本研究主要是利用國內的海洛因戒治者，透過神經心理作業探討長期使用海洛因對於個體在注意力偏誤、轉換彈性和抑制能力上的影響。 根據Robinson和Berridge（1993, 2003）的理論認為成癮嚴重度越高，藥物相關線索的注意力偏誤越明顯；然而，根據Di Chiara（2000）提出關於整合誘因和習慣的觀點，認為成癮的注意力偏誤和趨向行為會受到不同的成癮嚴重度(輕度或重度成癮)或成癮階段(早期或習慣化後期)而有不同的結果，另外，以往的執行功能損害也支持Robinson和Berridge（1993, 2003）成癮嚴重度的觀點，因此本研究企圖同時檢驗上述兩者觀點。 本研究篩選111名台中戒治所和看守所的海洛因戒治者，分別根據不同的成癮嚴重程度分類方式分組(依賴嚴重度量表、不同頻率、施用方式)，加上29名健康對照組，共140名受試均需完成自陳氏量表、紙筆測驗和各項神經心理測驗（Stroop叫色作業、威斯康辛卡片分類測驗、Go/No Go作業）。 研究結果指出海洛因戒治者相較對照組確實在注意力偏誤、認知彈性轉換、以及反應抑制能力有損害的趨勢，而且似乎較符合Di Chiara（2000）提出整合誘因和習慣的觀點，認為成癮者的認知功能會與成癮嚴重度成負向關係。

本研究主要的目的在於採用線索典範作業探討高社交焦慮者是否對於特定的情緒刺激有注意力偏誤的現象。高社交焦慮組有25 人與低社交焦慮組有29 人參與正式實驗，受試者分別被分派至社交焦慮情境中或無社交焦慮情境中，並且在電腦螢幕中的兩個長方形中出現中性、一般正向、一般威脅、社交正向、社交威脅、身體正向及身體威脅詞彙作為線索，當線索消失之後，受試者被要求對於目標物「E」或「F」進行判斷。在這些線索中，有些是有效線索（例如：目標物與線索出現在同一個位置上），有些是無效線索（例如：目標物與線索出現在不同的位置上）。 研究結果顯示當線索是社交正向詞彙時，被分派至社交焦慮情境中的高社交焦慮者相較於低社交焦慮者，在無效線索狀況下對於目標物的反應時間較快，且整體的注意力傾向，被分派至社交焦慮情境中的高社交焦慮者比低社交焦慮者較少將注意力投注在社交正向詞彙上。但並沒有有力的證據支持高社交焦慮者相較於低社交焦慮者，對於與社交焦慮有關詞彙，尤其是社交威脅詞彙具有注意力偏誤。這些研究發現認為高社交焦慮者有可能缺乏正向偏誤的保護機制，所以在社交焦慮情境中，容易選擇性忽略社交正向訊息，因而較缺少正向經驗與正向情感，反而會藉由逃避負面評價的方式，或是隱藏、抑制自己的社交焦慮情緒來維持良好的自我形象。

研究目的 本研究的目的是要藉由線索暴露的實驗典範,探索長期使用安眠藥物 之患者對於安眠藥物相關刺激的注意力偏誤現象,並根據 Baker 及其同事們 (2004)與其他學者所提出的「藥物動機理論的情感模型」,強調負向情感在長 期使用安眠藥物的失眠患者所扮演的角色,本研究另欲探討長期使用失眠藥物的 患者是否在負向的情緒下能引發其對安眠藥物有更多的注意力及反應偏誤,並以 oddball 實驗典範來引發測量大腦皮質 ERP 波的注意力偏誤現象,並試圖以主觀 渴求問卷來測量個案是否在負向情感下有較強烈的主觀渴求反應。 方法 研究之有效樣本為 13 人。其中男性 5 人,女性 8 人,年齡介於 23-54 歲 (34.15 ± 11.07),參與研究之受試者會進行兩晚之實驗及多頻道睡眠生理檢查, 實驗情境分成基礎情境及挫折情境,在挫折情境中,受試者在進行較困難之認知 作業的同時,研究者會給予負向之指導語以進行情緒之操弄;而在基礎情境則給 予中性之指導語。在認知作業進行之後,開始進行線索暴露之 ERP 測量,受試 者須判斷圖片是否含有動物(目標刺激),另包含中性圖片刺激(96 張)、睡眠 相關刺激(32 張)及藥物相關刺激(32 張)。另外在認知測驗及線索暴露的前後 也會測量受試者之情緒狀態及主觀渴求狀態。研究分析以多變量變異數分析進行 檢驗。 結果 長期使用安眠藥物的患者相較於中性刺激,其對於藥物圖片刺激及睡眠相 關刺激皆有較大之 P300 及 SPW 腦波振幅。未在研究中驗證 Baker 等人提出之負 增強處理模式之因果關係,但發現,在基礎情境中,當受試者的正向情緒減少愈 多,受試者在單一題項渴求程度減少愈少;而負向情緒與其他的渴求指標較具有 相關性,研究發現當負向情緒增加愈多,單一題項渴求程度增加愈多,對藥物效 果的期待也愈高,對藥物的欲求與所帶來欣快感也會愈高,顯示情緒的改變於主 觀渴求狀態的相關性。此外本研究結果顯示客觀的腦波指標與部分主觀感受顯著 相關,其中 P300 與其對藥物的渴求程度呈正相關。 結論 無論是在基礎情境或挫折情境,長期使用安眠藥物之患者對安眠藥刺激及 睡眠相關刺激皆有注意力偏誤之現象,且此注意力偏誤現象與其對藥物的渴求程 度具有一定程度之相關性。在挫折情境中,受試者對藥物之主觀渴求有較大的傾向。 / Introduction The major goal of this study is to examine the phenomenon of craving in hypnotic use. The Affective Processing Model of Negative Reinforcement (Baker, Piper, McCarthy, Majeskie, & Fiore, 2004) suggests that negative affect would influence drug use through the change of cognitive process to a “hot information processing” and therefore increase the craving for drug use. The study explores the effects of negative affect on attentional bias and subjective craving associated with hypnotic use to test this model. Method Thirteen long-term hypnotic users were included in this study. They came to the sleep laboratory for two nights for an experimental night in which negative affect was induced by giving negative comments on their performance on a cognitive task and a control night with exactly the same procedure except that the negative comments was replaced by neutral comments. For both nights, craving was assessed with subjective ratings and measure of attentional bias with recording of event-related potentials (ERPs) induced by pictures related to hypnotic use, sleep and neutral pictures. Result The amplitude of P300 and SPW for sleep related pictures and hypnotic related pictures are significant larger than the amplitude for neutral pictures in both conditions. Also, results show that the picture of P300 are positively correlated with subjective craving for hypnotic drugs. Moreover, the data shows the tendency of condition difference in subjective craving. Conclusion The hypnotic long-term users do show attentional bias for sleep related and hypnotic related pictures. However, the result does not show more attentional bias for hypnotic related pictures in stressful situation. On the other hand, the data shows a tendency that the subjective craving is stronger in stressful situation than in baseline situation. The findings show only partial support for the Affective Processing Model of Negative Reinforcement.

研究目的 失眠的過度激發是目前最廣為接受的失眠病因之一。無論在生理、認知、行為三不同層面上，多可觀察到失眠者有身心過度激發的狀態。根據失眠三因子模式，不同失眠病程階段，影響過度激發的背後成因有所差異。在慢性失眠部分，過 去累積了相當多的實證研究證實其過度激發的現象，但尚未進入慢性病程前之過度激發相關機轉，仍有待研究進一步探討。本研究嘗試以橫斷式的研究方法，並依據過去失眠病因發展推導，選擇從壓力反應特性 (包含壓力操弄後的壓力反應強度和 消退速度)、注意力偏誤 (包含警覺性注意力和注意力移除困難)、與睡前的睡眠監控行為三個面向切入，探討不同病程階段個體過度激發的背後機轉，並進一步檢驗上述之差異是否可用以預測在壓力操弄情境下，不同病程個體睡前的激發反應變化，藉此檢驗失眠病程發展之病因假說，並希望未來可據此發展有效之失眠防治與介入策略。 研究方法 本研究共計招募受試者 58 人，年齡介於 24-48 歲，包含符合 ICSD-3 慢性失眠者 18 人，以及以壓力下失眠反應量表( Ford Insomnia Response to Stress Test; FIRST)區分出急性失眠高危險組 19 人與低危險組 21 人。每位受試者皆需到睡眠實驗室進行兩階段的實驗，第一階段包含晤談評估、問卷填答、壓力反應的生理測量(以指溫與膚電為指標)、與包含威脅與睡眠刺激之點偵測注意力作業，之後需配戴腕錶與記錄睡眠日誌配合充足且規律作息一週後，再到睡眠實驗室進行第二階段的評量，包含睡前 2 小時、1 小時、關燈前生理指標 (指溫、膚電) 與腦波的測量和主觀身心激發狀態 (Pre-Sleep Arousal Scale, 簡稱 PSAS) 評量，於睡前填寫睡眠相關監測指標 (Sleep Associated Monitoring Index，簡稱 SAMI)，並完成一晚的 PSG 測量以排除其他睡眠相關疾患。 研究結果 首先，以單因子變異數分析比較不同組別間在壓力反應與回復和二因子變異數分析注意力警覺/移除困難指標的差異。在壓力生理反應表現上，慢性失眠組與高危險組在接受壓力操弄後的激發消退時間較低危險組來得長。在注意力層面，高危險組對壓力(威脅圖片) 刺激有顯著的警覺與移除困難注意力偏誤，慢性失眠組則是對睡眠刺激有顯著的移除困難注意力偏誤。在行為層面，慢性失眠組與高危險組睡前的注意力監控行為 (包含監測自身身體感覺訊息是否與入睡狀態不一致、鬧鐘 時間、環境) 均顯著較低危險組來得多。再者，以皮爾森相關探討注意力偏誤與睡前激發反應之關聯性，結果顯示高危險組的注意力偏誤現象與睡前高頻腦波與主觀生理激發的降幅呈現顯著負相關; 而慢性失眠組的注意力偏誤指標卻與膚電、主觀認知激發的降幅呈顯著正相關。 結論 本研究結果支持不同失眠病程背後的過度激發影響機制有所差異，生理層面較慢的激發消退能力與對壓力源的認知偏誤的前置因子，可能為急性失眠者易受日常壓力源誘發睡眠困擾之原因；而影響慢性失眠族群的持續因子主要在於其將睡眠視 為壓力源的認知歷程與行為轉變。此外，研究更進一步發現兩組分別對於壓力與睡眠的注意力轉移困難，使其在覺察壓力後易持續表現出過度激發現象。本研究結果除支持失眠過度激發理論之外，更釐清不同階段失眠的認知歷程的機制，並彰顯不 同失眠病程介入策略應有所差異，和急性失眠高危險族群及早介入預防之重要性。 / Introduction Hyperarousal has been recognized to be a major etiological factor of chronic insomnia. Cumulated research evidences have demonstrated that chronic insomnia patients are hyperaroused in somatic, cognitive, and behavioral aspects. According to Spielman’s 3P Model of Insomnia, there were different factors are involved at different points during the course of insomnia. However, there are seldom study to investigate the difference mechanism of hyperarousal in the course of the development of insomnia. The present study used cross-sectional design to compare the difference of good sleeper (low sleep vulnerability, LV), acute insomnia (high sleep vulnerability, HV), and chronic insomnia (CI) in stress reaction (eg. reactivity and recovery), attentional bias (eg. vigilance and disengagement), and sleep associated monitoring behaviors to investigate the underlying mechanism of hyperarousal. Furthermore, the study examined the correlation between attentional bias indices and subsequent pre-sleep arousal to investigate the impact of attentional bias on sleep in different groups. Method The present study recruited fifty-eight subjects, aged between 24-48. They included eighteen chronic insomniacs (CI) diagnosed ICSD-3, nineteen healthy individuals scoring high (HV) and twenty-one healthy individuals scoring low (LV) on the Ford Insomnia Response to Stress Test (FIRST). All subjects visited sleep lab twice. During the first visit, the subjects filled in a package of questionnaires, and went through psychophysiological recording (including) of stress reaction, and a visual dot-probe task. They then were required to keep a sleep log and wear actigraphy at home for one-week to make sure they followed a regular sleep schedule. During the second visit, subjects went through a pre-sleep physiological recording (including peripheral temperature, skin conductance, and EEG) and filled in two questionnaires (Pre Sleep Arousal Scale [PSAS] and Sleep Associated Monitoring Index[SAMI]) at three time points and had a PSG recording to screen for sleep disorders. Result One-way ANOVAs were conducted to compare the differences of stress reaction/recovery among three groups. Two-way ANOVAs were used to compare the differences in attentional bias (vigilance/ disengagement) of threatening and sleep-related stimulus among three groups. In stress related physiological activity, CI and HV showed slower recovery rate than LV. Considering attentional bias, HV had significant vigilance and disengagement bias to threatening pictures, and CI had significant disengagement bias to sleep-related pictures. CI and HV also showed more prevalent sleep-associated monitoring behaviors than LV. Furthermore, Spearman’s correlation was used to examine the association between attentional bias and pre-sleep arousal. The result shows the attentional bias of HV had negative correlation with reduction of high frequency EEG and somatic sub-score on the PSAS. In contrast to our prediction, CI showed positive correlation between decrease of skin conductance and the cognitive sub-score on the PSAS. Conclusion The study showed that stress recovery ability and stress-related attentional bias were the major differences between individuals with low and high sleep vulnerability, indicating that increased information processing to threats and stress-related stimulus as well as decreased recovery ability of autonomic arousal in reacting to stress may predisposed an individual to stress-related sleep disturbances. On the other hand, the attention shift from threat toward sleep can differentiate chronic insomnia from those individual with frequent acute insomnia. Moreover, the difficulty in disengagement from sleep-related stimulus, rather the vigilance, might explain the cause of hyperarousal that perpetuate insomnia. The results support the transition of arousal from general treat to sleep-related stimulus in the development of chronic insomnia. The study not only further the understanding of the etiological mechanism of insomnia, but also imply that different strategies should be applied in the treatment of acute and chronic insomnia. It also highlights the importance of preventive intervention for individuals with high sleep vulnerability

本研究主要的研究目的有二：其一，探討高社會焦慮者對不同情緒臉孔的注意力時間歷程；其二，探討自動化階段與控制式階段所進行的注意力訓練，對於降低注意力偏誤以及改善社會焦慮的效果。基於上述兩項研究目的，分為研究一與研究二進行。研究一中，共有60名參與者完成眼動作業，其中高、低社會焦慮組 (HSA組/ LSA組) 各30名。在眼動作業中，生氣、難過、快樂與中性四類情緒臉孔同時呈現於螢幕上，參與者被指示自由觀賞螢幕上的圖片，直到圖片消失。研究一的結果發現，HSA組對生氣臉的初始注視時間 (initial gaze duration; IGD) 明顯高於LSA組，且高於其它三類情緒臉孔，LSA組對四類情緒臉孔的IGD則沒有差異；其次，LSA組對快樂臉的整體凝視時間比例 (proportion of total viewing time; PTVT) 明顯高於HSA組。時間歷程分析的結果發現，HSA組在751-1000 ms 對生氣臉的凝視可能性高於LSA組，以及在7-8 s對難過臉的凝視可能性高於LSA組；LSA組在9-10 s對快樂臉的凝視可能性高於HSA組。研究一結果指向，高社會焦慮者對威脅刺激可能有注意力脫離困難，同時可能缺少對正向刺激的注意。研究二共有72名高社會焦慮者參與，本研究將注意力訓練的刺激呈現時間操弄為100 ms或500 ms兩種，每一種刺激呈現時間的注意力訓練可分為注意力改變組 (AMP組) 與注意力控制組 (ACC組) 兩種情境，因此共有AMP-100、ACC-100、AMP-500與ACC-500四種訓練情境。所有參與者被隨機分派至四種訓練情境中，並完成八次 (每週兩次，為期四週) 的注意力訓練作業。參與者在注意力訓練的前、後分別完成量表填寫、修改版Posner作業與眼動作業的評估，並且在注意力訓練結束至少一個月後，接受追蹤階段的評估。研究二的結果發現，100 ms的注意力訓練可以增進AMP-100組在修改版Posner作業上對所有無效嘗試次的反應時間；降低其在眼動作業上對生氣臉的IGD；同時改善AMP-100組參與者的負向評價恐懼、互動焦慮以及演講前的預期焦慮。500 ms的注意力訓練可以降低AMP-500組的參與者在修改版Posner作業上對社會威脅詞無效嘗試次的反應時間；減少其在眼動作業上對負向情緒臉孔的注意力維持時間，並增加對正向情緒臉孔的注意力維持時間；同時降低AMP-500組的負向評價恐懼與社會互動焦慮。研究二結果顯示，自動化階段與控制式階段所進行的注意力訓練，均可促進高社會焦慮者對威脅刺激的注意力脫離速度，並且改善社會焦慮。本研究於討論中，針對本研究結果在理論與臨床應用上的意涵進行探討，並提出本研究的限制與對未來研究的建議。 / The purpose of the present study was twofold. First, it aimed to investigate the attentional processing of emotional faces in social anxiety using the eye-tracking technique. Second, it tried to examine the effects of attentional training in reducing attentional bias and in decreasing social anxiety symptoms in high socially anxious individuals. In study 1, a total of 30 high socially anxious (HSA) and 30 low socially anxious (LSA) participants completed the eye-movement task. In the eye-movement task, participants were instructed to view the slides on the monitor naturally. Each slide contained 4 emotional faces (one angry, one sad, one happy and one neutral face). The results showed that the HSA participants had longer initial gaze duration (IGD) on angry faces than the LSA participants did. Further, the LSA participants had higher proportion of total viewing time (PTVT) on happy faces than the HSA participants did. Time-course of attention to emotional faces was also examined. The results showed that the HSA group had higher fixation probabilities to angry faces than the LSA group did in the 751-1000 ms time window. The HSA group exhibited higher fixation probability to sad faces than the LSA group did in the 7-8 s time window. Further, compared with the HSA group, the LSA group had higher fixation probability on happy faces in the 9-10 s time window. The results of study 1 indicate that individuals with high socially anxiety may have difficulty in disengagement form social threatening information and may demonstrate decreased attention to positive information. In study 2, seventy-two high socially anxious participants completed the experiments. In the attention training task, stimuli were presented at two durations: 100 ms and 500 ms. Participants were randomly assigned to four different attentional training conditions, including the AMP-100 (attention modification program; presentation duration = 100 ms), the ACC-100 (attention control condition; presentation duration = 100 ms), the AMP-500 and the ACC-500 group. All participants completed eight attentional training sessions delivered over four weeks (i.e., twice weekly sessions). Participants were also required to complete preassessments, postassessments and follow-up assessments. The results demonstrated that the 100 ms attention modification program facilitated attention disengagement in the Modified Version of Posner task and decreased attentional maintenance to angry faces in the eye-movement task for participants in the AMP-100 group. Furthermore, it reduced the fear of negative evaluation, interaction anxiety and anticipated anxiety for public-speaking situation in the AMP-100 group. The 500 ms attention modification program facilitated the disengagement from social threat words in the Modified Version of Posner task in participants of the AMP-500 group. It also decreased the attentional maintenance to negative faces and increased the attentional maintenance to happy faces in participants of the AMP-500 group. Further, it reduced the fear of negative evaluation and social interaction anxiety in the AMP-500 group. The results of study 2 suggest that attention modofication programs may decrease difficulty in disengagement from threat and reduce some aspects of social anxiety symptoms in individuals with high socially anxiety. Theoretical and clinical implications of these results were discussed.

本研究的主要目的在於探討美沙冬的使用者是否具有抑制控制能力缺損、對海洛因相關刺激是否具有注意力偏誤，以及是否有彈性認知轉換能力上的問題。 研究使用的是Noel等人（2005,2007）發展出來的Go/No-Go作業，並使用海洛因圖片與中性圖片為作業刺激，分別測量受試者在作業中的反應正確率、反應遺漏數、反應犯錯數、平均反應時間、決定偏誤與區辨度，並且使用依賴嚴重度量表，以了解受試者對海洛因的依賴嚴重度與Go/No-Go作業各指標之間的相關。 　　美沙冬組樣本選取自八里療養院土城門診部之接受美沙冬治療者，共17人，經由網路招募之健康控制組十九人，受試者一共三十六人。共變數分析之結果顯示在Go/No-Go作業的正確率、遺漏數、區辨度和決定偏誤等指標上，發現組別與情境轉換之交互作用，顯示使用美沙冬之受試者具有彈性認知能力上的缺損，因此在有轉換的區段之中，無法快速地適應新的作答規則。此外，Go/No-Go作業結果未發現美沙冬使用者之抑制缺損與對海洛因相關圖片之注意力偏誤之現象。 　　依賴嚴重度與Go/No-Go作業的指標相關研究則發現，其依賴嚴重度越高，其在非轉換情境中對海洛圖片的犯錯數越低、決定偏誤越高，顯示美沙冬使用者似乎在沒有情境轉換的區段中，會將其注意力資源分配在海洛因圖片上，忽略非海洛因圖片，顯示其注意力較具選擇性。 / The goal of this study is to explore the inhibitory deficits、attentional bias towards heroin-related cues and cognition flexibility of current methadone users. The Go/No-go task used here was previously developed by Noel et al. (2005, 2007). Heroin-related pictures and neural pictures were presented as targets or non-targets. Accuracy rate、omission、commission、average reaction time、decision bias(C) and discrimination (d’) were being measured individually. The relation between the severity of heroin dependence and task performance was also investigated. The 17 subjects in methadone group were currently methadone maintenance treatment patients from Bali psychiatric center, and the 19 control group subjects without a drug using history were recruited by internet advertisement. The covariance analysis revealed interactions of group and shift/non-shift condition on accuracy rate、omission、decision bias(C) and discrimination (d’), indicating a cognitive flexibility deficits in methadone users. They had difficulty adapting to new rules in shifting conditions. No inhibitory deficits or attentional bias were found so far in this study. The relation between heroin dependence and Go/No-go task performance revealed that the more dependent the methadone subjects were, the less commission errors they made, the higher decision bias score they got towards heroin pictures in non-shifting conditions. It seemed that the methadone users were prone to allocate more attention resource to heroin-related pictures in non-shifting conditions, suggesting a more selective attention process.

本研究主要目的為，運用點偵測作業探討高社交焦慮者面對環境中的社會威脅訊息的注意力處理歷程，並釐清在實驗中加入誘發社交焦慮情緒程序對高社交焦慮者的注意力處理是否造成影響。由於過往研究對高社交焦慮者對社會威脅訊息的注意力處理意見分歧，學者們分別提出過度警覺－逃避假設與過度警覺－難以轉移假設，兩假設皆有相關理論與研究支持，本研究企圖檢驗這兩個假設的合理性。 　　本研究篩選出高社交焦慮組30人與低社交焦慮組30人參與實驗，受試者在接受所分派的情緒誘發程序後，進行以生氣臉與嫌惡臉所組成的威脅臉為實驗刺激的點偵測作業，以評估個體對威脅的注意力。 　　研究結果發現，接受社交威脅誘發程序的高社交焦慮者對社會威脅訊息的注意力處理，傾向為過度警覺－逃避假設的歷程，對威脅產生警覺後，便逃避對威脅的處理；而接受中性情緒誘發程序的高社交焦慮者對社會威脅訊息的注意力處理，傾向為過度警覺－難以轉移假設的歷程，對威脅產生警覺後，便無法將注意力自威脅轉移。 　　高社交焦慮者對社會威脅訊息，有明顯的注意力偏誤，且此偏誤會隨個體所處的情境與接觸威脅的時間而有所變化。由於這些偏誤扮演著維持個體的社交焦慮的重要角色，故在釐清高社交焦慮者在不同情境下對威脅的注意力處理後，有助於選擇適當的治療策略，協助高社交焦慮者因應環境中的威脅。 / The purpose of the present study was to utilize the dot-probe task to investigate the attention processing for social threat in high social anxiety, and to know what under conditions of social threat influence. Owing to the conflicts of the past studies, there are hypervigilance-avoidance hypothesis and hypervigilance-difficult to disengagement hypothesis for the attention processing. This study attempt tests the rationality of the two hypotheses. Performance on a face-probe task was assessed in high (n=30) and low (n=30) social anxiety. After participants were assigned the mood induction procedure randomly, they were presented the task. The results revealed that under conditions of social threat high social anxiety are at first vigilant of threat faces, and avoid them. And under conditions of neutral high social anxiety are at first vigilant of threat faces, and difficult to disengage them. These results suggest that the attention bias for social threat in high social anxiety would be changed by the context and how long the individual face the threat. Know that the attention processing for social threat in the different context in high social anxiety would help the psychologists to choice the applicable therapy for high social anxiety.

根據Koster、De Lissnyder、Derakshan及De Raedt（2011）的注意力轉移困難假說，憂鬱者因注意力控制能力受損，而難以從負向訊息中轉移注意力，進而引發反芻，並再度強化憂鬱症狀。雖然反芻可再細分為深思反省與苦惱自責式反芻，但Koster等人未探究注意力轉移困難對苦惱自責式反芻的影響。此外，過往注意力訓練研究作業眾多且效果不一，又偏重改善個體注意力投入以減緩憂鬱。然而，卻鮮少探討注意力訓練對注意力轉移困難的介入，能否改善個體的苦惱自責式反芻程度。因此，本研究將同時探討注意力訓練能否改變高苦惱自責式反芻者對負向訊息的注意力偏誤（含注意力投入與轉移困難），進而降低苦惱自責式反芻程度。本研究以點偵測作業為注意力訓練作業，將高、低苦惱自責式反芻者隨機分派至注意力訓練組或注意力訓練控制組，接受為期兩週、共四次的注意力訓練，並於前、後測階段注意力測量作業中，檢驗對負向訊息的注意力偏誤與三階段中苦惱自責式反芻程度。本研究結果發現高苦惱自責式反芻者對負向訊息無明顯注意力偏誤，注意力訓練作業對高苦惱自責式反芻者的注意力歷程未有明顯影響，乃至苦惱自責式反芻程度的時序變化與接受注意力訓練與否無明顯關聯。本研究結果不支持原先假設、注意力困難假說及過去研究結果。然而，過往學者多強調個體高度負向認知與憂鬱情緒對注意力偏誤的影響，故本研究事後同時納入憂鬱與苦惱自責式反芻程度，欲探討憂鬱苦惱自責式反芻者對負向訊息有無注意力偏誤，乃至注意力訓練對憂鬱苦惱自責式反芻者注意力偏誤的訓練效果。本研究結果僅發現在修正版Posner作業中，憂鬱苦惱自責式反芻者更容易將注意力從負向訊息中轉移開來；在點偵測作業中，未有組間效果；在注意力訓練中，未有訓練效果。最後，本研究將於討論中，探討研究結果的可能原因，並提出本研究限制與未來研究上的建議。 / According to the impaired disengagement hypothesis (Koster, De Lissnyder, Derakshan, & De Raedt, 2011), the dysphoric that are difficult to disengage from negative stimuli due to low attentional control tend to ruminate, and then even worsen their depressive symptoms. Actually, rumination can be differentiated into two components: reflective pondering and brooding, but the core tenet of impaired disengagement hypothesis only puts the emphasis on rumination rather than brooding. Besides, there are many studies investigating the attention-training effects on depressive symptoms rather than rumination. To date, no studies even have investigated the training effects on impaired disengagement and brooding. Therefore, we aimed to examine the effects of attention training on attention bias toward negative stimuli, impaired disengagement from negative stimuli and brooding level in brooders. We investigated the training effect in brooding and non-psychiatric control participants via dot-probe task. During a two-week period, all of the participants were randomly assigned to complete 4 sessions of either attention training or no training. Also, participants completed two attentional tasks examined attention bias at baseline and post-training, and self-reported questionnaires of brooding and depressive symptoms at baseline, post-training, and follow-up. Overall, results indicate that brooders didn’t show attention bias to negative stimuli. Also, no beneficial effects of attention training on attention bias and brooding level were found in brooders. The previous hypothesis, impaired disengagement hypothesis and studies in the past were not supported. However, many cognitive models of depression have postulated that individuals with high levels of negative cognition and depressive affect tend to maintain their attention toward negative information. Therefore, we took levels of depression and brooding into account, and aimed to examine the effects of attention training on both attention bias toward negative stimuli and impaired disengagement from negative stimuli in depressive brooders. Results indicate that depressive brooders tend to disengage from negative stimuli in modified Posner task. No other findings in dot-probe task and attention-training task. Implications of these findings in depressive brooders are discussed and directions for future research are advanced.