本文係為探討婚姻法學研究對西歐於文藝復興、宗教改革以及婚姻還俗運動前之婚姻法沿空白所撰。並以「世俗」及「教會」兩個角度切入，依照「羅馬帝國」（西元1-476年）、「初代教會」（1-500年）、「中世紀初期」（500-1000年）、復興改革時期（1000-1200年）之歷史沿革，探討今日婚姻法中諸如婚姻之本質、婚姻之成立、婚姻障礙、婚姻成立後之權利義務及婚姻之解消等制度之由來與發展。 首先，在羅馬帝國方面。按此時期之羅馬婚姻法對「嫁妝」著墨最多，似可顯示羅馬婚姻之重點乃在婚姻締結後對男方家族財產之重新分配，而非單純身分關係之新設、連結與延伸。在此同時，亦可察見自西元一世紀起，源自聖經之教會婚姻觀，強調婚姻之本質係「丈夫與妻子連合，兩人成為一體」之「兩人一體」關係，婚姻之成立係儀式婚，成立後，丈夫與妻子需秉持「愛與順服」彼此相待，且因婚姻為「神所結合，所以人不能分開」而衍生出婚姻不可解消之基本信念。 進入中世紀初期，「神本」之婚姻觀雖藉由散落各地之教會而廣為傳播，然而，對上層王公貴族，即使有如法蘭西之卡洛琳王朝般，與教會關係良好之政權，但一般上層階級，為維護其家族利益，繼承財產與個人私慾，對「兩人一體」之婚姻觀與「婚姻不解消」主義，仍是敬謝不敏，至多於犯罪後前住教會懺悔認罪，或在晚年進入修道院度此餘生。故中世紀初期之聖俗婚姻觀影響結果，係呈現「下聖上俗」之光景。 經歷過千禧年後，整個西歐來說似可稱為進入一個「復興改革時期」。在婚姻規範方面，或因教會改革奏效，民心歸向，且部分國王亦完全服膺教會婚姻規範，故上層階級之婚姻亦逐漸展現「由俗入聖」之趨。在婚姻法制方面，則在1140年左右由格拉濟亞，藉由教會法制史首見之科學分析方式，交出名為「不和諧教會法之調合」(Concordia discordantium canonum, A Harmony of Conflicting Canons)之法令集（Decretum），其內之婚姻法案例堪稱教會婚姻法一千多年來之結晶，堪稱為西歐婚姻法制化之源頭。 綜上，本研究發現今日婚姻法之法制起源，並非僅源自於十六世紀之法國民法，而係早在十二世紀之教會婚姻法中便可窺見其萌芽之蹤影，而今日婚姻法中受教會婚姻法影響者，亦非如一般教科書所稱僅「婚姻不解消」一端，而係包括「意思婚」、「一夫一妻制」及「異性婚」，並且禁止「重婚」、「內婚」均直接或間接受十二世紀教會婚姻法之影響。 / Abstract The study was to explore the vacant development of marriage legal history before Renaissance, Religious Reformation and marriage returned to secular(movement de la sécularization du marriage) in Western Europe. Based on the four periods of history including “Roman Empire”(A.D1~A.D476),“the early church” (A.D1~A.D500), “Middle Age(A.D500~A.D1000)”, “the period of renew and reform (A.D1000~A.D1200)”, the study explored the origin and the development of today’s marriage law such as the essence, establishment, obstacle of the marriage, the right and obligation after getting marriage, and the dissolution of marriage, etc. At first, the law of marriage in Roman Empire was established on “Dos’’(dowry) a lot. It showed that the main focus of Roman marriage was on re-allotting the properties of the male’s family instead of simply reconstituting connecting and extending two persons’ relationship after getting marriage. Meanwhile from the first century, the law of marriage in the Church derived from Holy Bible emphasized the essence of marriage on the relationship of “two will became one flesh” in “A man will be united to his wife and they will become on flesh”. And through a ceremony, the marriage was established. After the ceremony, husband and wife should treat each other with love and obedience. Moreover ,the basic conviction of no dissolution after of the marriage was derived from that the marriage was established on the belief “what God has joined together ,let man not separate”. During Middle Age (A.D 500~ A.D 1000), although the churches which spread over everyplace disseminated extensively the concept of “marriage rooted in God”, the upper class of society still didn’t approve the marriage concept of “two will become one flesh” and the conviction of no dissolution of the marriage, since they wanted to safeguard their family benefits, inherit properties, and satisfy their personal desire. Even like Carolingain dynasty in France which maintained good relationship with the Church was also in the same position. The upper class most went to the church and confessed their sin after committing crime, or spent the rest of their elder life in the abbey. As a result , the marriage of the lower class was holy and the upper class was secular showed during Middle Age. To Western Europe, after millennium seemed to be called the period of renew and reformation. (A.D 1000~ A.D 1200). Since reformation in the Church showed results , the public attitude was for the Church, and some kings completely obeyed the marriage regulations of the Church, the marriage in the upper class also gradually displayed from secular to holy tendency. On the marriage legal system, Gratian composed a Decretum named “Concordia discordantium canonnum, A Harmony of Conflicting Canons” in A.D.1140 . The Causae of Decretum was recognized as the excellent piece of Church one thousand years age and the origin of marriage legal system in Western Europe. The study found that the origin of today’s marriage legal system was not only derived from French Civil Law in the sixteenth century, but from marriage law in the Church in the twelfth century, And marriage law of the church in the twelfth century impacted today’s marriage law in many aspects. The influence was not only limited on the conviction of no dissolution action of the marriage as the common textbooks declared so, but directly or indirectly on the conviction of “ consensual marriage” ,“monogamy”, and on forbidding “ plural bigamy marriage” and “consanguine marriage.

本研究以整體性的方式來分析目前國內在董監事及重要職員責任保險的市場發展情況。分別就目前的環境與法令制度、董監事及重要職員責任保險之供給情形、以及董監事及重要職員責任保險之需求等三方面，做進一步的分析探討。透過整合性的分析可以瞭解國內企業對於董監事及重要職員責任保險的真正需求，同時將分析的結果提供作為參考的依據。 本文首先歸納摘要環境與法令制度，其次針對董監事及重要職員責任保險之供給面進行實際訪談；而在董監事及重要職員責任保險需求方面，則建立三項實證分析模型。模型一是以購買D&O保險之保險金額為依變數與自變數之間的關係;模型二是以購買D&O保險之保險費為依變數與自變數之間的關係，來探討董監事及重要職員責任保險之需求情形。模型三是以D&O保險之保險費除以保險金額，即保險費率為依變數與自變數間的關係。自變數方面則分成三大類，分別為公司特色、代理問題、以及財務結構等三項進行迴歸分析。 結果顯示國內D&O保險需求的最主要影響因素為股東總數與內部董事持股數兩項顯著變數。在保險費率釐訂方面，影響費率的主要因素為資本額(Capital)與董監事報酬(D&O payments)兩項變數。透過實證分析結果可知董監事及重要職員責任保險除了供給與需求兩方面外，也必須有環境因素與法令規定等因素的考量，彼此間環環相扣下，才能詳盡地瞭解國內董監事及重要職員責任保險。

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(法学) / 甲第20133号 / 法博第198号 / 新制||法||157(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院法学研究科法政理論専攻 / (主査)教授 曽我部 真裕, 教授 土井 真一, 教授 毛利 透 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Laws / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(法学) / 甲第20134号 / 法博第199号 / 新制||法||157(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院法学研究科法政理論専攻 / (主査)教授 洲崎 博史, 教授 前田 雅弘, 教授 北村 雅史 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Laws / Kyoto University / DGAM

財政援助をコントロールする仕組みは、国によって様々であり、立法的な統制、行政的な統制又は司法的な統制等があるが、本稿では、特に、裁判所による財政支出の統制に焦点を当て、アメリカ合衆国、スペイン及びメキシコ合衆国について検討する。本稿においては、主として、アメリカ合衆国、スペイン及びメキシコ合衆国の裁判所が、私企業に対する財政支出をどのような場合において違憲又は違法とするのか、又はどのような場合において合憲又は適法とするのかということを検討し、これらの国々の裁判所がその結論に到達するために、どのような要件又は判断基準に基づいて、財政支出を統制するのかということについて考察する。 / The mechanisms for controlling fiscal assistance vary from one country to another. Legislative, executive and judicial controls can be mentioned as broad examples of these mechanisms. This research will focus on the judicial control of fiscal expenditure in the United States of America, Spain and Mexico. It primarily examines in which cases financial expenditure on the private sector is declared unconstitutional or illegal and in which situations it is declared constitutional or legal by the American, Spanish and Mexican judiciary. It will also focus on an investigation of the legal requirements for fiscal stimulus, as well as in the judging criteria developed and used by the court of those countries to reach to those conclusions. / 博士(法学) / Doctor of Laws / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University