質疑,但事實究竟如何?實務上,決策者做決策時,考量之因素甚多,不會只有成本一項,不過教課書多只著重成本一項,這又與事實相左。本研究以「核四決策」為例,探討實務上決策之作成,在諸多因素中沉沒成本是否真的沒攸關性。 核四應否停建,不論在能源、社會政策等層面皆具高度爭議性。本研究結合會計領域與重大公共政策議題,藉支持/反對停建核四之觀點,辨認決策者或旁觀者所在乎之因素,如已投入興建成本、完工程度、預期尚需投入成本、經濟結果,以及核能安全、核電廠可能面臨的風險等,再探討決策者對停建核四的態度是否受沉沒成本或其他因素之影響;以及,決策者的知識背景(會計系、政治系)及政治理念是否影響決策者的上述認知。 本研究透過問卷搜集資料,發現已投入之核四興建成本(即沉沒成本)顯著影響受測者贊成停建與否的態度:當受測者越覺得沉沒成本重要,越傾向反對停建核四,有沉沒成本效果存在。本研究也發現受測者最重視的細項決策因素,為「臺灣若發生類似福島核災之核災損失」。對臺灣而言,日本福島本具時間、地理、文化上的相近性,再加上媒體敘事的渲染力,福島核災創造人民對於核災的公共想像及恐懼。在其他因素中,「非核家園」之理念亦顯著影響核四決策:當受測者越覺得「非核家園」之理念重要,越傾向贊成停建核四。本研究還發現受測者的知識背景影響其對沉沒成本的態度:評估核四決策時,政治系受測者較會計系受測者,易受沉沒成本影響,將沉沒成本視為攸關。再者,政治理念對於受測者贊成停建與否的影響,當受測者對候選人的偏好為江宜樺先生等人,其立場以反對核四停建居多;當受測者對候選人的偏好為蔡英文女士等人,其立場以贊成核四停建居多。 本研究發現臺電的溝通效果不佳,除數據之可靠性待加強外,傳遞的資訊並未針對問題的核心,例如核能安全很受受測者重視,然而臺電於說明核電廠之安全時,使用「複合式災害」來描述福島核災,複合來自地震及海嘯,而事實上福島核災係因海嘯而造成,海嘯因地震而引發;臺灣外海斷層之地理構造使臺灣核電廠區域縱有大地震時,也不會遭遇如福島般的大海嘯。 因此本研究建議臺電和行政機關,應針對核能安全及核能政策,辨認人民容易產生誤解的資訊為何,以正確的用詞精確澄清。此外,非會計背景之決策者,應加強關於沉沒成本的認知;會計背景之決策者,應抱持批判性思考的態度,質疑「沉沒成本不應該影響決策」的理論是否事實上成立。 / There is an undoubted rule always on accounting textbooks, which is, decision making should base on the cost-benefit analysis, as for the investment in the past belongs to sunk cost and is irrelevant to the decision making. However, is this legit? There are so many concerns beyond the cost when decision maker making decision, but most textbooks only focus on the cost, which is different from the turth. This research takes “the decision making in Lungmen nuclear power plant” as a case study, to examine whether sunk cost is truly irrelevant to decision making in reality. The issue that whether construction of Lungmen nuclear power plant should be suspended is highly controversial, no matter in aspect of energy, social policy and so on. First, across accounting and public issues, the researcher collects the viewpoints from pros and cons toward this issue, and identifies decision factors, for examples, the invested construction cost (which means sunk cost here), the degree of project completion, future expected cost, economic results, and nuclear safety, probable risk of nuclear power plant. Second, this research examines whether sunk cost or other factors influence decision makers’ attitude toward the issue. Third, whether knowledge backgrounds (major in accounting or political science) and political ideologies of decision makers influence their cognitions about sunk cost and the issue. By questionnaire survey, the results of this research found: First, sunk cost does influence receivers’ attitude toward the issue: the more important receivers think sunk cost is, the more they against the construction to be suspended; sunk cost effect has been observed. Second, among factors, receivers take Japan’s Fukushima nuclear disaster most serious. We argue that Fukushima nuclear disaster’s timing, geography and Japan’s culture are close to Taiwan, thus the disaster deepen public imagination and fear about the nuclear disaster. Third, the idea of nuclear-free homeland also influences decision making in the issue: the more important receivers think the idea is, the more they support the construction to be suspended. Forth, receivers’ knowledge backgrounds influence their cognitions about sunk cost: compared with receivers major in accounting, receivers major in political science take sunk cost as a relevant factor. Fifth, political ideologies of receivers influence their attitude toward the issue: when receivers vote to Jiang Yi-Huah etc., most of them against the construction to be suspended; when receivers vote to Tsai Ing-Wen etc., most of them support the construction to be suspended. Sixth, Taiwan Power Company doesn’t have effective communication with the public. Not only reliability of its data, but the covey of core information should be improved. For example, it describes Fukushima nuclear disaster as a “compound disaster” including earthquake and tsunami, but actually the disaster happened only due to tsunami caused by earthquake. The geological formation of offshore faults of Taiwan is different to Japan, thus there will be no Fukushima-like tsunami in Taiwan. This research suggest: First, Taiwan Power Company and executive administration should identify the information that public easily misunderstood, especially about nuclear safety and energy policy, and then clarify with proper words. Second, decision makers with non-accounting background should improve their knowledge about sunk cost. Third, decision makers with accounting background should have critical thinking about whether the theory that “sunk cost is irrelevant to decision-making” is found in reality.

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