京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第24708号 / 人博第1081号 / 新制||人||253(附属図書館) / 2022||人博||1081(吉田南総合図書館) / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生文明学専攻 / (主査)教授 小方 登, 教授 小島 泰雄, 教授 山村 亜希, 教授 米家 泰作 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

全球能源消費大國之中，日本的低能源蘊藏量以及高能源利用率常引起多方研究。本文從蒐集並整理日本戰後至2011年間的能源政策、比較311前後兩個執政黨（民主黨、自民黨）的能源政策立場，到探究日本於311後能源政策轉折的方向及原因、並且進一步推敲出日本的能源治理模式。因此發現，日本在二戰之後就開始運用一系列的政策手段與能源市場干預途徑，突破低能源蘊藏量之先天不利條件，達到高能源利用率之後天技術優勢所創造的經濟成長。而當日本經歷2011年3月11日東日本大震災後，政府更強烈介入能源市場，希望進行能源結構的轉型，使得日本得以維持能源高自主率與溫室氣體低排放率的目標。本文因此結論，日本雖然身為能源匱乏國，但是它的能源政策充分體現出了國家介入能源市場由上而下治理模式的特性，使得日本得以突破能源約束，在諸多能源不利之條件下開創了近半世紀的經濟高度發展期。此外，本文亦結論日本於全球能源治理的角色可以歸納為三：（1）全球溫室氣體減量暨全球能源安全提升的追隨者；（2）區域性能源合作的示範者；（3）全球核能安全建立的示範者等三種角色。 / Japan is noted for its low energy endowment but high energy efficiency among the global top energy consuming nations. In this study, collection of the past Japanese energy policies from 1945 to 2011, comparison of the political stances on the energy strategies between the two Japanese ruling parties, Liberal Democratic Party and The Democratic Party, and investigation on factors causing a change of Japan’s energy policy post Fukushima contributed to outlining the pattern of Japan’s energy governance. This study found that Japan’s intervening in its the post-war domestic energy market by means of a string of policy instruments has successfully made Japan overcome the predicament of high energy demands out of low energy reserves, further achieve the edge of high energy efficiency, and therefore create its outstanding economic growth. Nevertheless, after experiencing another energy predicament post Fukushima, Japan made more effort on the intervention into its energy market to transform its domestic energy consumption structure with a view to maintaining high energy self-sufficient rates and low GHGs emissions. To conclude, although Japan is a nation of insufficient energy resources, its energy policies reveal the trait that the state intervenes in the energy market by the top-down governance approach to make its way to break through the energy constraints, creating a nearly half-century’s economic prosperity. Besides, we also conclude that Japan plays three major roles in the domain of global energy governance: 1. a follower of global GHGs emission abatement and global energy security enhancement, 2. a demonstrator on regional energy cooperation and, 3. a model of building global nuclear power safety.

Comments and Discussions : Hitoshi HIRAKAWA (平川 均)

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(B)(1) 課題番号:09555183 研究代表者:山下 哲郎 研究期間:1997-1998年度

隨著全球氣候變遷，天然災害發生頻率越來越高，人道救援的重要性、多元性、緊急性及複雜性更加凸顯，國際人道援助已然成為當代普世價值，因此聯合國與歐盟在1990年代重新改組人道援助機構，統一人道援助事務的事與權，使得國際人道援助機制更臻完善。 首先，海地2010年發生世紀強震，國際社會發動近年來最大動員進行救援與救災，本文透過檢視跨國合作人道援助海地震災，瞭解國際人道援助機制之執行成果，共有包括美國等30餘個國家、聯合國等14個國際組織、紅十字國際委員會等37個非政府組織共同合作協助海地救災與重建工作。 其次，經檢視此次國際救災與重建工作之成果，除所號召的67支搜救隊就出的134生還者是近年來最多成功救援生還者最多的案例，直到2012年2月，原來震災後暫棲避難所的150萬災民也大幅減少至49萬人，預計修復與重建的房舍進度也達成50％，由上述成效觀之，各行為者之間並未出現疊床架屋之困境，反而出現團隊合作的情形，這要歸功於聯合國多年來進行救災累積的經驗。 此次主要由聯合國統一指揮，有效避免救災資源重疊及浪費的情形，並把握救災黃金時間提升人道援助的成效與成果。救災過程中雖因美國撤僑，派軍控制海地國際機場，導致各國救災行動一時受阻，引起撻伐，嗣經聯合國副秘書長John Holmes介入後及時解決此問題，應可作為日後聯合國與國際社會進行人道援助之借鏡，雖救災初期略為紊亂，整個人道救援過程仍稱順利，可謂「瑕不掩瑜」。 最後，中華民國的人道援助經費與聯合國、歐盟、美國及國際重要非政府組織動輒10幾億美元之經費相較之下微不足道，但中華民國此次人道援助策略秉持以自身的優勢及傳統援助強項為基本戰略，並以「小而美」、「小而巧」、「小而強」的原則規劃執行相關計畫，由中華民國執行重建計畫的執行效率，再與聯合國、歐盟及美國透過非政府組織所執行的計畫相較之下，中華民國的策略似乎較為奏效且真正符合受災國人民的迫切需求，這也將成為日後中華民國日後制訂人道援助政策的最佳參考模式。 / With global climate change, natural disasters occur more frequently; therefore, the importance, diversity, urgency and complexity of humanitarian assistance not only become more and more prominent, but also become contemporary universal value. In the 1990s, the United Nations and the European Union reshuffled their humanitarian aid agencies, by unifying Humanitarian Aid Office’s authority, the mechanism of the international humanitarian assistance becomes more complete. Firstly, in January 2010 Haiti was hit by a catastrophic-magnitude earthquake, causing great damages and losses. The international community launched in recent years the largest mobilization for rescue and disaster relief. The essay reviews cross-border cooperation in humanitarian aid for the Haiti earthquake and analyzes the implementation of international humanitarian assistance. A total of more than 30 countries including the United States, United Nations and other 14 international organizations, 37 non-governmental organizations, such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, work together to assist the Haitian relief and reconstruction work. Secondly, 134 survivors were rescued by 67 search and rescue teams, also claimed to be the most successful rescue case in past decades. Until February 2012, refuges that lived in the temporary camps are significantly reduced from 1.5 million to 490,000 and the percentage of the progress of the repair and reconstruction of the damaged houses has reached 50%. Instead of the overlap and waste of resources, all the international actors work together to make a great success, thanks to disaster relief experience accumulated in the United Nations over the years. The unified command of the United Nations effectively avoids duplication of relief resources and waste and takes advantage of the prime time in enhancing effectiveness and outcomes of the humanitarian aid. Although the evacuation of the United States’citizens in Haiti and the incident that the U.S. troops were sent to control Haiti International Airport in the relief process result in temporary drawback in the international disaster relief efforts, thus causing international discontent, the intervention of the UN Under-Secretary-General John Holmes helped resolve the issue. This could serve as a good example for United Nations and the international community to carry out humanitarian assistance on disaster relief in the future. Despite the early slight disorder, the whole humanitarian process proceeds with stability in the end. Finally, the humanitarian aid funds of the Republic of China（Taiwan） to the Haiti earthquake, compare with that of the United Nations, the European Union, the United States and other important international non-governmental organizations, are trivial, yet the Republic of China（Taiwan） makes the best use of its advantages and traditional strengths and followed the principles of “small but beautiful”, “small but clever” and “small but good”. The strategy of the implementation of the reconstruction plan of Taiwan, compares with that of the United Nations, the European Union and the United States, seems more effective and truly meets the urgent needs of the victims, which will also serve as the best reference model for Taiwan in the stipulation of its humanitarian aid policy in the future.

博士(心理学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第24101号 / 工博第5023号 / 新制||工||1784(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科建築学専攻 / (主査)教授 牧 紀男, 教授 小林 広英, 教授 三浦 研 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

從九二一震災的救援經驗中使我們對非營利組織的救援行為加以肯定及重視，本研究試圖從非營利組織救援行動中四個重要相關議題：資訊傳播、人力動員協調與聯盟合作、賑災款項管理及與政府的互動關係進行非營利組織救援行為的探討；為了使研究結果能切合本土性需求，本研究以國內九二一震災作為研究標的，並以此次震災中六個具指標性的組織作為研究個案。在研究結論中以上述四大議題進行結果檢視，希冀研究所提出之建議，能對台灣未來非營利組織的救援行為有正面積極之貢獻。

今後発生することが懸念されている大規模災害に備えて，より迅速で効果的な人的支援のあり方，特に人的支援に対する被災自治体の受援力の強化方策を検討するために，東日本大震災の初動期から応急対応期における人的支援について，自治体間協力や，単体としてのNPO/NGO，行政とNPO/NGOとから構成されるネットワーク組織という3つの組織形態別に，緊急社会システムを構成する組織の視点から実証分析を行う． / 博士(社会学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University