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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

受刑人處遇在我國特別權力關係之探討 / An approach to special power relationship focusing on the treatment of prisoners in Taiwan

王晨軒 Unknown Date (has links)
本文觀察從1984年到2009年之間,大法官就特別權力關係事項所作成之解釋,對於特別權力關係相對人造成之影響,同時一併指出大法官對於特別權力關係理論所「突破」之程度。另一方面檢視我國特別權力關係發展現況,依舊存有亟待檢討之處,特別是監獄受刑人權利救濟的部分,仍舊如同是特別權力關係所殘存之「釘子戶」,因此對於監獄受刑人權利救濟之關注,即可謂是對於我國特別權力關係演進之展望。
2

從特別權力關係的演變論我國公務人員保障法的制定及實施

吳明軒 Unknown Date (has links)
我國長期以來對於公務人員與國家之間的關係,一貫承襲德國的傳統特別權力關係理論,使得公務人員的行政爭訟權受到相當的限制,以致公務人員遭受到違法或不當侵害時的救濟途逕明顯不足,影響公務人員的權益保障至鉅。所幸在二十世紀的民主時代中,公法理論正隨著政治理論而不斷改變,傳統特別權力關係理論已成為往昔政治制度下的過時產物,在當前強調合法與公平的時空環境下,特別權力關係的概念自然必須有所修正與轉變。此種變遷趨勢,主要表現在:1.特別權力關係範圍縮小;2.涉及基本權利限制者,亦應有法律之依據;3.許可提起行政爭訟三方面。 一般而言,對於公務人員保障制度或有仁智之見,惟其中心概念均以公務人員依法為國家所任用,其在職期間凡依憲法及其他各種相關法規所享有身份、工作、生活、職務、服務、請假,人事處分公正處理等各種法定權益,應受法律保障,如於遭受違法或不當之不利益處分時,得透過陳述、申訴、訴願、行政訴訟、協議及仲裁等法定救濟途徑維護其權益,而凡屬就此等權益所設保障的措施均為保障制度的範疇。 由於有關我國公務人員保障事項,在保障專法制定前並無單獨之立法,僅分別散見於公務員服務法、公務人員考績法、公務人員俸給法、公務人員任用法等個別法令中。故為健全我國人事法制,加強保障公務人員權益,亟須研擬統一我國保障法制的公務人員保障法,俾便規範公務人員保障事宜。考試院為貫徹憲法所賦予之職掌,除參酌世界各主要民主國家公務人員保障制度外,並衡酌我國國情,擬訂「公務人員保障法草案」,終於民國八十五年九月十九日經立法院第三屆第二會期第四次會議三讀通過,並由總統以八十五年十月十六日總統華總(一)義字第八五○○二四九二八○號令公布,我國首部公務人員保障專法於焉誕生。 眾所週知,公務人員的權益保障應在兼顧人權法治與機關業務推動需要的原則下,作出合理及具體的明確規範,俾能據以遵循。現行公務人員保障法雖仍存在若干問題頗值探討,惟此等法制的建立既為新的嘗試,其成效自有賴實際經驗的檢證,與各機關不斷地提供意見,始能有所充實改進。因此,基於公務人員權益保障與建立保障法制常規的立場上,仍應給予高度肯定與支持。 本研究全文約十四萬字,共分為七章,可摘要敘述如下: 第一章 緒論:首先指出本文的研究動機與目的,其次說明所採取的研究方法及本文在研究上遭遏的限制,最後則是剖析整部論文的研究架構。 第二章 公務人員保障的相關概念探討:對於在研究前所應具有的若干概念,加以簡要說明,俾能釐清公務人員保障制度上的基本觀念。 第三章 特別權力關係理論檢視:除對特別權力關係理論概說加以論述外,亦指出其所受的檢討及批判,同時就其變遷的趨勢與方向予以分析。 第四章 我國公務人員保障制度的建立及其內涵:簡要介紹世界上主要民主國家在公務人員保障制度方面的實施概況與探討公務人員保障法制定前既有的相關法令規定。此外,另就我國公務人員保障法的制定與內容予以闡述,且對該法制定前後的有關措施作比較性的分析。 第五章 公務人員保障法的施行:本章係就公務人員保障暨培訓委員會的背景、職權與功能...等,以及公務人員保障案件實例上的處理情形加以探討,俾能對現行公務人員保障制度推行實況有所瞭解。 第六章 我國公務人員保障制度受特別權力關係演變的影響:探究我國公務人員保障制度受特別權力關係演變的影響;內容除包括權利保障上質與量的轉變外,尚涉及我國人事政策中考績與懲戒制度的重行檢討。 第七章 結論:分別說本文的研究發現、檢討與建議提出報告,希望有助於公務人員保障制度及相關措施的合理改進。
3

軍事機關國家賠償責任之研究 / The state compensation law in military authority

姚妃宴, Yao, Fei Yen Unknown Date (has links)
本研究之目的係探討國家賠償法於軍事機關之運作,從公務員執行職務行使公權力致生損害之國家賠償責任(即人的責任)與公有公共設施設置或管理欠缺致生損害之國家賠償責任(即物的責任)之兩大主軸討論,並比較日本裁判所之判決與我國對類似案件相關爭點判斷之異同,據以建構軍事機關國家賠償責任之類型,減少可能發生國家賠償責任之爭議。 全文共分為五章:第一章為緒論,說明本研究之動機與目的、研究範圍與限制、研究架構與方法。第二章為國家賠償制度概述,就國家賠償責任之定義及類型、適用之限制、國家賠償責任制度之發展過程、國家賠償責任之理論、公務員責任與國家賠償責任之關係予以討論,藉以確立國家賠償責任認定之法理基礎;並探討日本國家賠償責任成立之案件與我國國賠法制之異同處,藉以參酌我國同類案件之分析與比較。第三章研析闡述特別權力關係之起源、內涵、變遷等,探討公務員、學生、受刑人、軍人在此關係下基本權利之限制與保護。第四章為軍事機關與國家賠償之分析,以第二章國家賠償制度之法理為基礎,彙整相關法令規範,配合相關之法院國家賠償案例,檢討軍事機關公權力行為致生國賠責任之法理與探討軍事設施設置、軍事設施管理造成人民財產之侵害與救濟賠償之認定,並分析軍人撫卹與國家賠償競合之問題。第五章為結論與建議。本章分別就各章之內容總結,具以建立完整之軍事機關國家賠償責任體系,俾提供軍中處理國家賠償案件時之參考;另就研究發現予以歸納評析,並提出建議,例如建立軍事機關公權力行為之行政程序、確實督導軍事設施之設置管理程序,以減少軍中公權力行為之侵權情事,強化其保護照顧義務等等,希冀今後軍事機關對人及對物之管理,能符合依法行政原理之要求。 / This study aims at discussing the State Compensation Law in military authority from two perspectives, including the liability for damages arising from the act of employees of the government acting within the scope of their office (the liability of people), and from a defect in the installation or management of government-owned public facility (the liability of objects). A case study comparison was done between the court of Japan and Taiwan, where the verdicts from both courts were compared so as to construct a pattern for state’s liability in military compensation. We hope that in this way, controversy over state compensation liability could be controlled. The essay is divided into five chapters: the first is introduction, illustrating the motive and purpose, scope and limitation, and structure and method of this study. In chapter two, we will outline the state compensation system, with regard to its definition, classification, applicability, development, theory, and the relationship between the liability of state and public servants, in order to establish a jurisprudential foundation. Then, we will discuss the differences and similarities between the compensation claims in Japan and our country’s State Compensation Law, while analyzing similar cases in Taiwan. The origin, content, changes of special power relation will be examined in chapter three, where the limitation and protection of basic rights of public servants, students, prison inmates, and soldiers are discussed. In chapter four, we will use the jurisprudential foundation stated in chapter two to analyze the military authority and state compensation. By compiling relevant regulations and state compensation claims, we will do a judicial review on the state compensation claims as a result of military authority, the definition of compensation and damages arising from the installation or management of military facility, and the competition between military indemnity and state compensation. Chapter five will be conclusion and suggestion, containing appraisal of each chapter and constructing a system of complete state compensation liability in military authority, as a reference for future claims. In addition, important remarks and suggestion will be provided, such as to establish administrative procedure for military authority and management procedure of military facility. This is to prevent the violation of right from the military, and enhance their obligation to protect and attend, hoping the military could build the rule of law when managing objects and actions of people.
4

大學生學習權之研究

林世昌 Unknown Date (has links)
大法官在釋字382號解釋打破了學校與學生特別權力關係的存在。抑有進者,大法官更言明人民有「憲法上受教育的權利」存在。雖然本號解釋值得喝采,但似乎僅是曇花一現,諸如一連串的退學案例,實務見解仍普遍認為有關退學處分的規定乃屬大學自治事項,因此便將法治國原則的適用排除在外,大法官釋字563號解釋即認為有關大學生資格考規定,屬大學自治範疇並不需法律保留原則,此等見解似乎又向特別權力關係開了倒車。有別於此,本文認為大法官釋字382號解釋既然承認人民有憲法上受教育的權利存在,佐以國際社會對於「學習社會」及「終生學習」等理念的重視,即應探尋其具體依據 — 以憲法第二十二條 — 作為大學生學習權的憲法基礎。對斯項權利性質,應具有分享給付請求權的社會權性質。 既然肯定憲法第22條為大學生學習權保障的憲法基礎,即應據此勾勒出大學生在校園中學習權保障的具體圖像。 實體面的保障,以二一退學制度為例:當作為一權利主體的大學生受到作為國家公權力一環的大學剝奪其學習權時(如退學),即應有法律保留原則的適用,此係立基於國家(大學)與人民(學生)間的權力關係所導出 ; 另一個觀察角度乃將大學與大學生之關係,視為兩權利主體間基本權利衝突之關係,則此時大學所為之退學處分仍應受利益衡量原則之拘束。無論從「權力面」或「權利面」的角度來觀察,二一退學制度皆無法通過憲法上法律保留原則與比例原則之要求,是為一違憲制度。 程序面的保障,本文以學生懲戒制度、學生申訴之制度及學生自治與學生參與校務等相關命題作為探討對象。總的來講,各項制度之設計仍應以大學生憲法上學習權之誡命為依歸,並輔以落實法治國原則之要求,如此方不致使大學生之「在學關係」成為法治國的化外之地而走回傳統特別權力關係的老路!
5

公務員言論自由之保障及其限制標準之研究 / A Study on the Constitutional Protection and Restriction of Public Employee Speech

賴雪梅, Lai, Hsueh Mei Unknown Date (has links)
80年代,我國在解嚴之時,民主化運動與言論自由的保障相得益彰,幾乎同一時期,司法院大法官作成釋字第187號解釋,對於特別權力關係敲響第一記警鐘,大法官逐步正視特別權力關係理論對於權利保障與憲政制度的影響,在司法實踐上似乎邁向突破特別權力關係理論長久以來的桎梏。然探其實際,在大法官與學者相繼對於特別權力關係理論加以解構後,公務員仍未能如同民主化後的一般人民一樣享有「充分且必要」的言論自由。 在面對公務員言論爭議的案件中,我國現行法制透過概括的職務義務對於公務員言論自由施加限制。在具體個案的審查中,實務上顯然並不認為公務員享有與一般人民相同的言論自由,就公務員言論應有的界限與限制的標準,也未建立可茲遵循的審查原則。造成此一現象的原因或許在於特別權力關係尚未真正地被揚棄,學者與實務對於公務員「有權利即有救濟」的闡述,過於囿限於「服公職權」,並且在檢討、揚棄特別權力關係的過程中,仍停留在形式法治國的概念,忽略了基本權利實質限制的檢討。 本文借鏡美國法制的發展,嘗試為我國公務員言論自由的審查提出基本原則。在衡量公務員言論自由保障時,應考量「公務員言論的類型」與「公務員的職務內容」,並以「言論表達的時間與地點」與「言論的公開程度」作為輔助判斷因素,衡酌公務員言論對於政府制度目的的影響。在此一審查模型下,並非所有的公務員言論皆受到一致的限制。 法哲學家Dworkin教授曾經說過,在言論自由的困難案件中,法律人必然需要釐清「憲法為何保障言論自由」這個根本性的問題,才能決定言論自由的困難案件應該如何解決。期待本文的觀察建議可以使得實務在審查公務員言論自由的案件時,意識到公務員言論可能具有的公益面向—使政府資訊自由地流向公眾,促進政府課責與民主審議—從而能夠適當的權衡相關利益,賦予公務員言論應有的保障。 / In the 1980s, as the Martial law was lifted, the level of freedom of speech enjoyed by the people was increased alongside with Taiwan’s democratization movement. In the same period, the Constitutional Court rendered the landmark Interpretation No.187 against the theory of special power relation (besonderes Gewaltverhaltnis, the Theory). The Court was concerned with the negative effect of the Theory on constitutionally protected rights and liberties. However, even though the Court had since made several similar interpretations and seemed to gradually move toward abandoning the Theory entirely, Taiwan’s public employees have not yet been able to enjoy the same level of freedom of speech as the general public has. Under the current legal system, civil servants’ freedom of speech was restricted by broad and generalized professional duties specified in the Public Functionary Service Act. In addition, courts do not take the view that public employees and the general public enjoy the same level of freedom of expression, and do not establish a clear principle to determine what public employees can or cannot speak. Perhaps it is because the Theory has lingered on. Or it is because in the process of abandoning the Theory, courts have paid too much attention on the right to holding public offices and ignored other rights, such as the right to free speech. Learning from the public employee speech jurisprudence in the United States, this thesis tries to articulate some basic principles when reviewing cases concerning civil servants’ freedom of speech. This thesis believes that not all public employee speech should be restricted and suppressed. In deciding whether to protect civil servants’ freedom of expression, courts should consider two main factors: “the type of the speech involved” and “the responsibilities of the civil servant’s position.” In addition, factors such as “the time and place of the speech” and “degree of openness of the speech” should also be taken into account when deciding whether public employee speech has negative impact on the government in fulfilling its responsibilities. Professor Ronald Dworkin, an American legal philosopher, once remarked that in hard cases, “lawyers and judges must try to find a political justification of the First Amendment that fits most past constitutional practice and also provides a compelling reason why we should grant freedom of speech.” The thesis hopes that the observation and suggestion made in this research can help courts be aware of the public interests in protecting public employees’ freedom of speech—ensuring free flow of information from the government to the public and improving government accountability and democratic deliberation. Then can the courts better balance the relevant interests and ultimately afford proper protection to public employee speech.

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