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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

頸性失眠的中醫藥治療研究

陳永光, 01 January 2007 (has links)
No description available.
32

中醫藥週期治療子宮內膜異位症的研究概況

梅韻婷, 01 January 2006 (has links)
No description available.
33

補氣化痰袪瘀方藥治療老年癡呆的文獻回顧分析

許美蓮, 01 January 2008 (has links)
No description available.
34

長者膝骨關節炎對生活質素的影響及相關中醫治療研究

陳永紳, 01 January 2006 (has links)
No description available.
35

醫療糾紛的民事責任兼論醫療法第82條修法之芻議 / The civil liability of medical malpractice and current proposal on medical law article 82 reform

張孟源 Unknown Date (has links)
醫療糾紛的處理應以民法體系規範,亦即,醫療糾紛若從醫病關係之本質,係醫療契約規範下的行為,原則上應以私法領域為主。在我國成立民事過失責任方面,不外乎侵權行為損害賠償請求權,及債務不履行之損害賠償責任。茲有疑問者是,醫療糾紛中如有債務不履行與侵權行為損害賠償請求權損害賠償請求權競合時,適用上應如何處理。要之,如何選擇有效以及合理之醫療糾紛解決方法,首先正是要瞭解醫療糾紛發生時,醫師所應負有之民事責任範圍。 民法上債之關係建立在給付義務之內涵。給付,指債之關係上特定人間得請求的特定行為。除了主給付義務以外,債的關係尚有所謂附隨義務及不真正義務。主給付義務係指債之關係中固有、必備,用以決定債之關係、契約類型之基本義務。附隨給付義務係基於法律規定,當事人約定、或誠信原則與補充契約解釋而發生,具有輔助主給付義務的功能。醫療契約除了主要的醫療給付義務外,尚有一些重要的附隨義務,例如:說明義務、病例記載等,如果違反附隨義務,而侵害到病人的權益,不論是主給付或附隨義務之違反亦或有歸責事由,則依據不完全給付之規定,醫療機構或醫師均須負損害賠償責任。 按債務不履行責任之成立,以可歸責於債務人之事由為前提,如此亦適用於因契約所生之債務關係。所謂可歸責之事由,或謂係債務人在客觀違法之事實結果,應歸責於債務人主觀負擔之原因 。學理稱我國歸責事由係以故意或過失為原則,歸責事由之功能係在危險負擔之分配,亦即決定當事人在何種注意標準下,承擔風險。換言之,醫療契約間不完全給付及債務不履行損害賠償責任之前提,自以醫療契約間給付義務違反且有歸則事由;而其判斷之標準在民事責任上,主要係負擔善良管理人的注意義務。亦即,違反此注意義務,醫療機構或醫師亦對病患自應負債務不履行之損害賠償責任。 又次,按民法第184條因故意或過失,不法侵害病患的權利,發生損害,而侵權行為過失判斷,解釋上以抽象輕過失為準則。長期以來實務上則以抽象輕過失以善良管理人的注意義務為準,未盡此注意義務即認為有過失 。加害人之注意義務種類,在學說上可能為一般的預防損害發生的義務,或通知、照顧、警告等保護義務等 。實則,過失乃怠於注意的一種心理狀態 ,過失概念無論採取「應注意並能注意而不注意」或「怠於交易上所必要之注意」,均以行為人對受害人有注意義務為前提,且行為人違反對於受害人的注意義務,始構成過失責任。 因之, 民法上過失侵權行為係侵權行為法最重要的議題 。 然而,國內醫療糾紛訴訟的情形,往往是以刑事為主且附帶民事,在現行刑法過失犯的規範下,已經造成醫療生態規避風險的現象,尤其是高風險之科別乏人問津與防禦性的醫療行為。醫改會亦曾指出,以刑事附帶民事之訴訟除了時效問題外,亦將面臨民事判決受刑事判決影響之問題 。且當事人一開始對檢察官提出刑事告訴時,無法一針見血地提出疑點,一旦進入偵查階段後,告訴人對案情的發展只能被動的參與。故本文贊同醫療刑責明確化 ,其中關鍵點在於所謂「重大過失」之認定,國內法而言尚待實務案件累積,對於不同類型之醫療行為型態建構不同的類型之判斷標準,且亦須藉由公正、中立的醫療鑑定機關,使醫事人員不必擔心動輒得咎,並使罔顧人命者亦能獲得充分的刑事評價。 綜合言之,本文探討醫療事故之醫師民事責任,就是要釐清當發生醫療糾紛時,醫療機構應負擔那些醫療責任,除了保護當事人利益之契約責任,侵權行為責任外,更論及締約前之契約責任、契約保護第三人責任及附隨義務等。事實上,嚴格之醫療責任將產生醫病關係對立及防禦性醫療的負面效果,所以醫療損害賠償制度之改革必須考慮到兩者的利益都要平衡對待。對於相對人(病患)的權利保護亦不可忽略,並且盡量能減少不必要的醫療訴訟,不論是民事或刑事,以減少法院審理之負擔並合理分配醫療資源。 此外,直到目前醫療法第82條修法目前仍於立法院協商中,雖然醫療糾紛處理方式更是眾說紛紜。但本文對於未來醫療糾紛處理方式,「回歸民事、刑責明確」之大原則永遠抱持樂觀,更相信台灣社會將朝正面發展的趨勢、以創造醫病和諧與雙贏的願景仍然深具信心與期待。
36

試論醫方的告知說明義務 = Talk about the obligations to inform the patients

溫靜 January 2009 (has links)
University of Macau / Faculty of Law
37

張仲景脾胃病證治之研究

倪政國, 01 January 2008 (has links)
No description available.
38

美國《病人保護暨可負擔醫療法》之研究 / A study on American “Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act”

李照華, Li, Jhao Hua Unknown Date (has links)
美國前總統歐巴馬於2010年簽署之法案「病人保護暨可負擔醫療法」(Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, PPACA)又稱「歐巴馬醫療法」(Obamacare),主要目的之一在於提升對人民醫療照顧的保障,擴大人民的醫療照顧覆蓋面,並讓醫療保險成為可負擔的,具體改革面向主要在公共醫療照顧的範圍擴大、對人民強制納保規定,與對於商業醫療保險之各種規制,而從歐巴馬醫療法內容中,得以探討美國如何在維持既有醫療照顧體系架構、商業醫療保險為主導的模式中,透過對商業醫療保險的規制來成就相當於社會保險所實現的社會安全,並與我國作比較,雖然主要採取之醫療照顧模式不同,但同樣在促成全民納保的社會國目的之達成,兩國背後的立法背景、操作上有何異同,以及會遇到之爭議與困境何在,並且進一步思考是否有讓我國在處理目前制度問題的值得參考之處。 本文先論述美國傳統對於醫療照顧的心態與背景,並介紹美國的醫療照顧制度與衍生的問題,並從中了解醫療照顧之相關權利、全民納保觀念在美國的發展狀況,接著介紹歐巴馬醫療法的發展過程與實際內容,聚焦在擴大醫療照顧覆蓋面與令醫療保險成為可負擔之相關規定,並了解幾個重要的聯邦最高法院對歐巴馬醫療法之違憲審查判決中對爭議的處理,之後觀察歐巴馬醫療法如何透過對商業醫療保險的規制來讓其能成就社會安全功能,並追蹤後續歐巴馬醫療法實施後之成效與未來可能變化。對照我國,在介紹我國全民健康保險之發展與內容後,比較兩國在促成全民納保的背景、立法與釋憲過程中的爭議為何且如何處理、全民納保的操作內容,以及醫療照顧相關權利的承認與否、商業醫療保險的角色等,也從中討論是否有我國在解決現今全民健保之問題上可參考之面向。
39

醫療民事訴訟之舉證責任—試以醫療糾紛之類型化建構當事人舉證責任之分配體系 / Burden of proof in medical litigations:establishment of an algorithm for allocating the burden of proof by classifying the medical malpractice disputes

吳振吉, Wu, Chen Chi Unknown Date (has links)
隨著社會變遷,近一二十年來,我國醫療糾紛有大幅增加之現象,而經由媒體的報導,醫療糾紛在我國亦經常成為眾所矚目、備受爭議的社會焦點。由於醫療行為所導致的損害,直接侵害病人之身體權、健康權、甚至生命權,對於病人及其家屬生活所造成之影響,難謂非為鉅大,故醫療糾紛之妥善處理,實係吾人從事醫療法律之研究者,應予正視並深入探討之議題。 我國醫療糾紛之處理,向以刑事訴訟為主要之救濟途徑,惟晚近醫界、法界均已達成共識,認為醫療糾紛應回歸至以民事程序為主之處理模式。惟吾人若欲藉由民事法律關係妥善處理醫療糾紛,則須注意醫療民事訴訟之特殊性,亦即,因醫病雙方專業知識上之落差,導致雙方在民事程序上處於武器不平等之地位。為衡平此一武器不平等,我國實務上部分法官在審理醫療民事訴訟時,曾打破傳統民事過失歸責原則,將消費者保護法無過失責任與民法第191條之3一般危險責任之規定適用於醫療行為,惟自民國93年醫療法第82條第2項修正之後,該法既規定「醫療機構及其醫事人員因執行業務致生損害於病人,以故意或過失為限,負損害賠償責任。」邇近之實務判決遂多採醫療行為過失責任之見解,也多排除民法第191條之3之適用。我國醫療訴訟醫病爭執之重點,乃於近年由實體法之無過失責任之採擇與否,轉換至程序法之舉證責任分配。 於醫療訴訟等現代型訴訟事件中,被害人時常發生舉證上之困難,倘若依照僵化固定的舉證責任分配規則,則不免有失公平正義。因此,舉證責任分配於醫療訴訟上應如何操作方屬適當,實為醫療民事訴訟中值得觀察的重點所在。基於上述之問題意識,本論文的研究架構共分為七章,其內容綱要如下: 第一章 緒論:闡釋說明研究動機,並指明目前民事醫療糾紛事件之問題重心在於「程序法」,特別係在「舉證責任之分配」。進而說明本論文之研究動機、研究目的、研究範圍與研究方法。 第二章 醫療糾紛之發生及其處理:本章由醫療糾紛之發生談起,進而說明醫療糾紛之法律關係,探討不同法領域下醫療提供者違反義務時之法律責任,包括民事責任、刑事責任及行政責任等,並論證醫療糾紛實應回歸至以民事程序為主之處理模式。最後,介紹醫療糾紛發生後,國內外現今法制上之醫療糾紛處理機制,並分析其優缺點。 第三章 醫療糾紛之民事法律關係與醫療民事訴訟之特殊性:本章聚焦於醫療糾紛之民事法律關係,探討醫療提供者之契約責任、醫療無因管理與醫療提供者之侵權責任等。同時,討論醫療民事訴訟之特殊性,分析醫療民事訴訟被害人舉證困難之原因,並分析加重醫療提供者民事責任之法理基礎、以及過度加重醫療提供者民事責任所可能導致之反效果。 第四章 民事訴訟舉證責任分配之學說:按我國關於民事舉證責任之立法明文,係規定於民事訴訟法第277條:「當事人主張有利於己之事實者,就其事實有舉證之責任。但法律別有規定,或依其情形顯失公平者,不在此限。」學者乃認為,在我國法制下,所謂舉證責任分配法則係一總體概念,而可區分為「舉證責任分配一般原則」與「舉證責任分配減輕」二者,而以前者為原則,後者為例外。本章即由舉證責任之基礎觀念出發,藉由介紹國內外之學說,而分別處理「舉證責任分配之一般原則」與「舉證責任分配之減輕」等概念。 第五章 醫療民事訴訟舉證責任分配規則之具體適用:本章集中討論醫療民事訴訟之舉證責任。本章前半段介紹醫療民事訴訟舉證責任分配之一般規則、以及比較法上(包括德國、美國與日本)醫療糾紛舉證責任減輕之具體規則,後半段則分析我國實務操作醫療糾紛舉證責任分配之問題。本文一共歸納出實務判決於適用舉證責任分配時共六個問題,並分別找出判決加以闡釋。於本章末,則提出將醫療糾紛類型化,應有助於解決我國實務之問題。 第六章 醫療糾紛之類型化與舉證責任分配體系之建構:本章先試從「法學思維」、「醫學思維」、以及「綜合醫學思維與法學思維」出發,分別建立三套操作模組,以將醫療糾紛類型化,並建構其各別之舉證責任分配體系。關於純粹由「法學思維」或「醫學思維」所建立之操作模組,本文將分析其操作上之侷限,而針對本文所建議「綜合醫學思維與法學思維」之操作模組,亦將於各醫療糾紛分類,舉實務案例諸例實際操作之,以驗證本文所建議操作流程之可行性。章末則另提出法院於適用舉證責任分配規則時,其他與客觀舉證責任分配無直接相關,但應予考量之事項,以助於更正確地適用舉證責任分配規則。 第七章 結論、建議與展望:綜合前開章節討論,針對醫療民事爭訟程序中之舉證責任分類體系與操作模式,做出總結。並提出其他相關建議,以終極落實醫療需求者憲法上基本權之保障。 / The number of malpractice claims filed in Taiwan against physicians has increased significantly in the recent decades. Medical malpractice litigations are characterized by a huge gap in medical knowledge between physicians and patients, leading to an unequal status between both parties in the trials. To ensure that the principle of equality of arms is upheld in civil procedures, the courts applied the strict liability embodied in Article 7 of the Consumer Protection Law and Article 191-3 of the Civil Code to malpractice cases. However, since the amendment and promulgation of Article 82 of the Medical Care Act, there has been a consensus that strict liability is no longer applicable in medical litigations, and negligence becomes an essential element for establishing the liability of medical practitioners. In addition to modifying liability rules, an alternative for achieving equality of arms is to relieve the plaintiffs from the burden of proof. However, the burden of proof should be adjusted with precaution, because an excessive shift might contribute to defensive medicine. Accordingly, this study aims to standardize the algorithm for allocating the burden of proof by classifying medical malpractice disputes. The thesis is composed of the following seven chapters: Chapter 1 Introduction: This chapter outlines the background of the present study, with a special emphasis on the pivotal role of the burden of proof in medical litigations. Also delineated in this chapter are the objectives and methodology of the present study. Chapter 2 The occurrence and resolution of medical malpractice disputes: In this chapter, the incidence of medical injury and medical malpractice is discussed first, followed by an analysis of the civil, criminal, and administrative liabilities of medical professionals. The plethora of resolutions for settling medical malpractice disputes are summarized at the end of the chapter. Chapter 3 Civil liabilities of medical malpractice and characteristics of medical litigations: This chapter focuses on the civil liabilities of medical malpractice, which arise from failure to undertake contractual duties or tort liabilities. The characteristics of medical litigations, such as the unequal status in arms between plaintiffs and defendants and the difficulties in concluding negligence or deciphering causation, are discussed in the second half of the chapter. Chapter 4 Theories and rules in allocating the burden of proof: The allocation of the burden of proof is determined according to Article 277 of the Taiwan Code of Civil Procedure: A party bears the burden of proof with regard to the facts which he/she alleges in his/her favor, except either where the law provides otherwise or where the circumstances render it manifestly unfair. Consequently, in principle, the burden of proof is allocated according to the “Normentheorie,” with specific rules applied to ease the plaintiff’s burden of proof under exceptional and unfair circumstances. Chapter 5 Rules for allocating the burden of proof in medical litigations: German, American, and Japanese rules for allocating or relieving plaintiffs from the burden of proof in medical litigations are introduced. The current problems in applying these rules to medical litigations in Taiwan are inspected. The solution to these problems relies on a precise classification of medical malpractice disputes. Chapter 6 Establishing the algorithm for allocating the burden of proof by classifying medical malpractice disputes: Three models for allocating the burden of proof are created on the basis of three classification systems: classification from a legal perspective, classification from a medical perspective, and classification from a combined medical-and-legal perspective. A comparison of these three models reveals that the last might be the best algorithm. Specific tips for an accurate application of this algorithm are also provided. Chapter 7 Conclusions: This chapter highlights the importance of an appropriate allocation of the burden of proof in medical litigations, as well as the algorithm for allocating the burden of proof established in the present study. Also included are suggestions on how to ameliorate Taiwan’s medical litigation system in the future.
40

論生物醫學人體研究受試者之保護:以告知後同意及相關行政管制為核心 / On the protection of human subjects in biomedical researches:the informed consent and the related administrative regulations

林綠紅 Unknown Date (has links)
紐倫堡法典之後,生物醫學研究中人類受試者的處境開始受到關注。為避免受試者遭到濫用,進而保障其權益,國際間陸續頒佈與人體研究受試者保護相關之倫理規範,而各國亦逐步將倫理規範落實為國內法規,作為管制手段。涉及受試者之人體研究倫理規範與法規中,自紐倫堡法典以降,逐步確立以告知後同意以及倫理審查為核心,建立確保受試者自主權之管制機制,作為平衡受試者與研究者兩方在知識與處境上的不平等的關係。 本文以當代生物醫學上告知後同意法則發展,以及人體研究受試者保護之相關行政管制為取徑,首先,考察人體研究所涉及的法律、倫理的爭議,以及相關倫理規範發展。進而探討告知後同意在當代生命倫理與醫療法律之意義、內涵,以及如何實踐於生物醫學人體研究上作為確保受試者自主權之手段及所遭遇之限制。其次,分析並比較美國、荷蘭以及我國受試者保護之法規體系,並進一步討論其特色與優、劣。最後,探討我國人體研究受試者保護法規範之現況與不足,並提出法律修正上的建議。 / Since Nuremberg Code, the biomedical researches involving human subjects, based upon the informed consent and human autonomy, has drawn the increasing public attention. The related normative restrictions as well as legal regulations have been regarded as a significant way to abuse-avoidance and interest-protection on the part of human subjects involved. Thus, it becomes a confirmed tendency that the constitution of normative and legal foundation with a consideration of informed consent and ethico-medical review can ensure the human autonomy and strike a balance between the researchers and human subjects. In this thesis, we focus on the development of informed consent and the related normative/legal regulations. Several issues which we will deal with can list as follows: firstly, the trajectory and its legal/ethical controversies, with which the biomedical researches involving human subjects develop and revolve, will be clarified, so as to investigate the ethical/legal implications of informed consent and human autonomy. Secondly, by making a comparison of legal regulations among the United States, Holland and Taiwan, we will illustrate the advantages and drawbacks that different legal systems have on the biomedical researches involving human subjects. At the last part of this thesis, several possible suggestions will be provided to the future legislation on the biomedical researches involving human subjects.

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