本文旨在以鑽石體系探討台灣晶圓代工產業在發展了30年後，之所以具有國際競爭力各項條件，並在五力模型的分析下，進一步探討台灣晶圓代工產業未來的威脅及具有的優勢。本研究認為，台灣晶圓代工產業具備有鑽石體系中的各項生產因素、需求條件、相關與支援產業以及同業競爭與企業策略等條件，且台灣在發展晶圓代工產業的初期，政府扮演相當重要的要角，是推動這30年來晶圓代工產業蓬勃發展的重要原因。而這台灣獨創的專業晶圓代工模式也因為在國際分工需求下，產生其效益，並帶給台灣半導體上下游產業的垂直分工發展並使半導體產業聚落形成。 另一方面，在以五力模型中的各項威脅因素分析時，發現在同業競爭、供應商以及顧客的各項因素中，其威脅屬於中等程度，並沒有特別具有威脅的一項；而在潛在競爭者的威脅這一部分則更弱了，因為其成本太高以及經營模式和一般整合元件廠商（Integrated Device Manufacturer, IDM）以及記憶體廠商的經營方式不同，使得進入障礙提高；在替代產業的威脅上則是最低的，目前幾乎沒有可以取代晶圓代工產業的產品。故短期間內台灣的晶圓代工產業在國際上具有相當大的優勢。 本研究也針對以上結果綜合提出四個命題。第一、在晶圓代工產業發展初期，政府對鑽石體系中生產因素的策略性協助越多，越容易使其成功；第二、整合性服務與誠信這兩方面表現越佳者，未來越具有競爭力；第三、在供應商、晶圓代工業以及客戶的關係裡，位居買方之產業其轉換成本高；第四、未來唯有資本雄厚的整合元件製造廠（IDM）有能力進入該產業。 / The research shows that Taiwan semiconductor pure foundry industry composes of four well-proven completed environment conditions in Porter’s Diamond Model: Factor Conditions, Demand Conditions, Related and Supporting Industries, and Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry. In addition, the Role of Government, defined as the fifth condition in the model, plays an important role in the early stage. The pure foundry model created by Taiwan also contributes the development of vertical de-integration and the formation of semiconductor cluster. Meanwhile, Five-Force Model is used to analyze the threats of Taiwan semiconductor pure foundry industry, which shows the threat from rivalry among existing competitors, suppliers and buyers is moderate. The threat of new entrants is low, and the threat of substitute products or services is insignificant. In summary, Taiwan semiconductor pure foundry industry still has strong competitive adventages in the near future. The research also provides four propositions. First, the more the government provides assistance to the factor conditions in the early stage, the easier the foundry industry will be successful. Second, the better the integrated services and the higher integrity a company could offer, the more competitive the company will be. Third, in the relationship of supplier, foundry and customer, the roles of buyer have higher switching cost. Fourth, the Integrated Device Manufacturer (IDM) companies with sufficient capital are the only type of companies could enter this industry in the future.

化妝品產業在二十世紀歷經萌芽、茁壯、擴展到百花齊放，但多年來始終由歐美日等國品牌長期稱霸市場。南韓化妝品以黑馬之姿，在二十一世紀快速崛起，一般多將之歸因於韓流帶動及韓劇強大的置入性行銷威力。然而，除了韓流與韓星帶動及行銷策略奏效之外，還有哪些因素加速推動南韓化妝品產業的起飛躍進﹖在韓流湧動之前，南韓化妝品產業如何強化自身競爭力，才能在潮流來臨時，抓住時機，站上浪尖，乘風破浪，向前航行﹖ 本研究採取質性研究方式，透過個案探討，研究南韓有七十餘年歷史的第一大化妝品集團愛茉莉太平洋的競爭策略及競爭優勢。本文以麥可•波特(Michael E. Porter)的競爭力理論為主要分析架構，同時參照克雷頓•克里斯汀生(Clayton M. Christensen)的創新理論，由解析全球化妝品產業發展進程及當前產業概況展開，對比南韓化妝品產業變遷及愛茉莉太平洋的企業發展歷程，進而聚焦分析研究其競爭策略與競爭優勢、差異化特色與創新能量來源、全球競爭策略與資源配置布局。試圖由宏觀而微觀，層層抽絲剝繭，梳理釐清愛茉莉太平洋競爭策略與競爭優勢發展脈絡。 根據本研究分析，愛茉莉太平洋的競爭優勢來自於有效整合南韓國家鑽石體系，並且在企業發展過程中不斷植入創新精神與能量，甚至從失敗中學習。。一開始透過學習國外優點以強化競爭力，並秉持開創性精神與創新理念，建立創新型組織，持續投入研發，不做跟隨者，致力突顯差異化特色，以國際最強對手為競爭標竿，步步往全球化妝品產業強國邁進。 / Throughout the 20th century, the cosmetics industry went from the early inception to the one of rapidly growing and highly thriving but its market was always controlled and dominated by a few brand name products from Europe, the US and Japan. Yet, beginning from the 21st century, the South Korean cosmetics products suddenly came to the fore. Many attribute to the effects of embedded advertising as brought up by the Korean wave and Korean drama. Nevertheless, besides the marketing strategies empowered by the Korean wave, what are the other factors contributing to the rapid rise of the South Korean cosmetics industry? Before coming of the Korean wave, what had the Korean cosmetics industry done on preparing and advancing its competitiveness, so that it could take advantage of the Korean trends and moved up to the first tier status? The study is the qualitative research by nature. By going through the case study, it aims to explore the competitive strategies and competitive advantages of the Amorepacific, which is the top of South Korean cosmetics companies with a history over seventy years. The study adopts Michael E. Porter’s competitive strategy theory as the main analytical framework and is aided by Clayton M. Christensen’s innovation theory. It attempts to examine the global cosmetics industry development and the current trends. It then enquires into South Korean cosmetics development and the emergence and growth of the Amorepacific. It goes further to analyze the Amorepacific competitive strategies and advantages, differentiation strategies and innovation empowerment, and global competitive strategies and resource allocation. Thus, it is designed to go from macroscopic to microscopic perspective, step by step, for the purpose of clarification and highlighting the development of the Amorepacific competitive strategies and advantages.

本文探討的主題是人口因素對國家競爭力的影響。首先將檢視歷來重要的國家競爭力理論中關於人口因素的論述，包括IMD的「世界競爭力年報」、WEF的「全球競爭力報告」以及波特的「鑽石體系理論」，綜合整理這些理論關於人口因素影響國家競爭力的層面，來研析兩岸各自的人口現況及特徵對兩岸競爭力的影響。 本論文全文分為陸章，分析架構與章節安排如下： 第壹章「緒論」。說明研究動機與目的，研究途徑與方法、研究範圍與限制，研究架構以及國內外相關文獻回顧與評述。 第貳章「國家競爭力中的人口因素」。本章擬以「人口問題」為主軸，探討「國家競爭力」中的人口因素，建構形成「人口問題與「國家競爭力」研究構面。首先回顧重要的國家競爭力理論，接著再逐一檢視國家競爭力理論中有關人口因素的論述、人口因素如何影響國家競爭力的形成，以作為下文分析兩岸人口條件對各自競爭力影響的基礎。 第參章「中國大陸人口政策、現況及問題」。本章論述探討中國大陸之人口政策、人口概況，並對人口問題所造成之影響行基本分析，以簡要說明其人口現況。 第肆章「我國人口政策、現況及問題」。本章論述探討我國之人口政策、人口概況，並對人口問題及影響行基本分析。 第伍章「兩岸人力及人才資源之互動及比較」。比較分析當前兩岸在人力資源、人才素質層面的優劣，以及加入世界貿易組織後對兩岸人力及人才的影響，並比較兩岸的人力資源政策之良窳。 第陸章「人口因素對兩岸競爭力之影響」。分析當前兩岸人口現況及問題對各自競爭力造成的影響，分別探討兩岸各別具有的優勢及劣勢，以及增強競爭力的機會和對未來發展的挑戰。 第柒章「結論與建議」。就本研究做一綜合結論。藉由前面章節的探討提出研究發現及未來發展建議，及後續研究方向。

論文綱要 本文藉由波特教授之國家競爭優勢理論以及做為參考指標之主要工業國發展過程的研究，歸納出結論，另以總體分析法--運用各種具體指標由上而下加以分析之，亦即在國家的層次上定義國家競爭力，然後找出影響國家競爭力的因素，最後加以綜合分析，促進對於國家綜合的競爭能力表現之了解。第一章緒論探討本文研究動機、目的與方法，第二章針對波特教授的菱形鑽石體系與競爭發展四階段理論分析，並以其理論兼論我國發展情勢，第三章為各國產業發展過程的比較研究，重點在於以鑽石體系四要素來檢視發展進程，並論述九十年代以後各國發展情形，最後則綜合歸納政府政策對於各國產業影響。第四、五章為我國競爭力優劣勢研究，主要依照「行政院提昇國家競爭力行動小組」所擬定之項目與洛桑國際管理學院(IMD)之競爭力排名加以分析，第六章結論探討本文主要發現，政策性意涵與啟示以及未來可能之發展。 / The major theory of dissertation according to Michael Porter's "National Competitive Theory" and the other facts, which would affect National Competitiveness Advantage. Then, conclude all of facts and make it meaningful. Chapter 1 describes about the motive and method of this research. Chapter 2 aims to the Diamond determinants of national advantage, also usethis theory to analyze Taiwan's recent competitive situation.Chapter 3 mainly talking about the industrail developing process of advancedcountry, include USA, Switzerland, Swedwn,Germany,Japan,Italy,UK and Korea,also compare with each other's different apperance after 90's.Chapter 4 and 5 focus on Taiwan's Competitiveness Report by IMD .Chapter 6 is conclusion and major discoveries of the whole dissertation.

開放原始碼軟體(Open Source Software；OSS)或稱自由軟體(free software)近年來備受矚目，許多政府、企業、機構團體認為相較於專屬軟體(proprietary software)，開放原始碼軟體的成本低廉、安全性高，因而支持開放原始碼軟體，一些國際知名大廠也投入開發相關產品以支援開放原始碼軟體；然而，深入分析開放原始碼軟體與專屬軟體在價格、穩定性及功能性之優、缺點，可發現開放原始碼軟體未必如其支持者所稱較專屬軟體具有低成本、高技術性等之優點；至於市場佔有率方面，近十年來開放原始碼軟體雖在網頁瀏覽器(Brower)及行動設備作業系統的市占率呈現顯著成長，但在桌上型電腦、筆記型電腦、小筆電及伺服器的市場占有率則仍遠不及專屬軟體。 　　隨著開放原始碼軟體的興起，相關的問題及風險亦隨之產生。在商業模式方面，過去鼎力支持開放原始碼軟體，並且保證決不會以自家專利攻擊Linux社群及業者的IBM，如今也開始手持自家專利對付開放原始碼軟體業者，此一案例凸顯了開放原始碼軟體追求自由、開放分享的精神，與追求市占率及利潤為目標之企業經營環境，兩者間存在著本質上的衝突與矛盾。而為了降低使用開放原始碼軟體可能產生之風險，已有越來越多使用開放原始碼軟體的企業，改採混合碼（Mixed Source）的軟體策略，亦即在一項產品中，同時使用開放原始碼軟體和專屬軟體，儼然已成為國際趨勢；現今，已有超過50%的開放原始碼軟體供應商將開放原始碼軟體結合其內部專屬原始碼使用，有60%以上的開放原始碼軟體供應商已採用某些類型的商業授權方式，而一些原本非開放原始碼軟體的公司也開始利用開放原始碼來加強其市場競爭力。 　　在智慧財產權方面，部分開放原始碼軟體社群雖強烈反對以智慧財產權保護軟體，然此實與知識經濟時代下保護智慧財產權的發展趨勢背道而馳，因此，開放原始碼軟體不可避免的仍須面對智慧財產權管理及侵權訴訟等問題。然由於傳統開原碼軟體社群缺乏專業之法律或智慧財產管理人員，而技術或程式碼貢獻者又為數眾多，使得採用開放原始碼軟體在智慧財產權的管理、執行及訴訟風險上，面臨許多困難及挑戰。在開放原始碼軟體授權協議方面，開放原始碼軟體社群愈來愈強調使用者必須嚴格遵守授權協議之約定，且對於一些違反授權協議之使用者，已積極展開訴訟程序強制要求其遵守，因此，企業組織若要採用開放原始碼軟體，勢必需建立相關之風險管理和內部管理機制。 　　在歐洲、美洲及亞洲等世界各主要國家的軟體政策方面，過去雖有許多積極推動開放原始碼軟體計劃之媒體報導，然而，近幾年來，各國政府已較少採取獨厚開原碼的推廣政策，而大多數是以技術中立(Technical Neutral)或強調互通性的方式兼容並蓄的廣納各種不同的軟體授權模式，此也印證了混合碼的國際發展趨勢。至於我國的軟體發展政策，過去一直偏重在開放原始碼軟體的發展及補助上，然而執行的結果，不但市場現況與預期成果有相當大的落差，投入與產出顯不成比例，且由我國政府的自由軟體發展政策，亦可看出我國政府在資訊軟體產業發展政策上存在著將對開放原始碼的補助方案當作對整體資訊軟體產業的政策發展方向等等之混淆及迷思，此皆阻礙了我國資訊軟體產業之發展。 　　有鑑於此，本研究乃由策略大師麥可•波特(Michael E. Porter)所提出之國家競爭優勢鑽石體系（National Diamond）架構，分析我國在資訊軟體產業發展上的國家競爭力，並針對我國政府的資訊軟體產業發展政策，由組織領導、法令環境、創新商業模式、施政指標及匡正智庫角色等面向提出具體建議，期能對我國資訊軟體產業之發展有所貢獻及助益。 / Open Source Software (OSS) or Free Software has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. Comparing with traditional proprietary software, many governments, enterprises and institutions seems to believe that OSS is more cost effective and more secure, and thus support OSS. Similarly, a number of global companies have also started to invest in the development of related products that support OSS. However, after some in-depth analysis of the advantages and shorcomings in pricing, stability and functionality between OSS and proprietary software, it could be found that OSS may not have such high advantages in cost and technical level as its supporters asserted. Regarding the market shares in the last ten years, OSS has gained significant growth in the markets of Web Browser and Mobile Devise OS, but its market shares in Desktop Computer, Notebook, Netbook and Server markets are still far hehind proprietary software. 　　 The increasing popularity of OSS has inevitably triggered relevant issues and risk. From business model perspectives, previously IBM has been a long term OSS supporter and also publicly announced that it will never attack Linux companies and communities with its own patents. However, IBM recently began leveraging its patent portfolio and sending patent infringement warning to an OSS company who may compete with IBM in the server market. This recent case is a good example to highlight the inherent conflict and contradictions between the pursuit of freedom and open sharing spirit in OSS and the pursuit of profit and market shares in enterprise business environment. In order to reduce or manage the potential risk that could be triggered by OSS, more and more companies who use OSS begin to adjust their software strategy by adopting Mixed Source strategy. It has also become a trend in the global ICT industry to adopt or combine both OSS and Commercial Software into one product. Nowadays, more than 50% of OSS vendors start to combine OSS with their internal proprietary source code, more than 60% of OSS vendors have adopted certain types of commercial software licensing model, and some of the original non-OSS companies are also starting to leverage OSS to improve their market competitiveness. 　　With respect to intellectual property rights (IPR), even though some OSS communities still strongly oppose to the concept of IPR protection, some recent cases clearly prove that this kind of ideology is contrary to the trend of further improving IPR protection in the era of knowledge-based economy. Consequently, OSS still inevitably needs to face IPR management, infringement risk and licensing terms enforcement issues. However, due to the lack of professional legal or IPR management personnels in traditional OSS community and OSS projects usually involve numerous technical or code contributors, adopting OSS in current business environment will face many difficulties and challenges in IPR management, IPR enforcement and litigation risk. Another issue lies in the enforcement of OSS licensing terms, recently some OSS communities began to increasingly emphasize that users must strictly comply with all the licensing terms or requirements of the OSS model, and subsequently began to actively pursue legal enforcement actions against those violators. Therefore, it is imperative for any enterprise organization to establish comprehensive risk management and internal control/audit mechanism if it wishes to adopt OSS model. 　　In the past there were lots of media reports that actively promote government sponsored OSS policies in Europe, Asia and other major countries. However, there were less and less OSS only policy in recent years, governments around the world began to take Technical Neutral position or focus on interoperability by adopting a variety of different software licensing models. This development also confirms the international trend of adopting Mixed Source model. As for the software industry development policy in Taiwan, previously it has been focus on OSS related development and subsidy programs only. However, from the execution results, not only there is a huge gap between current market status and the expected results, the return of investment (ROI) from all those government funding programs is also extremely low. Furthermore, from the OSS development policy announced by the government, it is quite clear that there are confusions and myths among related government agencies that our current OSS development or subsidy programs equal to our national information software industry development policy. All of the above issues have seriously hindered the development of information software industry in Taiwan. 　　Based on the above analysis, this study leverages the National Diamond model proposed by the famous compete strategy expert, Michael E. Porter, to analyse the competitive advantages of Taiwan's information software industry. The study further proposes specific recommendations focusing on the organizational leadership, legal environment, innovation of business models, policy index, and the accurate role of think tanks in our government's information software industry development policy. Hopefully there will be some value-added and contributions to the development of information software industy in Taiwan.