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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
741

當生命中多了個老來伴--中老年再婚經驗:再婚動機與婚姻調適之初探 / New companionship in later life--Remarriage in old age:motivation and adjustment

陳慧倫 Unknown Date (has links)
本論文的研究目的主要探討中老年再婚者之再婚經驗,希望藉由中老年再婚者的自身經驗,來理解他們再婚的動機、促成中老年再婚決定的情境與影響因素;以及再婚後的婚姻生活調適,並從財務管理及家務分工來探討夫妻權力分化之面貌。 本研究採用質性取向的研究方法,以半結構式的深度訪談進行資料蒐,共計9名有效樣本,年齡介於53-71歲,共5名居住台北市、1名居住新竹市、另外3位則各別居於台中、彰化及雲林縣。主要研究結果如下: (一) 中老年再婚動機有六個:(1)情感上的孤單;(2)習慣有伴;(3)對圓滿人生的期待;(4)結婚較有安全感;(5)對方需要人作伴;以及(6)生活上的需求,包含家務處理的協助、資源上經濟的共享與扶助,與未來照顧的考量。其中乃由於中老年所處生命階段的影響,子女離家及退休使得他們生活感到孤單,經濟與照顧的考量也指陳出中老年人面對退休及老化所產生威脅之故。 (二) 中老年人之所以與現任配偶開展兩人關係,乃源於三種情境:(1)第三者的促成,也就是共同友人的牽線;(2)地理空間上的接近,從鄰居關係、同是身為某醫院志工而認識;(3)參與社團,透過積極參與相關媒合的社團活動而認識彼此。可知中老年再婚關係的開展始於雙方的「共同生活圈」中,個人的社會網絡為造就婚姻關係之重要媒介。 (三) 影響中老年再婚決定的因素有五:(1)衡量彼此條件,包括兩人彼此的相似性、以及受到對方吸引;(2)前段美好婚姻的影響;(3)對方給予的寬容、承諾及支持;(4)重要他人的意見,包括配偶之成年子女、老年父母;(5)社會性因素,如他人輿論等影響。由研究發現結果得知中老年再婚者對於「彼此相似性」的重視、再婚決定受到成年子女的意見的影響,突顯出台灣社會代間關係財務移轉之文化特性。 (四) 中老年再婚者婚後生活呈現出平靜且自由的圖像,因退休與配偶共處的相處時間增多,且不與公婆同住的加持下,感受到較多的自由自在;尚未退休的中老年再婚者則期待與營造夫妻共處之時光;從受訪者之話語中可知中老年再婚者婚姻關係是較少衝突的,再婚後面臨的再婚調適議題有以下幾類:(1)與配偶飲食習慣不同;(2)空間使用習慣不同;(3)夫妻生活不同調;(4)不習慣先生個性;(5)人際層面,包括與配偶子女及父母的相處。 (五) 中老年再婚因應前述生活改變議題採取的調適策略為:(1)要求對方改變;(2)順應配偶;(3)相互配合。與年輕夫妻不同的是以較柔性、且理性的溝通方式,較少與配偶產生爭執。從財務管理及家務分工來看夫妻權力之分化,可發現中老年再婚者仍以男性為共同家用支出的主責者,女性仍為家務工作之負責人,顯示中老年再婚夫妻仍然延續成年早年兩性角色分工的權力模式。
742

Sångens betydelse i det vårdande mötet med den äldre människan : en litteraturstudie

Lagerquist, Maud January 2010 (has links)
Studien ville visa på sångens möjligheter i vårdandet. Med en växande äldre population i västvärlden, blir sökandet efter nya evidenta och effektiva vårdinterventioner viktiga. Sången tar med hela människan i vårdandet på människans villkor. En kvalitativ litteraturstudie genomfördes med tio vetenskapliga artiklar till grund. Innehållsanalysen resulterade i tre teman; Sången skänker medgång i samverkan, Sången genererar förhöjd livskvalitet samt Sången tangerar patientens livsvärld. Resultatet visar på att individen känner sig betydelsefull och delaktig i omvårdnaden. Sången är en evident och lättillgänglig omvårdnadsintervention som tar med hela människan på hennes villkor. Sången värnar samtidigt om människans värdighet, vilket kan leda till lindrande av hennes lidande. Människan sjunger från vaggan till graven i alla kulturer och formas där av sångens betydelse. Sången ryms i minnet, och styr människan att visa påverkan vid sångaktivitet. Detta leder ofta vidare till en djupare samvaro med ökad samverkan. / The study wanted to show the song possibilities in caregiving situations. With a growing elderly population in the western world, the searches for new and effective health interventions are important. The study shows that the use of song in caregiving is an evident and accessible care intervention for reaching the older person. Using the song in caregiving is an evident and accessible approach which includes the whole person on her condition. A qualitative literature study was conducted based on ten scientific articles. Content analysis resulted in three themes; the song brings success in collaboration, the song generates an increased quality of life and the song touches the patient's life world. The result shows that the individual feel involved, significant and protected in her dignity, which is a relief in suffering. Humans sing from the cradle to the grave in all cultures and it is in young years that she is formed of the songs meaning. The song fits in memory, and directs man to show the influence of singing activity. This often leads to a deeper understanding and increased interaction.
743

Evaluering van 'n maatskaplike groepwerk-bemagtigingsprogram met alkoholafhanklike bejaardes : 'n sterkteperspektief / Lourens Stephanus Geyer

Geyer, Lourens Stephanus January 2006 (has links)
The overall objective of this study is to develop and evaluate a social group work empowerment programme which is aimed at alcohol dependent elderly people's needs and strengths. The thesis consists of four sections: Section A refers to the problem statement, research objectives and procedures which were followed. Furthermore the limitations of this study, the definition of key words as well as the composition of the research report are discussed. The problem statement can be condensed as follows: o Journals all over the world have been pleading for decades that alcohol dependent clients should be exposed to special developed treatment programmes. Opposed to this, it was found that treatment centres in South Africa use one programme for all their clients, irrespective of age. This entails an unfair and unjust service delivery model. From these findings a need for a specialized treatment programme for alcohol dependant clients was identified. o The strengths perspective has been successfully implemented in various service areas of social work. Unfortunately it has not yet been implemented in a controlled study with alcohol dependent elderly through group work services. The problem statement leads to four research aims. Developmental and Utilization Research (DR & U-model) was used as the overall research model. This model was implemented within a mixed methodological design model. Interviews and experimental research were used as quantitative approaches, although some qualitative data were also reported. A case study, as a qualitative approach, was also used. Literature studies were conducted on the themes of alcoholism, social group work, as well as the strengths perspective. Section B consists of the four articles that form the report about the research outcomes. Each article is a report about a particular sub-project of the research and each has, as a self-contained unit, an own research aim, research method and report. Each of these is linked with the central aim, objectives and content of the umbrella research project. The four articles are: Article 1: Profile of alcohol dependent elderly people A comprehensive profile of alcohol dependent elderly is drafted based on the results of interviews and case studies with 56 aged participants. Various strengths, such as a spouse, of alcohol dependent elderly were identified. On the other hand needs, such as effective communication skills, were also identified. Article 2: The nature and practice of a strengths perspective with alcohol dependent elderly people The history of the strengths perspective is outlined within a South African and international context. From the literature study as well as interviews with the aged participants (N=56) and social work practitioners (N=27) various strengths and qualities group work services with alcohol dependent elderly people. Opposed to this, it was found that although this perspective holds many advantages for the alcohol dependent elderly person, it is presently not practised at registered treatment centres in South Africa that were involved in this investigation. Advantages, disadvantages and principles of this perspective are also discussed. Article 3: A social group work empowerment programme with alcohol dependent elderly people A social group work empowerment programme was developed for alcohol dependent elderly, aimed at their special needs, strengths and challenges. The programme was developed in the spirit of empowerment, a strengths perspective, healing and wholeness, as well as music therapy. Thirteen group meetings, such as communication, conflict management, handling of mild depression, managing of loss, HIV/Aids and the aged person, as well as religion and spirituality in old age, were developed and presented to the client group. Special concerns for group work with the aged, such as to use a loud voice and to speak clearly, were identified from the literature and empirical research, and was taken into account during the programme presentation. Article 4: The effect of a social group work empowerment programme on the social functioning of alcohol dependent elderly people The programme was implemented with eight (N=8) aged participants in an experimental group. Eight (N=8) aged participants was in a comparative group and they received the current group work programme offered by the targeted treatment centre. The shortened Affectometer 2 (Kammann & Nett) and Personal Multi-Screening Inventory (Perspective College) were used as quantitative measuring tools at four occasions with both groups. Added to that, the experimental group completed a self-developed qualitative questionnaire once after intervention. According to the quantitative data neither the empowerment programme, nor the current group work programme improved the social function of the alcohol dependent elderly people The qualitative data showed exactly the opposite findings for the experimental group. In Section C a summary of the findings and conclusions of the full research project is provided. Furthermore some recommendations are provided, followed by a discussion on the contribution of the study. Section D consists of various addenda, such as the interview schedules that were used for data collection purposes. The thesis is concluded with a compound bibliography. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Social Work))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006
744

The effects of age and physical activity on VOb2s max in men and women : a longitudinal study

Silberman, Melissa January 1993 (has links)
While a great deal of research has been directed towards investigating the age-related decline in V02max, the effect of physical activity on the age-related decline in V02max has not been clearly established. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between physical activity and the age-related decline in maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) in apparently healthy individuals. In order to assess the effects of physical activity on the age-related decline in V02max, physiological data was obtained from 142 former participants (116 men and 26 women) (40 ± 8.0 years), in the Ball State University Adult Physical Fitness Program across an average of 12 ± 4.5 years. The subjects were divided into three physical activity group categories depending on their self-reported physical activity status at the time of the first and follow-up test. Those subjects who were sedentary at the first and last test were designated as SED-SED. Those who reported sedentary at the first test and active at the last test were designated as SEDACT and those who were physically active at the time of both tests were designated as ACT-ACT. The data from the analysis revealed that the rate of decline in V02mx expressed as change per year among adult men varied as a function of their reportedphysical activity habits. Those men designated as SED-SED and ACT-ACT experienced a statistically significant decline (p<0.05) in V02max during the follow-up period, while, those men designated as SED-ACT maintained their V°2max. The rates of the change in V02max (ml-kg- 1•min-1) for the men were -0.45, 0.03 and -0.22 ml•kg-l-min-1•yr1 for the SED-SED, SED-ACT and ACT-ACT groups respectively. The percent decline in V02max were 6%, 11% and 2% respectively. A statistical comparison of the rate of change among physical activity groups indicated a difference between the SED-SED and SED-ACT groups (p<0.05). Within the limitations of this study, these data suggested that there was no statistically significant difference in the rate of change in V02max (ml•kg-1•min-1-yr1) between the SED-SED and ACT-ACT physical activity groups. However, when presented as percent change per decade, the decline for those men who were sedentary at both time points was twice that of those men who reported an active lifestyle at both time points. Although the rates of change were not different for the SED-SED and ACT-ACT physical activity groups, those men with a physically active lifestyle maintained their aerobic power advantage as compared to sedentary men who remained sedentary. Furthermore, sedentary men who took up an active lifestyle had offset the decline in V02max (ml•kg-1•min-1) attributed to physical inactivity.The rates for the change in V02max (ml•kg-1•min-1-yr1) for the women were -0.36, 0.20 and -0.21 (ml•kg-1•min-1-yr1) for the SED-SED, SED-ACT and ACT-ACT groups respectively. While these changes were similar in direction and magnitude to those observed for the men, there were no statistically significant differences among the female groups (p>0.05). Therefore the results from the present study were inconclusive for women possibly due to the low sample size (n=26). / School of Physical Education
745

Blood pressure in very old age : determinants, adverse outcomes, and heterogeneity / Blodtryck vid mycket hög ålder : förklarande faktorer, risksamband och betydelsen av hälsoskillnader

Weidung, Bodil January 2016 (has links)
Background: High blood pressure (BP) is the leading risk factor for disease and mortality worldwide. However, risks associated with high BP in very old age (≥ 80 or ≥ 85 years) are not entirely understood, as the majority of scientific studies have been performed with younger populations and existing scientific knowledge about very old individuals is sometimes contradictory. Results of previous studies of very old individuals suggest that the associations of BP with mortality and stroke differ with levels of physical and cognitive function. More studies that are representative of very old individuals, including individuals with multimorbidity, that are of adequate size, involve proper adjustment, and investigate non-linear associations, are needed to investigate these issues. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) decline is common among very old individuals and has been shown to precede adverse events. Previous studies have shown that SBP change is associated with baseline SBP, age, and health-related factors, but determinants of SBP change have not been investigated using comprehensive, multivariate models. The three main aims of this thesis were to investigate, in a sample of individuals aged ≥ 85 years, 1) determinants of SBP change, 2) the association of BP with mortality risk and whether this association differs with respect to gait speed and/or Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, and 3) the association of BP with stroke risk and whether this association differs with respect to the Barthel Activities of Daily Living (ADL) index and/or MMSE score. Methods: The studies conducted for this thesis were based on data from the population-based Umeå 85+/Gerontological regional database study, which provided cross-sectional and longitudinal data on socioeconomic factors, medical conditions, drug prescriptions, and health-related assessments from 2000 to 2015. Participants were aged 85, 90, and ≥ 95 years, and lived in Västerbotten, Sweden, and Österbotten/Pohjanmaa, Finland. Follow-up assessments were conducted after 5 years. Mortality data were collected after 2 and 5 years, and stroke data were collected after 5 years, from death certificates, medical records, population registers, and the inpatient diagnosis register. Comprehensive multivariate models were developed to investigate determinants of SBP change using multiple linear regression, and to investigate associations of mortality and stroke risks with BP using Cox proportional-hazard regression models. Results: Average (± standard deviation) baseline SBP was 146 ± 23 mm Hg, and average diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was 74 ± 11 mm Hg. Within 5 years, 61% of participants had died and 10% had had incident strokes. Among participants followed for 5 years, the average annual SBP decline was 2.6 ± 5.4 mm Hg. In a multivariate model, SBP decline was associated with later investigation year (p = .009), higher baseline SBP (p &lt; .001), baseline antidepressant drug use (p = .011), incident acute myocardial infarction during follow-up (p = .003), use of a new diuretic drug during follow-up (p = .044), and declining Barthel ADL index scores during follow-up (p &lt; .001). In an age- and sex-adjusted analysis of the total sample, mortality risk was decreased in higher (vs. lower) BP categories (SBP ≥ 165 vs. ≤ 125 mm Hg: hazard ratio [HR] .50, p &lt; .001; DBP 70–74 vs. 75–80 mm Hg: HR 1.32, p = .031). In a comprehensively adjusted analysis of the total sample, SBP was not associated significantly with mortality risk. The associations of SBP with mortality in the gait speed &lt; .5 m/s subcohort corresponded with those found in the total sample. In comprehensively adjusted analyses in the gait speed ≥ .5 m/s subcohort, mortality risk increased independently with higher (vs. lower) BP (SBP ≥ 165 vs. 126–139 mm Hg: HR 2.13, p = .048; DBP &gt; 80 vs. 75–80 mm Hg: HR 1.76, p = .026). In comprehensively adjusted analyses in the MMSE score subcohorts, SBP was associated significantly with mortality risk only in the 0–10 MMSE score subcohort; high and low SBP categories were associated independently with increased mortality risk, compared with an intermediary SBP category (SBP ≥ 165 vs. 126–139 mm Hg; HR 4.54, p = .007; SBP ≤ 125 vs. 126–139 mm Hg: HR 2.23, p = .023). Higher BP was associated significantly with increased stroke risk in multivariate models (SBP per 10 mm Hg increment: HR 1.19, p &lt; .001; DBP per 10 mm Hg increment: HR 1.26, p = .013). SBP was not associated with stroke risk in participants with SBP &lt; 140 mm Hg. Interaction effects on the association with mortality were significant between SBP and gait speed (age- and sex-adjusted model: p = .031) but not between SBP and MMSE score. No interaction in the association with stroke was found between any BP measure and Barthel ADL index or MMSE score. Conclusion: The decline in BP in very old age may be explained by health-related factors. Low BP may be a risk marker for short life expectancy, due to morbidity, in the general very old population and among very old individuals with low gait speeds. High BP seems to be an independent risk factor for mortality only in certain groups, which may be distinguished by high gait speed or very severe cognitive impairment. High SBP and DBP seem to increase stroke risk in very old age. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the risks of adverse outcomes in very old individuals with different BP levels, the importance of comorbidity for these risks, and the etiology of SBP change. / Bakgrund: Högt blodtryck är den största bidragande orsaken till sjukdom och död i världen. Man har ännu inte fastslagit om högt blodtryck ökar risken för sjukdom och död även i mycket hög ålder, vilket kan definieras som 80 år och äldre. Detta beror bland annat på att endast en liten andel av forskningen hittills har fokuserat på den här åldersgruppen. Mycket gamla människor skiljer sig från yngre på olika sätt som skulle kunna påverka riskerna med högt blodtryck. Till exempel är det vanligare med sjukdomar och att ha många samtidiga sjukdomstillstånd bland mycket gamla människor än i yngre åldersgrupper. Då andelen mycket gamla människor i befolkningen ökar kraftigt får dessa frågor allt större betydelse. Det är vanligt med sjunkande blodtryck i mycket hög ålder, något som verkar föregå sjukdom och död. Tidigare studier har funnit att sjunkande blodtryck skulle kunna bero på ökande sjuklighet, högre ålder och högre begynnelseblodtryck. Man vet ännu inte vilka enskilda faktorer som bäst förklarar blodtrycksförändringen i mycket hög ålder, oberoende av andra faktorer. Tidigare studier har visat att lägre blodtryck kan vara förenat med en ökad risk för tidig död bland mycket gamla människor. Det är oklart om risken för tidig död bättre kan förklaras av andra faktorer, s.k. störfaktorer. Störfaktorer kan till exempel vara sjukdomar som både påverkar blodtrycket och risken. Fynd från tidigare studier av personer som är minst 65 år tyder på att sambandet mellan blodtryck och död kan skilja sig mellan grupper med hög eller låg gånghastighet, vilket används som ett ungefärligt mått på hälso-tillståndet. Detta skulle även kunna ha betydelse för mycket gamla människor eftersom deras hälsotillstånd kan skilja sig mycket mellan individer. Man har också utrett huruvida sambandet mellan blodtryck och död skiljer sig mellan grupper med och utan kognitiv svikt, som till exempel kan bero på demenssjukdom, men inte kommit fram till entydiga resultat. Ett fåtal studier har utrett strokerisken med högt blodtryck i mycket hög ålder. På grund av motsägelsefulla resultat är det ännu oklart om högt blodtryck ökar risken för stroke bland mycket gamla människor. Man har sett tecken på att sambandet mellan blodtryck och strokerisk skulle kunna skilja sig mellan grupper av mycket gamla människor med och utan kognitiv svikt, samt mellan grupper med och utan hjälpbehov i dagliga aktiviteter. Dagliga aktiviteter innefattar bland annat att tvätta sig, klä sig, gå på toaletten, äta och resa sig från en stol. Frågeställningar: I den här avhandlingen undersöktes huvudsakligen tre frågeställningar. Den första var vilka faktorer som påverkar hur blodtrycks-nivåerna förändras över tid i mycket hög ålder. Den andra frågeställningen var om olika blodtrycksnivåer är förenade med ökad risk för tidig död i mycket hög ålder och huruvida risken skiljer sig mellan grupper av mycket gamla människor med olika gånghastighet eller olika grader av kognitiv svikt. Den tredje frågeställningen var om olika blodtrycksnivåer är förenade med ökad risk för stroke i mycket hög ålder och om risken skiljer sig mellan grupper av mycket gamla människor med och utan kognitiv svikt eller hjälpbehov i dagliga aktiviteter. Även skillnader mellan gånghastighets-grupper testades. Metod: Avhandlingen bygger på befolkningsmaterialet Umeå85+/Gerontologisk regional databas (GERDA). Umeå85+/GERDA innehåller information från individer i åldrarna 85, 90 och 95 år och äldre, boende i Västerbotten, Sverige och Österbotten/Pohjanmaa, Finland. Informationen är insamlad vart femte år under perioden 2000-2015. Umeå85+/GERDA innehåller information om socioekonomiska faktorer, sjukdomar och läkemedel. Informationen inhämtades med hjälp av ett standardiserat frågeformulär som deltagarna besvarade under ett hembesök, samt med hjälp av journaler, boendepersonal och anhöriga. Det gjordes även hälsorelaterade mätningar och tester under hembesöken, bl.a. av blodtryck och gånghastighet i vanlig takt. Skattningsskalorna Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) och Barthel Activities in daily living (ADL) index användes för att skatta kognitiv funktion respektive hjälpbehov i dagliga aktiviteter. Deltagarna delades in i två gånghastighetsgrupper. Personer med högre gånghastighet (minst 0,5 m/s) utgjorde en grupp. I den andra gruppen var personer med lägre gånghastighet (under 0,5 m/s) och de som inte klarade av att genomföra testet på grund av bestående begränsningar av gångfunktionen. Deltagarna grupperades också med avseende på olika grader av kognitiv svikt. Gruppindelningen baserades på MMSE-poäng; mycket svår kognitiv svikt (0-10 poäng), svår kognitiv svikt (11-17 poäng) och mild kognitiv svikt (18-23 poäng). Deltagare utan kognitiv svikt utgjorde en egen grupp (24-30 poäng). Deltagarna delades även in i grupper med och utan hjälpbehov i dagliga aktiviteter, baserat på Barthel ADL index (under 20 respektive 20). Blodtrycksförändring observerades över tiden mellan två Umeå85+/GERDA-insamlingar, vilket var 5 år. Dödsdatum och datum för stroke inhämtades från dödsbevis, befolkningsregister, journaler och sjukvårdens diagnoskodsregister i upp till 5 år. Frågeställningarna utreddes med hjälp av statistiska metoder, baserat på materialet från Umeå85+/GERDA. Sambanden prövades med avseende på störfaktorer och skillnader mellan grupper. Resultat: Förändringar av det systoliska blodtrycket undersöktes bland 297 deltagare. I genomsnitt sjönk blodtrycket med 2,6 mm Hg per år. För nästan två tredjedelar (62%) av deltagarna sjönk blodtrycket med minst 5 mm Hg på 5 år. Ungefär en fjärdedel (26%) hade minst 5 mm Hg stigande blodtryck på 5 år. Ett antal faktorer var förenade med förändring av det systoliska blodtrycket över 5 år, oberoende av varandra. Sjunkande systoliskt blodtryck var förenat med ett högre begynnelseblodtryck, senare undersökningsår, att ha antidepressiv behandling, att få en hjärtinfarkt, att påbörja läkemedels-behandling med diuretika eller få ökat hjälpbehov i dagliga aktiviteter. Man vet ännu inte vad som är orsak och verkan i dessa samband. Frågeställningen om olika blodtrycksnivåer är förenade med ökad risk för tidig död undersöktes i ett urval av 806 deltagare. Inom 5 år avled nästan två tredjedelar (61%) av deltagarna. Risken för tidig död var mindre bland deltagare med högre blodtryck, jämfört med dem som hade lägre blodtryck. Största skillnaden uppmättes mellan deltagare med minst 165 mm Hg i systoliskt blodtryck, där risken var halverad, jämfört med dem som hade 125 mm Hg eller lägre. Detta samband verkar bero på störfaktorer, främst sjukdomar, som både orsakar lågt blodtryck och den ökade risken för tidig död. Gånghastighetsgrupperna utgjordes av 312 deltagare med högre gånghastighet och 433 med lägre gånghastighet, varav 136 inte kunde genomföra mätningen på grund av bestående begränsning av gångfunktionen. Sambandet mellan blodtryck och risken att dö inom 5 år verkade skilja sig mellan gånghastighetsgrupperna. Gruppen med lägre gånghastighet uppvisade samma samband som hela urvalet och hade ökad risk för tidig död med lägre blodtryck. Även här verkade sambandet förklaras av störfaktorer. Personer med högre gånghastighet uppvisade ett annat samband, där högre systoliskt blodtryck på minst 165 mm Hg var förenat med en fördubblad risk för tidig död, jämfört med 126-139 mm Hg. Högre diastoliskt blodtryck på över 80 mm Hg var också förenat med ökad risk för tidig död, jämfört med 75-80 mm Hg. Sambandet berodde inte på störfaktorer. Grupperna med svår, måttlig och mild kognitiv svikt innehöll 118, 166 och 289 deltagare vardera. Gruppen utan kognitiv svikt innehöll 542 deltagare. Dessa grupper verkade också skilja sig något med avseende på sambandet mellan blodtryck och risken för tidig död, men skillnaderna var inte statistiskt säkerställda. Särskilt gruppen med mycket svår kognitiv svikt uppvisade ett annorlunda samband mellan systoliskt blodtryck och risken för tidig död, jämfört med övriga deltagare. Bland dessa deltagare var risken för tidig död mer än fyrdubblad med höga blodtryck på minst 165 mm Hg, jämfört med 126-139 mm Hg. De med blodtryck 125 mm Hg eller lägre hade dubbelt så hög risk för tidig död, jämfört med 126-139 mm Hg. Dessa samband var oberoende av störfaktorer. Frågeställningen om strokerisk med högt blodtryck utreddes i ett urval av 955 deltagare. Inom 5 år fick 94 deltagare en stroke, vilket motsvarar en av tio. Högre blodtryck var förenat med ökad risk för stroke, jämfört med lägre blodtryck. Risken att få en stroke inom 5 år var fördubblad bland deltagare med högt systolisk blodtryck på minst 160 mm Hg, jämfört med under 140 mm Hg, eller med höga diastoliska blodtryck på minst 90 mm Hg, jämfört med under 90 mm Hg. Sambanden var oberoende av en mängd andra riskfaktorer. Strokerisken med högt blodtryck verkade inte påverkas av gånghastigheten, den kognitiva nivån, eller hjälpbehovet i dagliga aktiviteter. Slutsatser: Blodtrycket verkar sjunka hos de flesta i mycket hög ålder. Sjunkande systoliskt blodtryck kan till stor del förklaras av högre begynnelseblodtryck, senare undersökningsår, att ha antidepressiv läkemedelsbehandling, att få en hjärtinfarkt, att påbörja läkemedels-behandling med diuretika eller få ökat hjälpbehov i dagliga aktiviteter. Lågt blodtryck verkar i mycket hög ålder vara ett tecken på olika underliggande sjukdomsprocesser, som ökar risken att dö inom 5 år. Detta samband verkar särskilt gälla personer med lägre gånghastighet, vilket kan vara ett tecken på sämre hälsa. Högt blodtryck verkar endast vara förenat med ökad risk för tidig död i särskilda grupper, som kan utmärkas av högre gånghastighet eller mycket svår kognitiv svikt. Även lågt systoliskt blodtryck kan vara förenat med ökad risk för tidig död bland personer med mycket svår kognitiv svikt. I dessa grupper kan sambandet vara oberoende av störfaktorer. Högre blodtryck verkar vara förenat med ökad risk för stroke i mycket hög ålder, oberoende av en mängd andra sjukdomstillstånd. Det finns sannolikt en gräns för hur lågt blodtryck som är gynnsamt med avseende på strokerisken, men det är ännu inte klarlagt var den gränsen går. Sambandet mellan högt blodtryck och strokerisk verkar inte skilja sig mellan grupper med olika hög gånghastighet, kognitiv nivå, eller hjälpbehov i dagliga aktiviteter. Dessa fynd kan bidra till en bättre förståelse för blodtrycksförändring, risker med högt och lågt blodtryck i mycket hög ålder samt hälsotillståndets betydelse för dessa risker.
746

Matematiklärares erfarenhet av att undervisa elever i behov av särskilt stöd i grundskolans senare år / Mathematics Teachers’ Experience of Teaching 13-16-Year-Olds in Need of Special Support

Persson, Johan, Bengtsson, Ulrika January 2016 (has links)
Based in a sociocultural perspective the study aims at illustrating how teachers in mathematics perceive their possibilities of supporting students in mathematical difficulties and how their schools support the teaching practices to those pupils. The methodological approach is phenomenographic and data was collected in half structured interviews with ten professionals teaching mathematics to Swedish 13-16-year-old students from 10 different schools. The results show that, due to the heterogeneity in students’ achievements, teachers perceive the time a limiting factor to individualising and meeting the needs of every student. The findings also indicate that the designs of the schools’ supportive structures are governed by traditions and an individualistic perspective. Thus, ability grouping and supportive measures outside the classroom of ordinary teaching are common. However, the picture is dual. The interviewed teachers express a wish for inclusive teaching and teacher collaboration, promoting a common responsibility for a complex teaching situation. Yet, organisational obstacles and the schools’ scarce resources inhibit inclusion. Further, findings suggest that both the extent and forms of support provided to the mathematics teachers differ, ranging from almost non-existent to well-developed forms of collaborations in mathematics teams, co-teaching and supervision of special educators or head teachers in mathematics. Further training was the support teachers consistently found most important and demanded the most.
747

Measuring Institutional Adjustment of the Geriatric Population in Homes for the Aged

Shore, Herbert 08 1900 (has links)
The purpose of this study was to construct and use an instrument to assess the adjustment of aged residents in an institution.
748

The Interrelationships of Strength, Speed, Power and Anthropometric Measures in College Aged Women

Hinojosa, Richard 12 1900 (has links)
The purpose of the investigation was to determine the interrelationships of strength, speed, power and anthropometric measures in women. Sixty females ranging in ages from 18 to 25 volunteered as subjects. Subjects were measured for strength on the bench press, leg extension and leg curl, power vertical jump, speed--a 40 yard dash, body weight (BW) and fat weight (FW) using a scale and skinfold tests. The correlations for strength and power (.35 to .53), strength and speed (-.37 to -.56) and speed and power (-.45) were significant (p < .01). Partial correlations with (BW) and (FW) held constant were also significant, but were not significantly greater than their zero-order correlations.
749

An Analysis of the Development, Function and Implication of Selected Myths Toward the Aged in American Society

Coomer, Alma Jean 12 1900 (has links)
The development, content, societal and individual effects of selected myths toward the aged in American society were reviewed and analyzed. Emphasis was placed on factors associated with the development of the myths . The myths were compared with facts or reality relative to the major dimensions of the lives of the aged. The functions and dysfunctions of the myths for the aged as a group, for the individual, and for society were analyzed. Secondary sources of data were utilized in the preliminary identification of the selected myths. The sources were also used to justify the selection and analyze the development of myths within their socio-cultural milieus. Myths were utilized in the analysis of the attitudes toward the aged, and the effects.
750

Posouzení energetické náročnosti zumby nepřímou kalorimetrií u žen středního věku / The energetic cost of middle aged women during zumba lesson measured by indirect calorimetric method

Řehořková, Michaela January 2014 (has links)
Title: The energetic cost of middle aged women during zumba lesson measured by indirect calorimetric method Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess energy cost of the middle aged women during zumba exercise. Methods: A group of 6 women (age range 27-37 years) volunteered to participate in this study. To assess the maximal oxygen consumption, we used the running test to individual maximum. Each subject took part in six lessons of zumba in commercial fitness gym. Each subject was measured during 60 min long lesson. Results: The oxygen consumption of the whole zumba exercise was 19,5±2,2 ml.kg-1 .min-1 that is 68,4 % of the maximal oxygen consumption 40,1±7,4 ml.kg-1 .min-1 measured during running test. That exactly means a caloric expenditure 404,8 kcal (or 1692,2 kJ) during one lesson of zumba. The intensity of whole class reported by HR was covered by 67,5 % from HRmax and by Borg's rates of perceived exertion (6-20) with rates 14±2 from 18±2 immediately after the maximal running test. The highest energetic cost (336, 3 kcal, resp. 1405,9 kJ) was during the main part of the lesson. Zumba can be classified as moderately challenging type of exercise, which is good for fat burning; this statement is based on values of the heart rate measured during lessons of zumba. Key words: zumba, energetic...

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