本論文由三篇文章所組成，主要是討論軟體市場存在盜版下，軟體廠商可能因應的策略與政府政策為何。整篇論文的主軸與行文順序如下： 　　第一篇文章為「網路外部性，軟體盜版與廠商遊說決策」，本文主要是討論軟體獨占廠商面對家用及企業市場同時存在盜版情況下，分析軟體獨占廠商如何分配遊說金在兩市場上遊說政府取締盜版的決策及廠商在兩市場的定價策略。我們證明在取締盜版的遊說金分配策略方面，假設家用及企業市場均存在盜版情形下，企業市場存在網路外部性將影響獨占廠商的遊說決策。軟體獨占廠商將配置較高的遊說金用於遊說取締企業市場，並放任部分家用市場盜版。其次，在市場定價策略方面，當獨占廠商面臨兩市場均存在盜版的情形時，廠商將對兩市場採取差別取價，企業市場因為配置較高遊說金導致較高的成功機率，加上網路外部性的因素，對軟體的淨效用較高，獨占廠商在企業市場的定價一定高於家用市場。 　　第二篇文章為「存在網路外部性下廠商的最適軟體贈與策略」，主要是探討軟體獨占廠商同時面對家用與企業均存在盜版現象下，廠商如何透過免費贈與次級品質軟體的策略組合來使其獲利最大。當廠商在家用市場實施贈與品質比盜版好的軟體策略時，部分的正版市場被贈與軟體侵蝕而利潤減少，但也因為贈與軟體除替代盜版軟體外，因為不需使用成本，家用市場原來不使用軟體者將全部使用贈與軟體，使得總網路外部性增加因而增加企業市場利潤。因此，當網路外部性高時，廠商可能因企業市場獲利高過家用市場損失而使總利潤增加。所以當網路外部性大時，廠商利潤最大的策略組合為 (家用市場贈與，企業市場不贈與)。當廠商在家用市場實施贈與品質比盜版差的軟體策略時，免費軟體將取代部分盜版軟體，以及原來家用市場不使用軟體者，創造出最大的網路外部性使企業市場獲利增加。所以在實施贈與品質比盜版差的軟體策略時，廠商利潤最大的策略組合仍為 (家用市場贈與，企業市場不贈與)。而且因為贈與品質比盜版差的軟體不會減少家用市場利潤，而且創造出的網路外部性與贈與品質比盜版好的軟體策略下相同，因此當廠商考慮贈與軟體時，廠商在家用市場必定選擇品質較盜版軟體差的軟體贈與。 　　第三篇文章為「盜版取締、自由軟體與政府的最適補貼政策」，分析政府保護智慧財產權的公共政策除取締盜版外，尚可採行同時取締盜版與補助自由軟體使用政策，討論政府在公共政策搭配下，對智慧財產權的保護與加強市場競爭程度的效果為何。主要的結論為：第一，當政府不實施任何公共政策下，若自由軟體品質較盜版品質差，使用盜版軟體沒有任何機會成本，自由軟體將會完全退出市場。第二，在假設自由軟體品質高於盜版軟體品質下，政府增加補助自由軟體將可提高市場競爭程度。但當自由軟體品質是低於盜版軟體品質時，自由軟體的主要競爭者為盜版軟體而非正版軟體，因此政府補貼自由軟體確實可以減少盜版，達到保護智慧財產權的目標，但是卻無法影響正版軟體價格與數量，達到加強市場競爭的目標。第三，在自由軟體品質低於盜版軟體假設下，當政府的目標是社會福利最大時，政府的最適公共政策是同時實施取締盜版軟體與對自由軟體課稅而非補貼。

台灣因地理位置、氣候與地形等因素，孕育了豐富的森林資源。林務局廣設永久樣區以瞭解森林資源之分布與蓄積情形，永久樣區每隔五年進行全面性調查，調查所得資料繁多，惟永久樣區之植物資源調查資料僅記錄樣區之坐標位置與樣區內植物之分布情形，並未建立相關圖面資料，以至於無法與其他圖籍資料進行套疊分析。 本研究以MapServer、Zope等自由軟體與自行開發之軟體工具，處理圖形與相關屬性資料，以建構符合OGC（Open Geospatial Consortium）提出之網路地圖服務（Web Map Service，WMS）與網路圖徵服務（Web Feature Service，WFS）規格的WebGIS伺服端系統，並且整合各項森林資源表簿調查資料與圖籍資料，建構一包含森林永久樣區與樣木之空間與屬性資料的森林資源調查管理系統，以提供管理者經營管理與規劃之良好工具。 / There are plentiful forest resources in Taiwan because of the unique geographic location, climate and terrain. In order to acquire the information of distribution and storage of forest resources, the Forest Bureau sets up a lot of sample plots, and these sample plots will be fully surveyed every five years. Numerous data were collected, however only the coordinates of sample plots and the distribution of vegetation within those sample plots were recorded. It is not possible to perform map overlay analysis with the other map data because of lacking spatial data of sample plots. In this research, a WebGIS (web-based GIS) system was developed entirely from free software including MapServer, Zope, Apache and PostgreSQL/PostGIS. This WebGIS system is based on the OGC OpenGIS architecture (WMS and WFS), therefore it is easy to share geospatial data with the other GIS systems for various applications. Furthermore, a forest resources management system was established, which integrates the attribute data from field investigation and generates spatial data of sample plots and sample trees automatically.

開放原始碼軟體（Open Source Software），是由一群相信電腦軟體世界應以開放為主流的軟體創作者所提倡，他們認為電腦軟體之創造、開發、修正、改寫與加值等行為，不應受限於原始碼不開放的困擾及智慧財產權保護過度的法律障礙，而應藉由公開程式原始碼的方式，供其他程式設計者對軟體加以改進，以提升其效能。由於此種軟體開發模式具備取得成本低、穩定與安全性、彈性與自主權、堅強後援等優勢，這些優勢已逐漸被企業界所發覺，趨使其開始採用開放原始碼軟體的步伐，同時也創造了龐大的潛在商機。例如國際知名業者IBM、Intel等紛紛投入開放原始碼軟體相關產品的推廣與銷售，甚至連政府單位，包括歐盟、美國、中國、日本、韓國等各國政府，也大力推動使用開放原始碼軟體。在此風潮之下，我國政府也制定了一系列發展開放原始碼軟體的政策及方向。 如果能夠適當的運用開放原始碼軟體，確實是可以為企業或組織節省大量成本，創造龐大的潛在商機。至於如何將潛在商機轉換為企業的實質利潤，有此即有賴商業模式的建立。 然而，就在開放原始碼逐漸形成趨勢之際，其發展卻也面臨一些新興的法律議題挑戰。相較於專屬軟體在程式開發及授權合約中通常會提供不侵犯他人智慧財產權的保障措施，開放原始碼軟體由於係以社群開發及免費授權的方式發展，在此方面的保障可能較不周全，而SCO與IBM及Novell之間錯綜複雜的智慧財產侵權糾紛，更突顯此類問題的重要與複雜。 除了智慧財產權方面的法律風險外，開放原始碼所依據的授權契約之解釋、執行、契約效力也是一個很大的問題。截至目前為止，經OSI（Open Source Initiative）所認可的開放原始碼授權契約已達58種之多，未來還會持續增加。由於授權契約種類繁多，且各契約之規定及限制不同，也造成開放原始碼擴展上的阻力。 有鑑於此，本論文主要探討的重點包括開放原始碼軟體可採行之商業模式，尤其是有意利用開放原始碼軟體為營收模式的企業應如何評估本身的核心能力及優勢所在，依情況採取適合自己的模式；另一重點則是探討開放原始碼所涉及之法律問題，包括維持開放原始碼運作制度的授權契約，並分析各類授權契約在使用上可能面臨到的風險與問題。除此之外，也將分析開放原始碼軟體可能面臨的智慧財產相關爭議，包括軟體專利的問題、著作權的問題、營業秘密的問題等。 開放原始碼軟體對於台灣是機會，也是挑戰。如果能夠妥善利用開放原始碼軟體的優點，將能為台灣的資訊產業帶來跳躍式的成長契機。 / Open Source Software, which is promoted by a group of software programmers who believe that computer software should open to the public, and the creation, development, modifying, value-added shouldn’t be bothered by the over-protection of intellectual property rights. By disclosing the source code, other programmers can improve the efficacy of the software. With the advantages of low cost, high security, high stability, plus the minimum control by the right holders, the open source software movement has gained major industry players’ support. For example, IBM, Intel have all expressed their support for the open source movement and also developed relevant products using open source software. In addition to industry, many countries, such as European countries, US, Japan, China, Korea, also show their strong support for the open source movement. Under such trend, Taiwanese government also takes positive measures to promote the development of open source industry’s development and application in Taiwan. It indeed can save a large amount of cost and create huge profit if making use of open source software properly. How to transfer the potential business opportunity to substantial revenue depends on the establishment of business models. Nevertheless, while open source movement is getting momentum, it also faces renewed legal challenges. Compared to propriety software, which usually has non-infringement of intellectual property right clauses, open source software can’t provide this kind of guarantee. This issue was especially noticeable when SCO sued IBM for 5 billions damages in 2003. In addition to the legal risks, the most stringent challenge for the open source movement is its license structure. Until May, 2006, there are 58 open source license agreements have being certified by Open Source Initiatives (OSI), the open source software’s alliance. The problem, however, is that every open source license agreement has different terms and conditions. With so many different license agreements and such uncertain legal effects of those agreements, it erected a barrier for the wide-spread application of open source software. As a result, this thesis would like to conduct a thorough research on open source software from different dimensions. One part is about the business models which can be adopted by the open source software, and this part will especially focus on how the industry players evaluate their own core abilities and advantages to adopt suitable business models. The other emphasis is on the legal issues of open source software, including the license agreements, the legal risks and intellectual property problems. Open source software is a chance and also a challenge for Taiwan. If we can make good use of the advantages of open source software, it will definitely bring immense progress for the IT industry of our country.

隨著時代的變遷，圖書館員和使用者對於圖書館自動化系統的功能和現況漸漸產生許多不滿與問題。由於系統的開發過程封閉且原始碼無法取得，使圖書館只能另覓其他的自動化系統產品。開放程式的發展在二十一世紀隨著網際網路的發展受到重視。開放程式的圖書館自動化系統讓使用者除了使用還可以有複製、散佈、研究、改寫、再利用的自由。 本研究旨在探討台灣開放程式圖書館自動化系統的引進與發展現況，以Koha系統為研究對象，首先由文獻探討獲得圖書館自動化的現況、開放程式碼的發展，及開放程式應用於圖書館自動化系統之現況，並依據TAM科技接受模式為基礎設計問卷問項與進行分析，接著由訪談的方式深入瞭解台灣使用Koha系統的現況與問題，訪談對象包括使用Koha系統之圖書館以及與Koha系統相關的單位或個人，最後進行問卷調查與訪談資料整理分析。 本研究結果如下：1.台灣開放程式圖書館自動化系統的現況：台灣引進Koha系統始於2005年，由輔大圖資系毛慶禎副教授提倡Koha中文繁體的發展。使用對象多為中小學圖書館與對開放程式有興趣者，由於政府政策的影響，未來繼續使用Koha系統之中小學圖書館將銳減。2.圖書館使用開放程式圖書館自動化系統之動機：(1)圖書館未自動化；(2)缺乏購買系統的經費；(3)經由推廣取得；(4)對應用開放軟體有興趣；(5)過去使用過的圖書館自動化系統不成功；(6)教學使用；(7)有良好的技術支援協助。3.對Koha系統接受度不高：Koha系統由於技術支援、易用性與滿意度不足，以及受到政府政策影響，導致其接受度不高。4.成功使用開放程式圖書館自動化系統之因素：(1)教育訓練與交接完整；(2)其他人力支援；(3)技術支援；(4)介面親和；(5)功能容易使用；(6)館員態度積極。5.使用開放程式圖書館自動化系統失敗之原因與困難：(1)教育訓練不足；(2)缺乏人力；(3)缺乏技術支援；(4)功能不全；(5)系統說明手冊不完整；(6)介面不親和；(7)技術門檻較高。 本研究結果可提供台灣未來發展開放程式圖書館自動化系統的參考方案，觀察使用Koha系統圖書館失敗的原因以及與Koha系統相關單位兩方的觀點與困難，發現其中產生的問題，給予Koha系統、使用者與在地團隊建議。 / As the wheel of time turns, librarians and users of the integrated library system(ILS) become to be unsatisfied the features of ILS. Because of the developing process is closed and the unavailability of the source code, libraries have to try other ILS products for further development. Open source ILS is one of options, it gives users the freedom to copy, distribute, research, rewrite and reuse. The purpose of this research is to study the current developing situation of open source ILS in Taiwan. We use Koha system as research case. By studying related papers, we captured the current situation of ILS, the development of open source, and the application of open source ILS. Using the questionnaires based on technology acceptance model (TAM) and interviews, we enhance our understanding of the current use and question about the Koha system in Taiwan. The findings are as follows: 1.Current view of open source ILS in Taiwan: Prof. Mao has been distributing the developing of Koha in traditional Chinese since 2005. Users who used Koha system are mainly libraries in junior-high schools and elementary schools and those who are interested in Koha system. Due to the policy of Ministry of Education, the usage of Koha system in libraries in senior-high schools and elementary schools will be significantly less after 2010. 2. Reasons why libraries use open source ILS were categorized as follows :(1)Libraries was not automated; (2)Libraries were not automated successfully; (3)Libraries adopted Koha from promotion; (4)Libraries had insufficient budget; (5)Libraries had good technical supports; (6)Schools used Koha for education training purpose; (7)Schools were interested in the usage of open source. 3.The reasons of low acceptance of the Koha system: (1)Lack of technical supports; (2)Koha system was hard to use for average users; (3)Ministry of Education command the elementary and secondary schools to adopt new ILS. 4.Factors of the success adoption of the open source ILS: (1)Complete education training for users; (2)Other human resource support; (3)Technical support; (4)Friendly user interface; (5)Ease of use; (6)Positive attitude. 5.Reasons of the failure of library automation system and its difficulties: (1)Lack of training; (2)Lack of human support; (3)Lack of technical supports; (4)Incomplete features; (5)Incomplete system manual; (6)Unfriendly user interface; (7)Higher technology requirement.

開放原始碼軟體(Open Source Software；OSS)或稱自由軟體(free software)近年來備受矚目，許多政府、企業、機構團體認為相較於專屬軟體(proprietary software)，開放原始碼軟體的成本低廉、安全性高，因而支持開放原始碼軟體，一些國際知名大廠也投入開發相關產品以支援開放原始碼軟體；然而，深入分析開放原始碼軟體與專屬軟體在價格、穩定性及功能性之優、缺點，可發現開放原始碼軟體未必如其支持者所稱較專屬軟體具有低成本、高技術性等之優點；至於市場佔有率方面，近十年來開放原始碼軟體雖在網頁瀏覽器(Brower)及行動設備作業系統的市占率呈現顯著成長，但在桌上型電腦、筆記型電腦、小筆電及伺服器的市場占有率則仍遠不及專屬軟體。 　　隨著開放原始碼軟體的興起，相關的問題及風險亦隨之產生。在商業模式方面，過去鼎力支持開放原始碼軟體，並且保證決不會以自家專利攻擊Linux社群及業者的IBM，如今也開始手持自家專利對付開放原始碼軟體業者，此一案例凸顯了開放原始碼軟體追求自由、開放分享的精神，與追求市占率及利潤為目標之企業經營環境，兩者間存在著本質上的衝突與矛盾。而為了降低使用開放原始碼軟體可能產生之風險，已有越來越多使用開放原始碼軟體的企業，改採混合碼（Mixed Source）的軟體策略，亦即在一項產品中，同時使用開放原始碼軟體和專屬軟體，儼然已成為國際趨勢；現今，已有超過50%的開放原始碼軟體供應商將開放原始碼軟體結合其內部專屬原始碼使用，有60%以上的開放原始碼軟體供應商已採用某些類型的商業授權方式，而一些原本非開放原始碼軟體的公司也開始利用開放原始碼來加強其市場競爭力。 　　在智慧財產權方面，部分開放原始碼軟體社群雖強烈反對以智慧財產權保護軟體，然此實與知識經濟時代下保護智慧財產權的發展趨勢背道而馳，因此，開放原始碼軟體不可避免的仍須面對智慧財產權管理及侵權訴訟等問題。然由於傳統開原碼軟體社群缺乏專業之法律或智慧財產管理人員，而技術或程式碼貢獻者又為數眾多，使得採用開放原始碼軟體在智慧財產權的管理、執行及訴訟風險上，面臨許多困難及挑戰。在開放原始碼軟體授權協議方面，開放原始碼軟體社群愈來愈強調使用者必須嚴格遵守授權協議之約定，且對於一些違反授權協議之使用者，已積極展開訴訟程序強制要求其遵守，因此，企業組織若要採用開放原始碼軟體，勢必需建立相關之風險管理和內部管理機制。 　　在歐洲、美洲及亞洲等世界各主要國家的軟體政策方面，過去雖有許多積極推動開放原始碼軟體計劃之媒體報導，然而，近幾年來，各國政府已較少採取獨厚開原碼的推廣政策，而大多數是以技術中立(Technical Neutral)或強調互通性的方式兼容並蓄的廣納各種不同的軟體授權模式，此也印證了混合碼的國際發展趨勢。至於我國的軟體發展政策，過去一直偏重在開放原始碼軟體的發展及補助上，然而執行的結果，不但市場現況與預期成果有相當大的落差，投入與產出顯不成比例，且由我國政府的自由軟體發展政策，亦可看出我國政府在資訊軟體產業發展政策上存在著將對開放原始碼的補助方案當作對整體資訊軟體產業的政策發展方向等等之混淆及迷思，此皆阻礙了我國資訊軟體產業之發展。 　　有鑑於此，本研究乃由策略大師麥可•波特(Michael E. Porter)所提出之國家競爭優勢鑽石體系（National Diamond）架構，分析我國在資訊軟體產業發展上的國家競爭力，並針對我國政府的資訊軟體產業發展政策，由組織領導、法令環境、創新商業模式、施政指標及匡正智庫角色等面向提出具體建議，期能對我國資訊軟體產業之發展有所貢獻及助益。 / Open Source Software (OSS) or Free Software has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. Comparing with traditional proprietary software, many governments, enterprises and institutions seems to believe that OSS is more cost effective and more secure, and thus support OSS. Similarly, a number of global companies have also started to invest in the development of related products that support OSS. However, after some in-depth analysis of the advantages and shorcomings in pricing, stability and functionality between OSS and proprietary software, it could be found that OSS may not have such high advantages in cost and technical level as its supporters asserted. Regarding the market shares in the last ten years, OSS has gained significant growth in the markets of Web Browser and Mobile Devise OS, but its market shares in Desktop Computer, Notebook, Netbook and Server markets are still far hehind proprietary software. 　　 The increasing popularity of OSS has inevitably triggered relevant issues and risk. From business model perspectives, previously IBM has been a long term OSS supporter and also publicly announced that it will never attack Linux companies and communities with its own patents. However, IBM recently began leveraging its patent portfolio and sending patent infringement warning to an OSS company who may compete with IBM in the server market. This recent case is a good example to highlight the inherent conflict and contradictions between the pursuit of freedom and open sharing spirit in OSS and the pursuit of profit and market shares in enterprise business environment. In order to reduce or manage the potential risk that could be triggered by OSS, more and more companies who use OSS begin to adjust their software strategy by adopting Mixed Source strategy. It has also become a trend in the global ICT industry to adopt or combine both OSS and Commercial Software into one product. Nowadays, more than 50% of OSS vendors start to combine OSS with their internal proprietary source code, more than 60% of OSS vendors have adopted certain types of commercial software licensing model, and some of the original non-OSS companies are also starting to leverage OSS to improve their market competitiveness. 　　With respect to intellectual property rights (IPR), even though some OSS communities still strongly oppose to the concept of IPR protection, some recent cases clearly prove that this kind of ideology is contrary to the trend of further improving IPR protection in the era of knowledge-based economy. Consequently, OSS still inevitably needs to face IPR management, infringement risk and licensing terms enforcement issues. However, due to the lack of professional legal or IPR management personnels in traditional OSS community and OSS projects usually involve numerous technical or code contributors, adopting OSS in current business environment will face many difficulties and challenges in IPR management, IPR enforcement and litigation risk. Another issue lies in the enforcement of OSS licensing terms, recently some OSS communities began to increasingly emphasize that users must strictly comply with all the licensing terms or requirements of the OSS model, and subsequently began to actively pursue legal enforcement actions against those violators. Therefore, it is imperative for any enterprise organization to establish comprehensive risk management and internal control/audit mechanism if it wishes to adopt OSS model. 　　In the past there were lots of media reports that actively promote government sponsored OSS policies in Europe, Asia and other major countries. However, there were less and less OSS only policy in recent years, governments around the world began to take Technical Neutral position or focus on interoperability by adopting a variety of different software licensing models. This development also confirms the international trend of adopting Mixed Source model. As for the software industry development policy in Taiwan, previously it has been focus on OSS related development and subsidy programs only. However, from the execution results, not only there is a huge gap between current market status and the expected results, the return of investment (ROI) from all those government funding programs is also extremely low. Furthermore, from the OSS development policy announced by the government, it is quite clear that there are confusions and myths among related government agencies that our current OSS development or subsidy programs equal to our national information software industry development policy. All of the above issues have seriously hindered the development of information software industry in Taiwan. 　　Based on the above analysis, this study leverages the National Diamond model proposed by the famous compete strategy expert, Michael E. Porter, to analyse the competitive advantages of Taiwan's information software industry. The study further proposes specific recommendations focusing on the organizational leadership, legal environment, innovation of business models, policy index, and the accurate role of think tanks in our government's information software industry development policy. Hopefully there will be some value-added and contributions to the development of information software industy in Taiwan.