縮減資料維度一直是多變量資料分析的主要技術, 運用投影追蹤法(Projection Purs -uit) 將高維度多變量資料投影至低維度空間, 亦是一種縮減維度的方法, 將更有助 於了解資料結構特性。 投影追蹤法最重要的部份是投影指數(Projection Index)的定義, 投影指數指出了使 用者的興趣與意圖, 并針對不同問題定義不同的投影指數, 也因此許多多變量分析技 術亦可視為投影追蹤法的特例, 例如: 將投影指數定義為投影后資料的變異數, 則推 導出主成分分析; 定義為一分類規則的錯誤率, 則可推導出線性判別分析……等等。 在探測性資料分析方面, 亦可定義出適當的投影指數以戡察資料的叢聚及非線性結構 等特性。定義投影指數之后, 則必須選取適當的數值分析方法(Numerical Method), 并輔以電腦功能來施行。除了縮減資料維度外, 投影追蹤法亦已於無毋數回歸分析(N -onparametric Regression Analysis)及密度估計(Density Estimation)的應用上大 有斬獲。 到目前為止, 投影追蹤法在多變量資料分析上, 仍為一新發展的技術, 在國內尚未見 有關此一研究範疇的報告及著作, 本文將就投影追蹤法這項新技術的起源、發展、沿 革、理論與應用做一廣泛而密集的探討。

完善的崩塌地資料庫有助於地區土地利用的適宜性評估、與環境保護措施之研訂。目前，崩塌地地理空間資料(Geospatial data)的產生方法主要為：人為判釋經正射糾正(Ortho-rectification)的遙測影像，基於該影像，將辨識目標數位化(Digitizing)。然而，遙測影像的「正射糾正」與「人為判釋」往往不敷災後的緊急需求。為促進資料收集效率，本研究試圖發展一套自動化流程：以「未經糾正的遙測影像」為判釋對象，判釋作業以「物件式影像分類(Object-based classification)技術」進行，並利用「現存地形資料」，實現自動判釋所產生之辨識成果的地理對位(Georeferencing)與過濾篩選；最後，以「與現存各類輔助資料的套疊分析成果」為其屬性，以便利崩塌地地理空間資料的後續應用。 物件式影像分類分為為「影像分割(Image segmentation)」與「物件分類」兩步驟。於影像分割階段，採用多重解析度分割法(Multiresolution segmentation algorithm)─由於陰影下各類地物的影像光譜差異較不明顯，為避免陰影區之錯誤分割，賦予陰影區較小的尺度參數(Scale parameter)；於物件分類階段，基於訓練資料，以「線性核函數的支持向量機(Support Vector Machine, SVM, with a linear kernel)」為分類器，偵測「非雲與植被區」，並輸出為向量式資料(Vector data)。而後基於現存地形資料，以光線追蹤法(Ray-tracing algorithm)進行分類器輸出向量式資料的地理對位，並自訂第二階段的地形特徵過濾準則。實驗成果顯示，此自動化流程產出的崩塌地地理空間資料─其生產者精度(Producer’s accuracy)與使用者精度(User’s accuracy)分別介於0.85~0.99與0.44~0.96。

台灣位於環太平洋地震帶上，地形為山地居多，且地質脆弱，加上位於西太平洋副熱帶地區，使得山區常受到颱風的侵擾而發生崩塌，導致土石流和洪水等災害發生，進而影響人民的生命和財產安全。因此，如何有效地建置崩塌地區域資料庫，成為國土保育與災害防治的重要課題。以往利用遙測與航測技術於崩塌地萃取的研究中，大多是於幾何糾正後衛星影像或是航測正射影像上分析崩塌地，但產製正射影像或是糾正衛星影像時，都需要花費較多的時間，對於講求時效性的救災行動而言頗為不利。本研究之目的為發展一套不需使用正射影像萃取崩塌地的方法，以物件導向影像分類法，於DMC（Digital Mapping Camera）航測原始影像上直接萃取崩塌地資訊。首先採取多重解析影像分割的技術，將航測影像依像元光譜和形狀同質性分割成不同區塊（物件），接著利用影像光譜統計值搭配區域成長法，偵測影像中的雲覆蓋地區並過濾。其次，根據光譜亮度統計特徵值，將影像區分成陰暗地區、正常地區以及較亮地區之三種土地覆蓋類型，使用線性相關糾正法（Linear-correlation Correction）將陰暗地區光譜亮度值轉換至正常地區，並利用物件的特徵值，如光譜、面積、形狀以及相關性依序萃取此三種土地覆蓋類型內的崩塌地。最後，使用光線追蹤法 （Ray-tracing），將崩塌地區塊從影像坐標轉換至地圖坐標，使其可以套疊地形資料如坡度、坡向，並進行空間分析以提升崩塌地的判釋精度。研究結果顯示，崩塌地萃取之使用者精度和生產者精度，均有82%以上，並且整個實驗可大量批次處理影像，及快速建立崩塌地資料庫，本研究之方法和崩塌地資料庫將有助於國土保育與崩塌地的災害防治。 / Being located in a subtropical and seismic zone of the West Pacific, the geology is fragile and topography is mountainous in Taiwan. Landslides, floods and other disasters induced by typhoons occur frequently, and it cause the life-threatening and property loss of human beings in Taiwan. Therefore, how to establish landslides data effectively become an important issue of land conservation and disasters management. In recently years, most of the researchers used aerial ortho-images or satellite georeferencing images to detect landslides sites. However, it spent a lot of time generating aerial ortho-images and rectifying satellite images, and it also reduced the efficiency of landslides analysis. Thus, this study developed an object-oriented classification method, which can be directly applied in raw image data, to detect landslides sites. Firstly, this study used multi-resolution image segmentation technique to segment images acquired by Z/I DMC（Digital Mapping Camera） into individual regions （objects） according to the homogeneity of spectral and shape features, and then removed cloud areas by using brightness features depended on the spectral information of images. Secondly, the study divided the entire image into three areas, which are darker area, normal area and lighter area, according to brightness value. Next, Linear-correlation correction （LCC） method was used in this study to transform darker area to normal area so that it can easily detect the landslides sites in darker area, and the object features, such as spectral, area, shape and space correlation indices, were used to extract landslide sites in images. Finally, in order to enhance the accuracy of landslide, the initial landslides were converted from image coordinate system to map coordinate system by ray-tracing method, so the initial landslides data can be further extracted by using topographic data, including slope and aspect data. The results of this study showed that the user and producer accuracies of detecting landslides can reach up to 82%. Moreover, the entire experiments process of this study can batch analyze automatically and establish landslides database quickly. It is expected that the method and landslides data of this study may have contribution to land conservation and disasters management.

跨國公司與開發中國家官員之賄賂關係被稱為骯髒聯盟。非國家行為者是形塑與改變國際規範之重要參與者，本研究檢視重點在於國際透明組織為切斷骯髒聯盟之供需關係，如何運用其獨特之跨國倡議網絡模式，透過建立聯盟(coalition-building)途徑，促成國際公約並且改變簽署國之國家行為。該非政府組織影響國際關係之具體成果為1997年簽署之OECD反賄公約，該公約是第一個從供應方(supply-side)切斷跨國商業賄賂鏈之國際規範，其立法歷程與會員國之國家偏好改變足以證明國際透明組織之影響力。 主流學派之結構現實主義者主張國際關係是結構決定論，以強權國家為主要的、具決定性之行為者，國家偏好是外生給定的利益排序。本研究主張以建構主義為基礎之全球反貪運動則是反其道而行，國際透明組織建構之跨國倡議網絡，擅用人氣政治與切身性政治，以合作取代對抗，有效促成已開發國家採取集體行動，簽署OECD反賄公約。當強權之間拒絕改變現狀時，非國家行為者之理念說服行動可以逐一改變國家偏好，進而改變國際規範。在倡議國際反貪議題上，國際透明組織的確是國際新規範之催生者。 本文採案例研究，主體為國際透明組織，客體為OECD反賄公約，交叉運用深度訪談與調查式過程追蹤研究，密集而深入取得相關當事人提供之第一手資料，彌補既有文獻靜態分析之不足。 / Non-state actors are essential participants in shaping and changing international norms. There has been a long-standing practice of a tacit “dirty alliance” between multinational corporations and developing countries officials. This research focuses on Transparency International(TI), which seeks to sever the supply and demand chain relationships of the dirty alliance by mobilizing a unique model of transnational advocacy network (TAN), engaging coalition-building, lobbying for a new set of international norms and persuading the changes of signatory states’ behavior. The fruits are the adoption of the 1997 OECD Anti-Bribery Convention, which is the first supply-side norm to cut off transnational business bribery chain. Both the key events of the legislative process and the changes of state preferences among the signatories validify the argument for the TI’s significant influence. Contrary to mainstream international relations theories such as structural realism claiming structural determinism, predominant role of powerful states, and exogenously given nature of state preferences, this research proves constructivism prevails. TI’s TAN model artistically exercises popularity politics as well as proximity politics, advocates cooperation instead of confrontation against bribe-givers and bribe-takers, and effectively persuades developed countries to take collective actions by adopting and ratifying the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention. While powerful states resist changing the status quo, non-state actors indeed demonstrate their capability of persuading states to change their preferences. TI is entitled to be the midwife in formulating new international norms against transnational corruption. This research applies case study methodology, making TI as the subject and the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention as the object. Diligent analysis and interpretations are based on the cross-references of in-depth interviews and investigative process-tracing method to extract the primary data from relevant parties so as to supplement the deficiencies of the available literatures.