絕大多數在台灣的企業屬於年輕的中小企業，他們所熟知的商業模式是生產代工，並無技術與市場的不確定性問題。如何從生產代工的商業模式跳躍到美國新創公司的知識經濟模式實在是一個對雙方都是很大的挑戰。由於雙方的不對稱性太大有必要讓其它人界入並彌補中間落差。開放式創新中需要技術仲介聯結買方與賣方。而技術仲介則是辦識(破壞式)創新機會的來源之一。在維興國際公司目前所專注的四個不同技術中，同時包括B2B及B2C的產品領域。但無論是B2B及B2C，市場拉力與技術推力在技術仲介的領域中均同樣必須受到重視。 本研究由相關文獻探討，推展出以(買方)目標工業的選擇與管理、(賣方)管理並降低市場的不確定性、技術仲介的需求缺口三構面的研究架構來探討技術仲介業在美國新創公司的技術仲介服務活動的關鍵因素與管理項目。本研究採用個案研究法深入訪談個案公司的高階主管以了解其新創過程的實務作為。由個案分析與研究發現得出研究結論如下： 結論一：成功的技術仲介業對技術賣方的選擇與管理應考慮(1)新創公司生態(2)新創公司的動態管理(3)新創公司的選擇(4)新創公司的管理。 結論二：成功的技術仲介業對技術買方的管理應考慮到(1)社會氛圍與使用者的認知(2)使用者的吸收能力(3)創新與使用(4)降低技術與市場的不確定性。 結論三：技術仲介的成功因素包括(1)技術仲介的加值能耐(2)技術仲介的承諾(3)專利/技術加值增加原供應商的仰賴(4)經營策略的創新與新事業開發。 結論四：技術仲介屬於知識管理的一環，在開放式創新中需要技術仲介聯結買方與賣方。而技術仲介則是辦識(破壞式)創新機會的來源之一。 結論五：台灣目前的技術服務業的主導者是以工研院技轉中心為主要的供需中心，輔以少數私人的智財買賣。 結論六：全世界都在鼓勵創新，國家的競爭力表現於創新與創業教育的養成。 / Most companies in Taiwan are belong to young SMEs, their business model is known for everybody and mainly the foundry model, there is no technology and market uncertainties. It is indeed a great challenge from the production foundry jumping into the knowledge based US startups. Since the dissymmetry from both sides are huge there exist a need for others to bridge the gap. Technology broker links buyer and seller in the area of open innovation. It is also one of the sources of innovation opportunities. WH International currently focused on four different technologies, including both B2B and B2C products. But whether it is B2B and B2C, market pull and technology push in the field of technology brokers are also to be taken seriously. From the related literatures survey, based on a technology transfer company, this study is to promote the technology sales (the seller) and management of technology uncertainty, to help (the seller) to manage and reduce market uncertainty, to meet market demands of the technology broker, and compose the three dimensions of framework: the seller, the buyer and the broker. This research adopts case study method to analyze the practice of the case company. The research results are as below. 1. The selection factors of a successful technology broker facing technology vendor should consider (1) ecosystem of start ups (2) the dynamic management of start ups (3) the choice of start ups (4) the management of start ups. 2. The management of technology buyers from a successful broker should take into consideration of(1) the user's cognitive and social atmosphere (2) the absorptive capacity of users (3) innovation and the diffusion (4) reduce uncertainty of market. 3. The successful factors for technology broker include (1) the value-added capability (2) the commitment to technology (3) patents / technology development to increase value-added services to suppliers (4) innovation of business strategy and new business development. 4. Technical brokering is a part of knowledge management. Technology broker links buyers and sellers in open innovation while it is also one of the sources of innovation opportunities. 5. Technology Transfer Center of the ITRI is the clear leader of technology services industry in Taiwan. There also existed some small private firms that handled intellectual property transactions. 6. Innovation is encouraged worldwide and national competition is reflected in the cultivation of innovation and entrepreneurship education.

本研究的主要目的在探討學校開放空間設計之基本理念及相關理論，觀察教師和學生在開放式學校使用空間的情形以瞭解開放空間設計對教學的影響，並調查教師及學生對開放空間學校使用後的感想以作為國民小學開放空間實際規劃及相關研究之參考。 本研究以臺北市健康、新生和永安三所國民小學為研究對象，進行觀察、訪談和問卷調查，並設計「學校開放空間設計對教學影響之研究問卷」、「開放空間學校設計和使用情形訪談表」、「開放式教室使用情形觀察表」三種研究工具進行相關資料的蒐集。在觀察方面，分別從各個學校低、中、高年級抽出一個班群作為觀察對象，總計對九個班群進行觀察，觀察過程中使用V8攝影機和照相機進行資料的蒐集。訪談對象包括校長、行政人員、教師、學生和家長，總計對36位受訪者進行訪談，並從這三所學校抽樣90位教師和360位中、高年級學生進行問卷調查。經研究結果發現： 一、開放空間學校的設計理念 （一）開放空間設計是希望藉助空間設備的多功能和多樣化衝擊教學和學習形態的轉變。 （二）強調團隊合作、專業分工、主題統整的教學模式。 （三）營造學生快樂適性、自主學習的場所。 （四）提供現代化多媒體及硬體設備幫助教學和學習多元豐富。 二、開放空間學校的使用情形 （一）班群空間主要是由班群教師合作布置、規劃和管理，並以電腦區、圖書區和學習角為最普遍的規劃形態。 （二）教師和學生進行協同教學、分組討論、自主學習和節慶布置時會使用班群空間。 （三）隔屏常用於作品的展示、空間的區隔和聲音的阻隔。多目的活動空間常用於協同教學、大型活動或動態活動時。 （四）教師和學生比較喜歡開放式教室，且設施的使用頻率和滿意度偏高。 （五）班群教室是學生下課最喜歡去的地方。 三、學校開放空間設計對教師教學的影響 （一）教師合作研討課程，進行協同教學，準備教材的時間增加。 （二）教師教學以講述法為主，使用分組、多媒體等多樣化教學的時機增加，課程內容仍是主導教學方式的主因。 （三）班級經營主要是班群教師相互支援管理，在常規訓練上要教導學生尊重他人且不要在班群空間奔跑。 四、學校開放空間設計對學生學習的影響 （一）合作學習增加，人際互動更頻繁豐富。 （二）學習較主動多樣，教師的教學和帶班方式仍是主導學生學習的主因。 （三）學生展現自我和學習的機會增加。 五、學校開放空間設計帶來的好處 （一）教學和學習空間擴大﹐增加學習刺激和學習資源。 （二）人際互動豐富，帶動教學和學習氣氛。 （三）班群空間和硬體設備為教學和學習帶來許多便利。 六、學校開放空間設計面臨的難題 （一）教師對教學管教的態度、標準和觀念的不同使合作產生困難。 （二）教學活動的進行和安排須注意到聲音干擾的情形。 （三）學校的維護、管理和布置需要花費較多的人力、時間和經費。 研究者根據文獻分析與研究發現﹐提出下列幾點建議： 一、改善良好的空間值得投資，教育政策對學校營運宜持續給予支持 二、鼓勵教師多元嘗試、活化教學 三、促進教師良善溝通以利專業合作 四、教學空間的運用注意噪音的處理 五、善用空間資源以增加教學效能 六、配合學習需求及教學規劃設置學習區 七、豐富班群教室，增加學生和環境互動的機會 八、對未來研究的建議 （一）以教師、學生的性向和自評為變項探討學校開放空間設計對不同特質的教師和學生的影響。 （二）待健康、新生和永安國小經過十年、二十年的經營之後，再對其進行長期的觀察研究﹐進而瞭解學校整體性的發展過程及實施成果。 （三）擴大研究範圍﹐選擇校齡較長的開放空間學校和傳統學校進行整體性的比較，或是對傳統式教室和開放式教室進行長期的觀察研究，以探討傳統式教室和開放式教室對教學的影響及兩者間的差異。 （四）將全省開放空間學校做一統整分析，並和國外開放空間學校的設計和經營情形進行比較和呼應。

過去的行動通訊產業價值鏈一直是由運營商業者所主導，運營商業者以透過建立專屬開發平台的方式，逐漸形成以其為核心的封閉花園（Walled Garden）生態體系，並控制價值鏈中整體利潤的分配，而產業中包括手機製造商、內容供應商及軟體開發商等其他業者皆只能遵循其所制定之遊戲規則。 然而，隨著應用與內容、終端裝置、平台至行動網路等各種產業之開放趨勢驅使之下，在3G時代之後的行動上網價值鏈中，能夠成功匯集終端用戶與開發者的廠商，才有資格成為價值鏈的新興主導者，而以往運營商業者透過封閉式平台掌握產業價值鏈主導權的方式，更開始面臨來自各方業者的挑戰。 2007年11月由Google及開放式手機聯盟（OHA）所推出的Android開放式平台，更因此造成行動通訊產業生態環境產生重大的改變。從Google 把代表著網際網路自由與開放特性的Android平台及相關配套策略推入行動通訊產業之後，即吸引眾多廠商加入開發，產業中廠商之間的競合關係從此將更為複雜，運營商業者更是首當其衝面臨失去主導權的地位，甚至將淪為僅提供行動網路傳輸數據資料的笨重水管（dumb pipe）角色；然而，由Android所形成的產業開放生態環境一方面亦意味著許多新機會的產生，對於長期處於產業壟斷地位的運營商業者而言，如何因應Android平台並將之轉化為轉型的動力，將是其未來發展所面臨的最大挑戰課題。 本研究認為，運營商業者應以本身擁有的優勢（行動網路、終端用戶資訊、金流機制等）為基礎，並依各自發展利基與市場定位考量選擇利用Android平台發展不同之因應策略，可大致分為建立自有Android-based終端裝置、與Android相容的自有應用服務平台（service platform）以及與Android相容的自有作業系統等。而本研究藉由兩運營商業者之個案研究後發現，運營商業者建立與Android相容的自有應用服務平台及作業系統應為較佳之發展策略，除較能發揮本身的優勢之外，並得以掌握終端用戶使用體驗及開發社群，進而擴大用戶基礎，建立以運營商業者為核心的開放式生態系。 / In the past, mobile operators were predominant in the value chain of mobile communication industry. They created a so-called “Walled Garden” ecosystem in the industry through the development of proprietary platforms and controlled the overall allocation of profits in the value chain. Other players in the industry, including handset manufacturers, content providers and software developers had to comply with the rules set by the mobile operators. However, with the advent of open in applications and contents, user devices, platforms to mobile networks, in the wake of 3G mobile internet value chains, the vendors which are capable of converging end-users and developers, are able to lead the value chain. In the meanwhile, operators who controlled the industry value chain through closed platforms would begin to face challenges from vendors everywhere. In November of 2007, Google and Open Handset Alliance (OHA) introduced Android open platform, which exerted enormous influences in the ecosystem of mobile communication industry. When Google put Android, which stood for freedom and openness of the Internet, and other accompanying strategies into the industry, it attracted many vendors to participate in the development of Android platform. In the same time, collaborations among vendors in the industry became more complicated, and mobile operators were hit the hardest by losing the leader’s role or even relegated to the role of “Dump Pipe”, which only providing their mobile network for data traffic. However, the open industrial circumstances established by Android also created new opportunities, and in the future how mobile operators seize these opportunities and utilize Android platform would be the major challenge for themselves. In this study, the author argued that mobile operators must set their own advantages (including mobile networks, informations of end-users, money flow…etc.) as a foundation to develop their own niche and market positioning. The response strategies stemming from the foundation can be categorized into establishing Android-based devices, Android-based service platforms and Android-based operating systems. And through conducting case studies on two mobile operators, this study found out that to establish Android-based service platoforms and Android-based operating systems would be more suitable for mobile operators to utilize their advantages. In addition, they are able to control the end-user experiences and developer’s communities by these two approaches to enlarge their user base and build open ecosystems that are centered on mobile operators.

隨著時代科技之進步，國有財產管理由圖簿管理邁向資訊化管理已行之有年，惟現今之財產管理系統僅能掌握地籍屬性資料及管理機關的產籍資料，單張地籍圖無法與土地使用現況等空間資料結合，以圖形顯示土地及建物的位置及其空間分佈的分析，並且隨時掌握最新異動情形，導致國有土地未能獲得有效管理運用，被占用情形屢見不鮮。 自從1960年代加拿大地理資訊系統（CGIS）開始運作至今，雖然已有50年之歷史，但在早期，主要工作平台均為價錢昂貴之工作站電腦，其軟硬體價位極高，只有政府或大型研究機構才能負擔，所以GIS始終定位在專業用途，小老百姓一直無緣享受到GIS的好處。不過在近十年來的發展，使用者介面及軟硬體功能均已有長足進步，目前國際標準組織（ISO）與OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium)分別致力於地理資訊系統相關標準制定，迄今已分別推出許多與地理資訊描述與應用之相關標準。且我國對於國土資訊系統（NGIS）之開發整合及流通亦已投注相當心力，種種跡象均顯示GIS之開發門檻已逐漸降低中，且其資料之流通性亦提昇許多，因此本研究將嘗試探討如何利用開放式地理資訊架構（OpenGIS）、免費軟體（Free Software）及開放源碼軟體（Open Source Software），結合Google Earth涵蓋廣闊之地理資源平台，用最經濟且符合實際需求之方式，以地籍圖、地形圖及現況照片，結合既有國有土地及建物的管理屬性資料及相關地理圖形資料，如臺灣基本圖及地形圖等，以GIS的圖形及地理分析功能，輔助國有土地及建物管理之運用。 / With the advance of technology, the management of the state-owned property has been shifted from using map and book to information-based management for some time. However, the property management system today can only get hold of the management of cadastral property information and property registration of producing agencies, yet the cadastral map is not able to integrate with the current land utilization and other spatial data to illustrate the location and to analyze spatial distribution of the lands or buildings. And the fact that cadastral maps cannot be updated in time to grasp the latest alterations has resulted in ineffective management and utilization of state-owned land and arbitrary occupation was not uncommon. It has been fifty years since the operation of the Canadian Geographic Information System (CGIS) in 1960s. However, in the early stage, the working platform were mainly expensive workstation computers, and the prices of hardware and software were so expensive that only the government or large research institutions could afford. Therefore, GIS had been used only for special purposes; the pubic had no access to enjoy the benefits of GIS. However, from the development of the past decade, user interface as well as the function of hardware and software has made a great progress. At present, International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) are separately dedicated to developing geographical information standards and they have launched many standards regarding the description and application of geographical information respectively. Much effort on the integration and the circulation of our National Geographic Information System (NGIS) sees that the threshold of GIS development has been reducing and its circulation of data also has considerably raised. Therefore, this research attempts to combine OpenGIS, Free Software and Open Source Software with Google Earth, a platform that covers a wide geographical resource, with the most economical and realistic approach to integrate cadastral maps, topographic maps and present-day photos with the data of land and building management, and related geospatial data such as base map and topographic maps, etc. By using graphics and geographic analysis functions of GIS, it can support the management of state-owned land and buildings.