「開放政府資料」在概念上將資料處理以及網際網路傳輸的概念應用到政府治理，以符合開放標準之要求釋出政府資料，提升政府資料使用效率並加速行政革新，有效提升人民生活品質並促進社會經濟發展，讓施政透明度、公眾參與以及國家可課責性之訴求能夠確實實踐並賦予新的內涵。 開放政府資料最初源自於各式民間社群之倡議，隨著時間演進各國政府也紛紛將此概念納入國家政策將其提升至國家施政目標。美國和英國為目前開放政府資料政策實踐最成熟的先驅國家，為各國政府研擬相關政策的效仿對象，其他後起之秀有加拿大與澳洲，台灣也自2012年後開始推動相關政策。從各國政策實踐經驗中可以發現，開放政府資料在政策實踐上必須考量政府資料盤點、平台網站架設、資料格式、資料授權、是否收費以及其他政策推行時政府機關內部的溝通協調以及外部推廣時的各式議題。 本文針對其中授權議題，採用文獻蒐集暨文獻比較法，將目前各國政府實施開放政府資料所採用較具有代表性之開放政府資料授權條款或使用規則，像是創用CC授權條款中的CC-BY以及CC-BY-SA、ODbL、英國OGL、加拿大OGL、法國Licence ouverte以及挪威NLOD進行條款要件之比較與綜合分析，發現目前開放政府資料授權實務廣泛將公眾授權條款之概念應用在政府資料授權釋出，惟政府資料種類繁雜，在使用上亦受到既有法律與行政規則之箝制，使得目前民間社群發展之授權條款無法全盤規範政府資料釋出，而採用各國政府自行制定的使用規則雖然得有效配合當地法制達到因地制宜之效，但條款內容難以統一，使得採用不同條款釋出政府資料進行再次改作將產生條款相容性之隱憂。 考量開放政府資料的訴求為強調任何人對於資料使用不應受任何限制，本文建議政府機關實施政府資料授權時，應以開放為原則並盡量減少資料使用之限制。就目前授權實務現況觀之，得透過條款設計、建立國際標準以及跨國地區整合之方式提升各國授權條款或使用規則之間的相容性，降低政府資料使用潛在限制。若採用民間社群制定之公眾授權條款進行政府資料釋出者，應建立相關配套措施使授權條款規定得有效與國家政府運作流程結合，讓授權條款的運作機制得在政策執行中確實實踐。 / "Open Government Data" is associated with using data processing, Internet transmission and open standards to release government information. It is believed by many that a good open-data policy can help the government to improve the efficiency of governance, to accelerate administrative reform, to enhance living quality, and to promote social and economic development. The idea of open data may also benefit government transparency, public participation and accountability. The wave of Open Government Data was originally started from a number of online communities. Now the concept of Open Government Data has been accepted as national policies in the global scale. The U.S. government and the U.K. government have been probably the most important pioneers in promoting open government data policies. Other countries like Canada and Australia also follow the trend to make their own Open Government Data policies. Taiwan government has put the idea of Open Government Data into practice since 2012. Policy considerations for Open Government Data concern different issues, such as the classification of open government data, Web platform operating, data format, licensing, charging standard, the coordination between agencies and policy promotion. The study focuses on the licensing perspective of open government data. This study compares and analyzes the most representative license clauses and terms of use, such as CC-BY, CC-BY-SA, ODbL, UK Open Government License, Canada Open Government License, France Open license and Norwegian License for Open Government Data. Owing to the variety of government information, not all of the government information are protected by copyright law and other related laws. In addition, there are other factor restricted the use of government information. Such regulatory limitations are occasionally conflicting with policy goals of open government data. Other issues, such as licensing compatibility may trouble government agencies to implement the open data policy. The principles of open government data emphasize that government data should be available to anyone to access, re-use and redistribution, so the use of such data should not impose any restrictions. This study argues that licensing open government data should minimize the use of restricted data as much as possible. Considering the status quo of licensing open government data, the adjustment of structure of licensing clauses, establishing international standards and cross-nation cooperation may be the possible ways to solve the incompatibility problem mentioned previously. Moreover, governments should establish relevant supporting measures so that the licensing mechanism can smoothly fits in the legal system and successfully achieve the original policy goals.

開放政府資料能帶來龐大的經濟效益以及達到透明治理的理念，已成為電子治理最重要的議題之一，各國政府如美國、英國、加拿大無不積極推動開放政府資料政策。我國行政院亦將政府資料開放列為第四階段電子化政府計畫的項目之一，中央機關與地方政府將分別建立開放資料平台，並要求將機關所擁有之資料逐步開放予社會大眾使用。在此背景下，財政部財政資訊中心預建置財政資訊共享服務平台，來達到資料開放政策的目標。本研究目的在於該平台的推動在實務上面臨了哪些困難，後續還有哪些地方需要克服，這樣的經驗能帶給其他行政機關哪些啟示。 本研究首先整理國內外開放政府資料的文獻，其次介紹創新擴散理論，作為財政資訊中心推動財政資訊共享服務平台的階段基礎，並以訪談法蒐集相關資料。本研究最後以議題設定與配對階段、再定義/再建構階段、闡述階段及例行化階段為主軸，分別探討各階段的推動工作與困境。 本研究發現，推動財政資訊共享服務平台的主要工作與困境包括溝通策略、法律規範、分工方式、業務單位的抗拒與資料的價值。財資中心在政策規劃面、組織管理面以及法律規範面仍有改進空間，包括改變同仁的觀念態度、提出明確的評估報告、團隊成員的代表性、訂定行政規則以及與相關單位共商修法議題。未來有意推動相關政策的機關，除了前述財資中心應該改進之處，尚須注意組織文化以及公民參與的部分，讓政策推動的阻力降至最低。 / Open government data (OGD) can brings great economic benefit and promotes more openness in government, it has become one of the most important issues in e-Government around the world. An open data policy was enacted by the Executive Yuan at the end of 2013, both central and local governments should gradually release their possessed data to the public. In the context of open data policy, Fiscal Information Agency, MOF tries to establish an open data platform of Ministry of Finance. However, the open data policy in Taiwan is still in a stage of sprouting, it is an innovation policy and brand new notion to many governments, the objective of this research is to analyze what obstacles does Fiscal Information Agency, MOF meet when promoting the open data platform of Ministry of Finance, and how could this experience be learned. First of all, the research introduces the literatures about open data. Secondly, quoting the Innovation Diffusion Theory as the conceptual framework and conducting interviews. The analysis about the works and obstacles is individually based on the phase of agenda setting, matching, redefining/restructuring, clarifying and routinizing. The results show the main work and obstacles including the strategy of communication, legal norms, division of labor, resistance of agency and the value of data. There are still areas of improvement for Fiscal Information Agency, MOF, such as changing the concept of colleagues, providing a tangible report about open data and the representativeness of group. The lessons from this study are expected to provide insights to the Taiwan government when it tries to engage the open data policy.

本文透過取得資訊的權利和公民參與程度的高低作為指標，討論生活在風險社會中，開放政府在台北市的表現情形。研究者採用世界正義計畫的開放政府指數為問卷作為基礎並且修改，以台北市為範圍。大眾問卷旨在探討不同年齡層對於取得資訊的權利和公民參與之見解是否有不同看法，而專家問卷則探討不同領域的專家對於取得資訊的權利和公民參與之見解是否有不同看法。 根據學者Gwanhoo Lee和Young Hoon Kwak所提出的開放政府程度之檢視以及開放政府的三大準則—透明、公共參與、合作，對照本研究之測量，本研究發現：台北市公民與專家對資訊的準確程度未呈現質疑態度，而資訊品質之評價亦為正面，符合「資料透明」。然而，普遍來說公眾會隨著年齡不同而對於公民參與的認知有所不同，實際參與的次數也不高。綜上所述，本研究認為台北市開放政府的情形有涵蓋資料透明但缺乏「公民參與」。也因為缺乏公民參與，以至於合作的概念目前尚未實踐。至於如何突破現階段的困境，可做為將來研究的方向。 / This paper uses right to information and the level of civic participation as indicators to discuss citizens living in a risk society how the open government performs in Taipei City. The study adopts the World Justice Project(WJP) Open Government Index as the foundation of questionnaires and has done some revision, focusing on the case in Taipei City. The general public questionnaire aims to survey whether citizens in different age ranges hold different opinions toward right to information and civic participation; Expert questionnaire, on the other hand, is to investigate whether experts have different perspectives toward these two indicators. Based on the survey of the level of open government and the three principles proposed by Gwanhoo Lee and Young Hoon Kwak: transparency, public participation, and collaboration in contrast to the assessment of the study, the paper discovers that citizens and experts in Taipei City are undoubting of information accuracy and hold positive feedback to information quality, which corresponds to “information transparency.” However, generally the public varies in the understanding of civic participation as citizens age. The frequency of the actual participation remains low. In sum, the study deems that open government in Taipei City has incorporated information transparency but lack “civic participation.” Because of this, the concept of “collaboration” has not yet achieved. As for how to break through the current difficulties, it can serve as a research direction in the future.

政府資料開放(Open Government Data, OGD)已成為全球電子治理趨勢之一，其帶來開放透明、參與和創新的潛在價值。資料開放幾乎己經是一種不可抵抗的趨勢，資料開放行動不應僅有中央視角，更應緊密聯結於城市規劃，以用於解決城市問題。地方政府推動資料開放政策仍面臨眾多挑戰，採取的行動策略會影響政策推展。為了順利推動並減少阻礙，找出影響地方政府在推動資料開放的關鍵成功因素，是目前地方政府首要思考的課題。 是以本研究旨在瞭解政府資料開放政策之成功因素，建構地方政府資料開放之關鍵成功因素架構雛型。新北市由於其在系統整合的經驗以及資料釋出態度的轉變，故本研究以新北市作為個案，以實務觀點與經驗更為適切地提出政府資料開放之關鍵成功因素架構。藉由文獻回顧國內外影響政府資料開放的因素，建立政府資料開放關鍵成功因素的初步架構，並以深度訪談方式瞭解新北市政府資料開放政策脈絡，蒐集受訪者對於政府資料開放關鍵成功因素之建議，以此為基礎進行架構的修正。最終本研究提出以政策環境基礎作為支持的政府資料開放循環流程，該流程包括資料開放計畫、資料開放準備、資料開放、資料使用、回饋與檢討等5個階段。針對政府資料開放循環流程中不同階段的目標，每階段下有各自相對應的關鍵因素，共計28項因素的政府資料開放關鍵成功因素架構，並針對各項關鍵因素提出之說明與建議，提供地方政府推動資料開放政策之參考。 基於前述研究過程與訪談結果，本研究發現新北市政府推動仍面臨許多挑戰，影響資料開放所帶來的成效不清。這些挑戰來自於政策路徑與規劃、組織管理以及民間溝通與聯結面向，彼此間相互有所關聯，也反映出所需強化之關鍵成功因素。本研究也從新北市推動經驗，提出對地方政府強化資料開放政策之建議，並給予後續研究發展的相關建議。 / Open Government Data (OGD) has become one of the main tendencies for E-governance in the world. OGD offers tremendous potential value for transparency, participation and innovation. Open data has almost become an inexorable trend. In addition, Open data initiatives are not only for central government but also local government, and it should be closely linked with city planning and used to solve city issues. However, local government faces many challenges in open data initiatives. Due to the influence on policy implementation from adopting strategies, it is important for local government to find out Critical Success Factors (CSFs) for open data initiatives in order to promote open data initiatives and remove barriers. This article presents a case study of the open data initiatives in the New Taipei City area, where the government has experience with system integration and the rapid release of open data. The main purpose of the research is to explore the phenomenon of empowering through open data at the local level and propose a holistic framework of CSFs for open data which assist the local government identifies the key issues. By reviewing related literatures and conducting interviews, the study proposed a framework of CSFs for open data with five stages (in terms of planning, readiness, disclosure, use and feedback) and resulted in a list of 28 success factors. The ranking of the success factors is taken into account by the order in which they are presented, mapped onto the Open Data Process. Also, the list of success factors might be helpful for local government to have an indication of what they should focus on. Based on the interviews, there are still some barriers need to be overcome and the results of open data remain unclear in New Taipei City. These challenges come from three major facets: policy roadmap, organizational management and civic communication. Besides, these challenges correlate with each other, and they also reflect on the necessity of strengthen CSFs by local government. Based on the experiences from New Taipei City, the final section of the study provides ways of advancing the open data initiatives with recommendations and researcher reflexivity.

近年來，政府資料開放(Open Government Data)政策的研究蔚為一片學術研究的藍海，成為各國政府、企業以及公民社會共同關注的治理議題。然而，過去研究聚焦於資料品質以及政府開放資料動機等研究，較少關注開放資料使用族群以及開放資料影響力。因此，本研究從使用者影響力認知著手，探討我國政府資料開放現狀，並且盤點開放資料能否體現透明課責、參與協作等精神，並且促進在政治、社會與經濟上的各種效益。 本次研究採用次級資料分析以及質性訪談方式進行，開放資料影響力問卷部分雜揉各國際組織近年來倡議方向編製而成，衡量指標為透明課、參與協作以及政治、經濟與社會預期效益，發放對象我國開放資料使用族群。質性訪談部分，則觸及我國開放資料的政策執行者、倡議者以及服務開發者，蒐集不同角色之間對於開放資料影響力的認知與意見。 研究顯示，我國開放政府尚未走向以資料利用為前提並且促進公民參與協作與創新的階段。在各項影響力指標當中，我國使用族群對於透明指標的現況較為樂觀，但是對於開放資料促進社會影響力部分則前景堪憂，多數受訪者認為當前開放資料影響力不彰的原因在於缺乏良好且具規模的資料轉化機制，除了政府各單位在推動政策上所遇到的瓶頸之外，政府與民間社群對於資料創新也缺乏想像，因此以資料利用為前提來精進政府資料開放政策實有必要，本研究根據結論提出政策與後續研究上相關建議。 / As a field of practice and research that is fast-growing and a locus for much attention and activity, open government data (OGD) has attracted stakeholders from different sectors. The open data movement holds out the promise of improving transparency, accountability, citizen participation. Nevertheless, it is not yet clear if Taiwanese government are truly fulfilling these promises. Current literature on open government data has uncovered a wide range of challenges related to data qualities and barriers of policy implementation. In other words, most of the open data research based on a technology-driven perspective, rather than a focus on the potential public value and social benefits of data to be used. As a result, the purpose of this study is to test an open data impact evaluative framework and reveal the open data impact cognition among data users in Taiwn from a variety of origins. This study adopts quantitative method, applying secondary analysis, and qualitative method, applying interview survey, in the meantime. The research subjects include different data users in this field, such as open government initiators, developers and policy executors. This study shows that the impact of open data in Taiwan is limited. Although Taiwan obtained a top ranking of Global Open Data Index these years, Taiwanese government and civil society hasn’t tapped the full potential of open data on promoting public value or creating social benefits. As open data initiatives spread across the globe, research is needed that can deepen our shared understanding of the open data potential in creating a better democratic society.