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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

商品(服務)禮券相關法律問題之研究

鍾薰嫺 Unknown Date (has links)
預付型消費普遍潛藏著消費之風險,常常可見企業經營者在自身財務出現危機時,以大量折扣方式促銷,消費者在不知情之情形下,往往僅見銷售時之折扣,而輕忽了預付型消費之風險,在各種預付型消費中,尤以商品(服務)禮券所吸取之利益為最大。 我國舊時依據國家總動員法第十八條,以財政部為主管機關,曾經發布「商品禮券規範管理辦法」,規範之內容均著重於對禮券發行量之控管,對於禮券之發行採取核准制,限制須公司符合一定之規模時,始得發行禮券,發行之數額並應受其營業額之限制,不得濫行發行。 在商品發售管理辦法廢除後,我國對於商品禮券一向採取市場自律之方式,惟市場自律後十幾年,當初制定商品發售管理辦法的理由,仍然發生,多家企業經營者在其所印製之使用簡則上,憑勢其經濟上強勢地位,訂定對於自身有利之契約條款,更甚者,以大量發行禮券為名,行詐騙吸金之實,由此可見,對於商品禮券採市場自律之方法顯然是不足的。 消保會已注意到類似此等預付型消費所帶來風險,因此由商品(服務)禮券開始規範,預備施行履約保證制度,再擴大至其他預付型消費制度,以降低預付型消費之危險,保護消費者之權益。消保會所預定公佈之「商品(服務)禮券定型化契約應記載及不得記載事項(草案)」共計有「三要八不」,其中除了履約保證之外,並進一步針對禮券發行人與持有人間,常見之不公條款加以規範,諸如使用期限、禁止找零條款、片面變更契約權利、廣告僅供參考等諸多對於消費者不利之不合理定型化契約條款,均已禁止其出現於禮券之使用簡則上。 日本法與美國之各州法,對於商品(服務)禮券均以法律位階定有相當之規範。就日本法而言,係以「預付式證票規制法」為規範依據,主要針對所有預付型消費,並有發行證票或其他類似性質之自然人或法人加以規範,著重在行政機關對於禮券發行人之控制,發行人在發行前須向主管機關報備發行之數額、已發行未兌現之禮券數額等。此外,並將禮券發行分為二種,一為自家發行,一為第三人發行,在第三人發行之禮券,並且須經主管機關核可始得發行。 至於美國州法之規定,大多數均係針對使用期限與服務費用等契約內容加以規範,並且特別要求發行人對於類似之契約條款,均必須踐行相當程度之揭示義務,使消費者在購買禮券之時,得以清楚知悉條款之相關內容。但美國之各州法尚未要求發行人發行禮券時,必須經過主管機關之核准。 我國對於商品禮券之規範,則與日本法及美國法有部分相同之處。消保會審議通過之定型化契約應記載事項與不得記載事項,並未要求發行人之資格與發行數量須事先經過許可,因此與日本法規範不同,但與日本法相同之處在於要求發行人提供履約保證;除了履約保證之外,定型化契約應記載事項與不得記載事項禁止禮券上記載使用期限、禁止收取服務費用,則與美國多數州法相同。 在此波對於禮券管制之浪潮中,引起最大爭議的,無非係要求禮券發行人提供履約保證制度。目前「商品(服務)禮券定型化契約應記載及不得記載事項(草案)」所提出之履約保證制度共有四種,分別為信託專戶、金融機構保證、同業相互擔保與同業禮券聯保,禮券發行人可由其中選擇一種作為發行禮券之履約保證。 要求禮券發行人提供履約保證制度,並非我國所首創,日本預付式證票規制法為了保障消費者之權益,規定在符合一定情形下,發行人須將未兌換禮券之一部分提存,以作為禮券持有人之保證。美國法雖未做相同之規定,但因美國定有統一未請求財產法(UUPA),將禮券納入被推定拋棄財產之範圍,即禮券自發行之日起經過三年,持券人若未向發行人或其指定之人主張權利者,發行人因發行禮券所得之利益,須繳回州政府之共同基金,換言之,發行人本身並不得享受未兌換禮券之利益。 履約保證提出之初,引起企業經營者相當大之反彈,但擺在眼前的事實是,企業經營者一家又一家的做起「印禮券,換現金」的吸金行為,然後不當擴張營業,在經營不善之下,拍拍屁股走路,將所有之現金放在自己口袋,卻犧牲了弱勢的消費者,若任由此情形持續下去,契約正義何在? 本文認為,履約保證實行之初,短期內或許會增加企業經營者之經營成本,但就宏觀之角度而言,必使消費者之權益因受到保障,而更提高禮券的商業信用,使其流通及接受度大增,長期下來對於禮券發行人而言,亦不可謂不利。除此之外,無論採行何種方式進行履約保證,正本清源之道,仍應由禮券發行之數量控制加以著手。蓋禮券之發行對於發行人而言,係屬負債,因此公司之發行禮券,更須衡量發行人之營業情形,審慎為之,以降低自身之營業風險,對於商業信用亦不致無限制之大幅擴張。 禮券已儼然成為吾人生活範圍之一部分,透過禮券的購買贈送於人,對於送禮人而言,可以省卻挑禮物之麻煩,對於受贈人而言,則可藉此選擇自身喜愛之禮物,可謂一舉數得,但若因為禮券之使用受到限制,甚至無法使用,勢必降低消費者購買禮券之意願。「商品(服務)禮券定型化契約應記載及不得記載事項(草案)」之公佈,或許在施行之初,可能對於發行人有若干不便之處,惟就長期看來,此卻可間接更增強禮券之流通性與信用性,企業經營者若能夠體現此點,必可創造其與消費者間之雙贏局面。
2

商品(服務)禮券規範與管理之研究 / A Study of Regulation and Control on Product (Service) Gift Certificates

張儒臣 Unknown Date (has links)
商品(服務)禮券之應用行之有年,其對業者具有建立顧客詳細資訊、預收現金周轉金與刺激消費者需求等好處;而消費者有時於獲得預售商品憑證時,享有一定折扣之利益,以此增加顧客購買意願,並可將之轉交於他人或日後使用,減少現金攜帶與交易之不便利性,如果交易能夠順利履行,則禮券發行業者與消費者將可達到原預定雙贏目標。 惟相關業者之償付能力與消費者權益之保障,全憑業者自律而缺乏法制保障,而發行業者良莠不齊,交易糾紛時有所聞,例如:水都健康休閒中心、高峰百貨、新糖主義、亞力山大等倒閉事件,消費者均在不知情之情形下,往往僅見銷售時之折扣,而輕忽了預付型交易之風險,最後均造成消費者權益遭受重大損失。   政府為抑制通貨膨脹,防止商業信用擴張,限制公司藉由商品禮券之發售募集資金,乃由行政院於民國62年時,以國家總動員法第18條為依據,發布了商品禮券發售管理辦法,透過主管機關財政部之嚴格控管,對於持券人之保護甚為周密,消費糾紛因而減少甚多,民國77年,政府宣布解嚴,財政部認為商品禮券之發行已無管理之必要,而於民國78年時宣布廢止商品禮券規範管理辦法。   廢止商品禮券發售管理辦法後,業者往往浮濫發行商品(服務)禮券,但業者償付保證責任與消費者權益保障問題欠缺法規保障,致使交易糾紛頻傳,行政院乃指定經濟部依據消費者保護法第17條規定,公告零售業等商品(服務)禮券定型化契約應記載及不得記載事項,而由於各行各業均有發行禮券情形,各主管機關依據上開範本,本諸職權自行公告,主要內容共計「三要八不」,除了履約保證制度外,並進一步規範諸多不利於消費者之不合理定型化契約條款,禁止出現禮券之使用上,例如:不得記載使用期限、餘額不得消費、限制使用地點、範圍、截角無效等不合理之使用限制、發行人得片面解約之條款、預先免除發行人故意及重大過失責任、違反其他法律強制禁止規定或為顯失公平或欺罔之事項、廣告僅供參考等,藉以導正商業秩序及維護消費者權益。   日本為工商業高度發展國家,其在百貨業與服務業中發行與使用預付卡非常頻繁,例如啤酒券、清酒券、贈禮券、商品券等;此種具有預付卡性質之票券與磁卡,日本將之統稱為「前払式証票」或「プリペイドカード」,意為預付式憑證,這些票券上大多明確地標示面值或物品數量。對上述商品,於1989年12月22日(平成元年)訂定「有關預付式憑證的限制等有關的法律」(前払式証票の規制等に関する法律,以下簡稱「預付式憑證規制法」)、施行令(平成2年政令193號)、施行規則(平成2年大藏省令33號)與保證金規則(平成2年大藏令1號)等,相關法制與管理規範周延,應可作為我國未來訂定商品(服務)禮券或預付型交易管理制度之參考。   消費者購買禮券,已預先支付價金予發行業者,禮券性質即等同現金,目前商品(服務)禮券定型化契約應記載及不得記載事項,規定現行商品禮券之發行人履約保證機制有:金融機構提供足額履約保證;市占率至少5%以上同業同級互保;於金融機構開立信託專戶;由商業同業公會連帶保證協定;其他經主管機關許可,並經行政院消費者保護委員會同意之履約保證方式等。惟履約保證制度將增加業者之營運成本,且因禮券使用者不特定,金額與使用期間難以掌握,目前金融機構基於風險性之考量,承作意願有限,且多對發行業者加諸種種限制,均造成制度推動之困難,惟本文以為,發行人之履約保證責任於商品(服務)禮券制度中,實具有舉足輕重之地位,故本文擬分別就履約保證責任及發行成本與適用範圍進行探討,期能對本項議題有所貢獻。   有鑒於禮券發行之金額龐大,唯有健全商品(服務)禮券之管理機制,方可對消費者權益產生保障。本文擬從「落實資訊揭露與說明義務」、「建置消費者保障機制」、「強化政府管理機制」及「推動制定預付型商品(服務)管理法」等方面加以闡述,期能藉由相關管理保障機制之建構,改變國內現有市場生態,塑造嶄新而健康之經營環境。 / Use of the product (service) gift certificate dates back to many years ago. To businesses, the gift certificate has advantages in compiling detailed information about customers, obtaining cash for operations in advance, stimulating consumer demands, etc. To consumers, the gift certificate benefits them by sometimes offering certain discount when they obtain advance booked product certificates, so as to increase their willingness to buy; the certificate may further be transferred to others or used later on, so as to reduce the inconvenience of carrying cash and dealing. In a successful performance of this type of transaction, the certificate issuer and the consumer are going to reach a win-win situation as projected. However, the ability of related businesses to pay and the protection of consumer rights completely depend on self-discipline of businesses and lack legal protection, while there are bad as well as good issuers, and disputes in transactions are frequently reported, such as the bankruptcy scandals of Spa World Health Club, Kaomart, Twin’s Brothers Bakery, and Alexander Health Club. In those cases, consumers, not knowing enough about the companies, tend to only focus on the sales discount without paying attention to risks involved in prepaid transactions, and thus finally sustain huge loss in their rights and interests. To control the situation of inflation, prevent credit expansion of businesses, and restrain companies’ raising funds by sale of product gift certificates, in 1973 the Executive Yuan promulgated the Regulations on Sale of Product Gift Certificates based on Article 18 of the National Total Mobilization Act. Through strict regulation of the competent authority, Ministry of Finance, protection to certificate holders was complete and perfect, and consumer disputes thus decreased significantly. In 1988, the government declared lifting of martial law, when the Ministry of Finance considered it unnecessary to regulate issuance of product gift certificates, and then announced abolishment of the Regulations on Sale of Product Gift Certificates in 1989. After abolishment of the Regulations on Sale of Product Gift Certificates, businesses tend to over-issue product (service) gift certificates, but the issues of duty of businesses to guarantee reimbursement and protection of consumer rights still lacked legal resolution, so that disputes in transactions happened repeatedly. Therefore, the Executive Yuan instructed the Ministry of Economic Affairs to announce matters that shall and shall not be stated in standardized retail contracts for product (service) gift certificates pursuant to Article 17 of the Consumer Protection Act. And because issuance of gift certificates happens in every industry sector, each competent authority announces regulations under its own authority according to the above-mentioned sample, of which the main contents include “3 Must’s and 8 No’s” in total, where they not only provide the performance guarantee system, but also regulate many unreasonable provisions in standardized contracts that are unfavorable to consumers, and prohibit them from being included in gift certificates, such as expiration date of use, restriction to use of balance, limitation to location and scope of use, invalidation of detached certificate, clause entitling issuer to unilaterally cancel contract, advance waiver of issuer’s intentional and material negligence liability, clause against other mandatory laws and regulations, matters obviously unfair or deceptive, advertisement as reference only, etc., in order to correct commercial order and safeguard consumer rights. Japan is a highly industrialized and commercialized country, where its department stores and service providers frequently issue and use prepaid cards, such as beer coupons, sake coupons, gift coupons, and product certificates. These notes and magnetic cards of the nature of prepaid cards are generally called “前払式証票” or “プリペイドカード” in Japan, meaning prepaid certificates, most of which clearly indicate face value or product quantity. Regarding the aforesaid products, in December 22, 1989 (Year 1 of Heisei) Japan established the “Relevant Limitations on Prepaid Certificates Act” (前払式証票の規制等に関する法律, hereinafter called the “Prepaid Certificate Control Act”), its enforcement order (Year 2 of Heisei政Order No. 193), its enforcement rules (Year 2 of Heisei 大藏省 Order No. 33), the performance bond rules (Year 2 of Heisei 大藏 Order No. 1), etc., so pertinent legal systems and control regulations in Japan have been thorough, which should be able to serve as reference for our country to establish the regulatory framework for product (service) gift certificates or prepaid transactions in the future. Consumers purchase gift certificates by paying issuers the price in advance, so gift certificates equal cash in nature. Currently the matters that shall and shall not be stated in standardized contracts for product (service) gift certificates provide the existing performance guarantee mechanisms for issuers of product gift certificates as follows: financial institutions providing sufficient performance guarantee; similar businesses with a market share of 5% or above in the same trade insuring one another; opening special trust accounts with financial institutions; trade associations signing joint guarantee agreements; and other means of performance guarantee approved by the competent authorities and agreed by the Consumer Protection Commission of the Executive Yuan. However, the performance guarantee system will increase operating costs of businesses, the users of gift certificates cannot be specified, the amount and time of use are hard to control, and the financial institutions today are reluctant to undertake it in consideration of risks and often impose various limitations on issuers. The above reasons all make it difficult to promote the system. However, this paper argues that the performance guarantee responsibility of the issuer indeed plays a crucial role in the product (service) gift certificate system, so this paper plans to separately study performance guarantee responsibility and issuance costs and the applicable scope, expecting to make contribution to this issue.   Given the huge amount of issuance of gift certificates, only reinforcing the regulatory mechanism of product (service) gift certificates can protect consumer rights. This paper plans to argue from the perspectives of “implementing duty of information disclosure and explanation,” “constructing consumer protection mechanism,” “enhancing government regulatory mechanism” and “promoting establishment of the Prepaid Product (Service) Control Act,” with a hope to change the current domestic market landscape by building related regulatory and protection mechanisms, in order to form a new and healthy business environment.
3

消費者對優惠券知覺之研究--非計量多元尺度之應用

何珮瑜 Unknown Date (has links)
優惠券行銷一直是業界在推行促銷的主流,在美國,消費品廠商在分配促銷預算時,即首重銷售促進(sales promotion)的推行,當中又以發行減價優惠券(coupon)所佔比例為大宗;而在台灣,早在七0年代即有業者使用優惠券的銷售促進方式,依據消保會估計,台灣一年發行禮券金額約達300億元。只是當禮券的使用漸為氾濫之後,發行業者為了節省支出或獲取較高收益,開始附加諸多使用限制,同時亦巧立各種名目如商品券、酬賓禮券等,不僅使優惠券種類細目繁多,連帶的使用規則亦略有差異;但相對地,業者卻未在廣告上詳細說明所贈送之優惠券的相關限制,因此導致消費者在決定是否前往購物或消費時,係處於資訊不對稱之情況,需憑藉其本身主觀知覺判斷該優惠券的使用規定。有鑑於此,本研究認為有必要從消費者的角度思考,瞭解消費者對於不同名稱優惠券的認知情況,並希望以此研究結果,提供業界或政府主管單位擬定相關決策之依據。 本研究主要採用非計量多元尺度之分析方法,推導出消費者對於目前百貨業者常用之七種滿千送百促銷優惠券與現金的相對位置知覺圖,並輔以訪談法為知覺定位圖之兩軸下定義。研究之重要結論如下: 1. 女性比男性更易受到滿千送百促銷活動影響。 2. 消費者多為被動地接收廠商活動訊息,而非主動搜尋相關資訊。 3. 消費者採取購買行動之前,並未全然瞭解優惠券使用規則。 4. 優惠券使用時,限制愈少而愈能自由使用,帶給消費者的知覺價值愈 高。 5. 現金為最理想的優惠方式,禮券與商品禮券同屬優惠方式『理想群』中。 6. 知覺定位圖之兩軸,橫軸代表『等同現金之程度』,縱軸定代表『感覺被禮遇之程度』。禮券為最等同現金之優惠券,感覺被禮遇程度最高者為商品券。 7. 優先針對禮券、商品券,及商品禮券進行管制。

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