認知語意學替不同語言多義詞的語意關係提供了精闢的解釋。中文裡「出」字使用頻率高（中研院平衡語料庫出現近三萬次），語意類型多樣（國語日報字典中列舉十多個意義），卻鮮少人研究。本研究以認知語意學的角度出發，利用圖像模組 (image schema) 建立中文多義詞「出」的語意框架 (semantic frame)，認為不同的觀點 (perspective) 可分析「出」字的不同語意，並以語意的譬喻延伸 (metaphorical extension) 將不同範疇的語意連結起來，解釋「出」字語意的多樣性。 / This study aims to explore the meaning relatedness of the Mandarin polysemous word chu from a cognitive approach. Theories of cognitive semantics provide a plausible account for polysemous words since a cognitive approach in analyzing language benefits the discovery of conceptual frameworks underlying complex linguistic expressions. To add another piece of empirical evidence, this study aims to examine the Mandarin polysemous word chu, which is highly productive and which exhibits extreme complexity in terms of its senses. An image schema for chu is proposed as its semantic framework and different perspectives are considered to account for the multiple senses of chu. Furthermore, metaphorical extension is detectable in the meaning shifts of chu as well.

本論文從認知語意學的角度來探討英文中 “Heart” 成語所牽涉到的認知語意機制，並以Lakoff (1993)所提出的當代隱喻理論、Kövecses & Radden (1998)從認知語言學角度針對換喻所做的研究以及Ruiz de Mendoza (2003)所提出來的隱喻和換喻的三個交互模式為基礎，進一步探討 “Heart” 成語的字面語意如何透過這些機制衍生出其象徵語意。此外，本論文也對收集到的七十七個 “Heart” 成語進行重新分類以修正Niemeier’s (2003)在 “Heart” 成語分類上所產成的謬誤。 研究分析發現七十七個 “Heart” 成語所牽涉的認知語意機制包括Lakoff (1993)提出的五種隱喻類型以及Kövecses & Radden (1998)提出的十五種換喻類型其中的六種，而七十七個 “Heart” 成語的字面語意與其象徵語意之間的連結則無法僅僅透過Ruiz de Mendoza (2003)所提出來的隱喻和換喻的三個交互模式進行建立，而必須加上本研究另外發現的四個新的交互模式才能完整建立起七十七個 “Heart” 成語的字面語意與其象徵語意之間的連結。 / Based on the contemporary theory of metaphor by Lakoff (1993), a cognitive view toward metonymy by Kövecses & Radden (1998), and models of how metaphor can interact with metonymy by Ruiz de Mendoza (2003), this thesis makes an effort in exploring the cognitive-semantic mechanisms behind the 77 heart idioms collected for this research. Although Niemeier (2003) has tried to explore the metaphorical and metonymic bases for the heart idioms in English, her analysis is not satisfactory and can not meet the goal of this current research. A recategorization of heart idioms is therefore performed to encompass all the features exhibited by them before the cognitive-semantic analysis is proposed. The analysis of heart idioms discovers that a full explanation of their figurative meanings requires the activation of all the five types of metaphor proposed by Lakoff (1993) and six out of the 15 types of metonymy-producing relationships proposed by Kövecses & Radden (1998). Furthermore, to fully account for the figurative meanings of heart idioms, the analysis also proposes six interaction models of between metaphor and metonymy, two of which are proposed in Ruiz de Mendoza (2003) and four of which are discovered by the current study.

英語動詞take有許多不同的語意，而這些語意之間則存有密切的關聯性。藉著分析take的各種語意，可以讓我們更深入地瞭解多義詞現象。本論文藉助認知語言學派的語意架構理論和構造語法理論，深入分析了take出現在不同句法結構中所產生的不同語意及這些語意彼此之間的關聯性。研究結果發現︰當take出現在及物結構中(Caused-Affected Construction)時，透過語言使用者在觀點上不同的選擇(Windowing of Attention)，會衍生出四個基本語意，分別為選擇、拿取、消耗、及狀態改變。此外，take可以與七類型的介詞片語共同表達出七種不同的語意功能。最後，take還可以與介詞組合成片語動詞，產生特殊的語意，為使動結構的邊緣衍生用法。 / The English verb take attests a wide range of meanings and provides rich resources for the exploration of polysemy. Attempting to examine how the various senses of take are related to one another, this thesis investigates the meaning relatedness under the framework of Frame Semantics, which postulates that a conceptual representation is required to fully capture verb semantics (Fillmore and Atkins 1992, 2000), and Construction Grammar, which holds that constructions found in language are the basic units of language and that verb semantics interacts with constructions, thus yielding different meanings (Goldberg 1995, Jackendoff 1997). A careful examination of data reveals that take derives a variety of senses both from its interaction with the semantics of other components in the constructions and from different windowings of take’s conceptual frame. When integrated with the Caused-Affected Construction, the take construction acquires the senses of choosing, grabbing, consuming, and changing. When integrated with the Caused-Motion Construction, the take construction is found to be prototypically followed by prepositional phrases exhibiting seven semantic functions. When occurring in less prototypical cases of the Caused-Motion Construction, the meaning of the take construction blends into the meaning of the preposition following right behind it.