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創業投資資本的課稅問題分析—創投事業、創業公司及創業天使三方模型之應用陳欣儀, Chen,Shin Yi Unknown Date (has links)
創業天使(business angel)是一種新興的融資管道。以往創新產業利用創投事業募集創業基金,進行投資的工作。近年來創投的生態漸漸改變,除了資金挹注集中在營運中後期,創投事業也不再扮演提供管理諮詢的關鍵者角色。這時,創業天使的出現,不僅解決創業公司種子期資金不足的窘境,且積極涉入公司經營、提供產業諮詢,以增加企業的附加價值。
以往創投事業及創業公司的文獻中,僅就資本利得稅對雙方的投入影響作討論。而Elitzur and Gavious(2003)則試著加入創業天使的角色,利用三方模型衡量創業天使的加入能否對創投與創業公司間因道德危機問題產生的無效率有所改善。
本文以Elitzur and Gavious(2003)文章為基礎,加入政府的租稅政策,藉以衡量政府的介入是否對三方的投入有所助益。本文研究結果發現,只要政府課徵資本利得稅,將會使三方的投入水準減低;即使採取預算平衡的租稅政策,仍無法改變投入無效率以及創新產業收入過低的情況。因此,在現實社會中,政府不應課過重的資本利得稅,以期能使整個產業營收增加。如果採取對創投事業及創業天使資本利得補貼並搭配對投資之課稅,政府的原意乃是提高各行為參與者之資本利得,以增進效率水準;然而因課稅的過程中產生誘因降低的情況,最終反而會使三方的資本利得減少。唯有對單一參與者個別給予資本利得補貼並搭配課徵對誘因沒有影響的總額進入稅,才會使整個計畫的利得增加,達到有效率的投資水準。是故,政府的租稅政策對創業天使、創投事業及創業公司三者並不一定會達到較有效率的結果。
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The Taxation on Capital Gains and the Stock Price Volatility / 資本利得稅與股價波動薛雅月 Unknown Date (has links)
無 / This study establishes a model of the stock market involving the rational speculators to investigate whether the imposition of tax on capital gains can reduce the market volatility. The finding is that the effect of tax on the stock price volatility varies according to the types of shocks hitting the market. In the cases of the issuing shock and the dividend shock, raising the tax rate could be a way to stabilize the stock market. On the contrary, when the margin-rate shock occurs, it tends to magnify the effect of the shock and therefore increases the market volatility. Thus, it could be concluded that an increase in the tax rate may increase or decrease the stock price volatility depending on the type of unexpected shocks.
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資本利得課稅問題與所得分配 / Capital gains tax and income distribution鄭岳旻 Unknown Date (has links)
本文以Sandmo引進勞動供給的租稅逃漏模型為基礎,以是否具有其他所得來區別社會上的富人或窮人,富人可以在勞動市場中投入勞動供給賺取勤勞所得,或是將勞動供給投注在以其他所得做投資的投資行為上,賺取資本利得;但是窮人只能將其勞動供給投注在勞動市場中賺取勤勞所得,在雙方決定勞動供給以追求效用極大化下,可決定彼此的所得差距。
由於所得稅具有所得重分配的功能,因此我們首先比較在不同所得稅制下的所得差距,以得知所得稅是否達成其重分配功能。結果是:僅課徵勤勞所得稅時的所得差距會大於未課稅時的所得差距,勤勞所得稅反而使所得情形惡化,因為富人可藉由移轉勞動供給的方式規避稅負;而同時課徵勤勞所得稅及資本利得稅後之所得差距會小於僅課徵勤勞所得稅時的所得差距,代表資本利得稅可有效改善所得分配惡化的現象。
政府除了可以用所得稅的手段改善所得分配外,也可以以移轉性支出的方式達到相同目的。第一個情況是假設目前僅課徵勤勞所得稅,所得差距情形惡化,當政府決定將全國所收取的勤勞所得稅做為移轉性支出平均分發給窮人時,會得到不一定可以改善所得差距惡化現象的結果,必須視窮人對消費和休閒的替代彈性,以及替代效果與所得效果的大小而定。第二個情況是假設目前同時課徵勤勞所得稅及資本利得稅,並以富人所支付的資本利得稅做為移轉性支出平均分發給窮人,此時的移轉性支出能夠進一步改善所得差距惡化的情形。由以上兩段可知,若政府要有效地改善所得差距惡化的情形,最好的辦法是課徵資本利得稅,並將資本利得稅做為移轉性支出的財源。 / In this paper we use a Sandmo’s (1981) type tax evasion model to discuss the effects of proportional income taxation on income distribution among the riches and the poor. The riches are different from the poor in that only the former have exogenous income which can be invested to obtain capital gains. Therefore, while the riches choose between allocating their time to make labor income or to make capital gains, the poor can only attribute their time to making labor income. The tax system treats labor income and capital gains differently. The income distribution among the riches and the poor is determined by the difference in total incomes.
We first show that when only labor incomes are taxed, the income tax worsens the income distribution as compared to the income distribution when there is no income tax. In other words, an income tax system with preferential treatments on capital gains is detrimental to income distribution. This result is intuitive because the riches can switch their labor supply from making labor income to making capital gains for tax avoidance, while the poor do not get to do so. An income tax system is beneficial to income distribution when capital gains are taxed at the same rate as labor income.
Second we discuss the role of income transfer program on the income distribution and show that if the government uses labor income tax as the only financial source for the transfer, the effect of such income transfers on income distribution is ambiguous. It is decided by the magnitude of the elasticity of substitution between consumption and leisure, and the net effect of the substitution and the income effects. To improve income distribution, the best scenario is to use tax revenues from capital gains as the financial source of income transfer.
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資本利得稅的風險承擔和閉鎖效果 / The Risk-taking and lock-in effect of capital gain tax彭湘媛, Peng, Hsiang Yuan Unknown Date (has links)
我國在民國102年復徵證券交易所得稅,其本質屬於資本利得稅,本文欲探究資本利得稅對資產選擇之影響,再進一步將閉鎖效果納入資產選擇模型,討論課稅實現原則下,資本利得稅的稅率對資產選擇的影響。
本文假設兩項資產,分別為無風險性資產與風險性資產,發現在資本利得稅、資本損失可完全扣抵的情況下,政府擔任分散風險的角色,財富的風險性下跌,代表性個人增加風險性資產持有份額。納入閉鎖效果討論課徵資本利得稅下的資產選擇,設立兩期模型,代表性個人分配財富於無風險資產與風險性資產。若要代表性個人在第二期轉換投資組合,則代表性個人將要求新投資組合之報酬高於原資產之報酬加上處分原資產所產生之資本利得稅,而代表性個人可透過改變風險性資產持有比例調整新資產組合之報酬。研究發現,新投資組合的風險性資產持有比例受到原資產之資本利得稅率影響,原資產的稅率越高,則新投資組合的風險性資產持有比例越大,主因稅率越高,閉鎖效果的強度越強,因此若代表性個人要轉換資產的話,可透過增加風險性資產持有比例來增加新投資組合的預期報酬,亦表示代表性個人之風險承擔意願增加。
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