This dissertation is divided into five Chapters. The first chapter provides the background and thereafter justifies the need for this research. It also includes the research questions, the methodology employed in undertaking this research, the literature review, and the limitations of the study. Chapter Two is the theoretical framework of this dissertation. It provides the theories which underpin and explain the interplay between JW guardians’ authority which form the basis of their children’s healthcare decisions on one hand, and children’s RTH on the other hand. Chapter Three examines the legal frameworks for the protection of children’s RTH in the United Kingdom and South Africa and further provides an analysis of the norms and operation of both legal frameworks. This is in order to highlight learning points for possible law reform in Zambia for attaining an effective framework for the protection of children’s RTH. Subsequently, Chapter Four delves into Zambia’s legal framework for the protection of children’s RTH. In view of the comparative study in the preceding Chapter, this Chapter identifies the weaknesses and gaps in Zambia’s children RTH framework by drawing lessons from the foreign laws examined. Subsequently, Chapter Five concludes the study. It summarises the findings and provides the appropriate recommendations for the implementation of effective and adequate children’s RTH framework in Zambia. / Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2021. / Centre for Human Rights / LLM / Unrestricted

Background: Data privacy and security has been a big concern in recent years. Data privacy is a concern for everybody who owns a smartphone or accesses a website. This is due to the applications that have been installed on the device or the cookies that have been acquired via websites in the form of advertising cookies. Advertising cookies within programs or sites that track user content provide access to all of the user’s personal sensitive data. The viability of applying conditional consent to boost consumers’ trust in sharing their data is examined in this study. We assess the societal and technological implications of conditional consent implementation. This is accomplished by integrating a third option – maybe – into the access control mechanism.  Research Idea: After reviewing all of the issues concerning user privacy breaches in android applications, we came up with the idea of implementing a Maybe option in which the user can grant access to the permissions for a specified period of time and then automatically disable those permissions at the end of that period. Objectives and Research Methods: The primary goal of our work is to determine the feasibility of implementing partial consent on Android applications, as well as how users understand and are willing to use this suggested option. We chose Experiment, Systematic mapping study, and survey as our study methods. Results: We built a permissions application prototype and provided an option maybe where the user may grant rights for a certain period of time and then automatically deactivate the permissions. Using a poll, many people chose the offered choice and fully comprehended the Maybe option. Conclusions: We understood the usability aspect of the proposed option. The respondents accepted the proposed option and felt the desire for the proposed option. This can cause a change in the security aspects of providing data to the third party applications. Keywords: Partial consent, Access control, Data Privacy, Data Security, Usability Aspect.

Inom den svenska familjerätten finns ett antal förfogandeinskränkningar till följd av äktenskap, vilka kan hindra en make från att självmant ta beslut rådande egendom. Däribland finns ett hinder att överlåta fast och lös egendom utan den andra makens samtycke. I denna kandidatuppsats undersöks och utreds omfattningen av en fastighetsmäklares kontrollplikt av makesamtycke vid överlåtelse av fast och lös egendom, i de fall äktenskapet ingåtts utanför Sveriges gränser men inom den Europeiska unionen. Eftersom frågeställningen har en juridisk synvinkel tillämpas en rättsvetenskaplig metod, vilken grundar sig i rättskälleläran. Utifrån rättskällorna går det att konstatera att vetskapen om omfattningen av en fastighetsmäklares kontrollplikt av makesamtycke i de fall äktenskap ingåtts utomlands är begränsad. Inför framtida forskning föreslås att vidare utredning genomförs samt att denna synvinkel tas i beaktning vid en omarbetning av nuvarande fastighetsmäklarlag. / There are certain rules in the Swedish family law regarding spousal restrictions in the right of disposition over existing property. There are a few, but complicated, restrictions about how spouses may take their own decisions regarding their assets. In Sweden, a spouse is not allowed to sell property without a spousal consent. The aim through this bachelor thesis is to explore the scope of a real estate agent’s obligation to control a spouse’s consent during the transfer of residential real estate and private housing cooperatives when the spouses have entered marriage outside of Sweden, but within the European union. The thesis applies a legal method for the ability to answer our chosen problem statement. Based on the sources of law, it is possible to state that the knowledge of how extensive a real estate agent’s duty to control a spouse’s consent, in the event of a foreign marriage, is limited. Prior to future research, it is proposed that further investigation within this subject should be accomplished and that this point of view should be taken into consideration when reworking the current fastighetsmäklarlag in Sweden.

Si l’étude du formalisme et du consensualisme peut constituer un thème classique du droit français, une confrontation de ces grandes notions du droit privé avec l’électronique est moins commune. Pourtant, la transmission électronique des volontés invite à réfléchir au défi lancé aux principes classiques de formation du contrat. Défi partiellement relevé par le législateur qui, en raison de l’abolition du support papier, a dû harmoniser ces notions. Manifestées par des formes libres ou imposées, les volontés devaient pouvoir circuler en ligne. Sans que le consensualisme ne soit explicitement visé, la rencontre de l’offre avec l’acceptation a été adaptée aux contraintes électroniques. Toutefois, il en résulte une réglementation souffrant d’une terminologie et d’un régime imprécis. Pour l’offre, la profusion du formalisme informatif, sans sanction, et le déni de sa forme écrite sont particulièrement incommodants. Pour l’acceptation, la portée du double-clic ou de l’accusé de réception sont encore incertaines. Concernant le formalisme, la transposition de l’acte sous signature privée et de l’acte authentique a inévitablement contribué à la dénaturation de ces formes. Pour le premier, les traits sont alourdis : comment des mentions manuscrites, supposant un irrémédiable lien physique entre la main de l’auteur et l’écriture, pouvaient-elles se réaliser en ligne sans une consolidation technique ? Pour le second, paradoxalement, son avenir semble conditionné par l’assouplissement du caractère mystique de l’authenticité, pour laisser place à une nouvelle authenticité électronique. D’où la nécessité de perfectionner l’adaptation des notions.Cette dernière fait en réalité surgir un mouvement plus profond. Une fois transposés à l’électronique, le consensualisme et le formalisme paraissent infidèles à leurs conceptions traditionnelles. Aussi, les notions seraient-elles exposées à une véritable transformation. Ce qui ne peut être neutre en droit commun des contrats. Concernant le consensualisme, la hiérarchie créée entre les formes et la discrimination des formes non-électroniques suggèrent un renouvellement de son approche classique. L’élaboration d’un néo-consensualisme est envisagée, faisant apparaître une nouvelle dualité du consensualisme en droit commun. Quant aux formalismes ad validitatem et ad probationem, l’impact de l’électronique se concentre sur leurs rapports mutuels. En ligne, leur dissociation devient impossible. Outre une assimilation textuelle, il y aurait une fusion substantielle des écrits, quel que soit leur rôle juridique. Or, une telle union ravive les couleurs d’un phénomène d’unification connu en droit commun des contrats. Il n’y a, alors, qu’un pas vers l’unité du formalisme.Loin d’une abolition des notions, leur mise à l’épreuve par l’électronique invite finalement à repenser les principes de la formation du contrat. / If the study of formalism and consensualism can constitute a classical theme of French law, a comparison of these great notions of private law with electronics is less common. However, the electronic transmission of wills invites to think about the challenge to the conventional principles of contract formation. A challenge partially raised by the legislator who, because of the abolition of paper support, had to adapt these notions. Wills, expressed by free or imposed forms, had to be able to circulate online. Without consensualism being explicitly targeted, the meeting of supply with acceptance has been adapted to electronic constraints. Nevertheless, the result is a regulation with an unclear terminology and regime. For the offer, the profusion of informative formalism, without sanction, and the denial of its written form are particularly bothersome. For acceptance, the scope of the double-click, or the acknowledgment of receipt, are still uncertain. Concerning formalism, the transposition of the act under private signature and the authentic act inevitably contributed to the denaturation of these forms. For the first, the traits are weighed down: how could handwritten mentions, assuming an irremediable physical link between the author's hand and the writing, be realized online without a technical consolidation? For the second, paradoxically, its future seems conditioned by the relaxation of the mystical character of authenticity, to give way to a new electronic authenticity. Hence the need to perfect the adaptation of notions.It actually causes a deeper movement. Once transposed to electronics, consensualism and formalism seem unfaithful to their traditional conceptions. Also, the notions would be exposed to a real transformation. This can not be neutral in common law contracts. Concerning consensualism, the hierarchy created between forms and the discrimination of non-electronic forms suggest a renewal of its classical approach. The development of a neo-consensualism is envisaged, bringing out a new duality of consensualism in common law. As for the formalisms ad validitatem and ad probationem, the impact of the electronics focuses on their mutual relations. Online, their dissociation becomes impossible. In addition to a textual assimilation, there would be a substantial fusion between the writings, whatever their legal role. However, such a union revives the colors of a unifying phenomenon known in the common law of contracts. There is then only one step towards the unity of formalism.Far from an abolition of notions, their testing by the electronics finally invites to rethink the principles of the formation of the contract.

This dissertation was used to addresses a group of individuals who work as eye bank coordinators. These individuals call families and approach them for eye donations from a loved one who has just passed away. An interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was used to explain the lived experience of eye bank coordinators who call families for consent of eye tissue. The focus was to understand the dedication of the coordinators to giving the gift of sight and exploring the positive and negative experiences of eye bank coordinators. IPA is used for a keen understanding of eye bank coordinators, and the investigator gained insight as to why their role and well-being is important to eye banks by conducting and analyzing the interviews through the lived experiences of eye bank coordinators. The theoretical underpinnings of this research were based on the theory of planned behavior and self-perception theory. Four participants were interviewed as to their positive and negative experiences in their daily work. The research questions were What are the positive and negative experiences of eye bank coordinators when requesting permission for eye donations from bereaved families (RQ1)? and How do the positive and negative lived experience of eye bank coordinators influence their adjustment of strategies when requesting permission for eye donations from bereaved families (RQ2)? Encountering positive and enthusiastic family donors, needing to understand the situation or grief of family members, encountering closed-minded family members, and limited negative encounters experienced were the main themes that addressed RQ1. The main themes that addressed RQ2 were having the energy and motivation to seek for more donors, ensuring the right information was conveyed to the families, feeling more relaxed and comfortable, continuing to explain and ensure the correct information was conveyed, coaching and collecting oneself back, knowing how to read the actions and reactions of families, and learning from experiences and becoming more cautious.

My research explores what laws, such as laws surrounding immigration, child custody, and divorce, negatively affect polyamorous individuals in the U.S. and how people's perceptions of barriers differ along lines of gender-sexual-racial-class identities. My applied research is conducted for my client, a CNM-friendly attorney in D.C. I investigate the experience of polyamorous people that use lawyers they perceive as consensually non-monogamous (CNM)-friendly. I probe what it means to be "CNM-friendly," how one promotes oneself as a CNM-friendly lawyer to potential clients and the world at large, and the relationship between being a CNM-friendly lawyer and activism.

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Informed consent can be considered, without any doubt, as a central issue in current bioethics and in medical law. The modern relationship between physician and patient has completely changed. Informed consent has dominated the theoretical discussions since the 1970s. Its importance is essential for both medical research and clinical practice. This work focuses mainly on clinical practice, on the relationship between a doctor (or more generally a healthcare professional) and a patient. The institute of informed consent has evolved similarly in medical ethics as well as in the medical law, but there are some significant differences. One of the basic issues of this work is to distinguish both positions and point out differences between legal and ethical aspects of this institute. The thesis sees the fundamental differences in the different purposes of both two key normative systems, in their function, in the values they represented and in the principles they emphasized. While trust and mutuality are essential to informed consent in ethics, the legal institute reflects more the protection of the subjects, especially the protection against abuse, thus providing legal certainty especially for the patient. The ethical level is primarily to ensure respect for the other person so that he or she is...

La thèse présentée est intitulée « Le principe d’autonomie de la volonté de la patiente enceinte avant l’accouchement: Modèle de communication hospitalière ». Le travail de recherche est essentiellement méthodologique. Il comporte également une partie d’étude empirique, des enquêtes sous forme de témoignages auprès de plus de 500 patientes ayant subi une IVG en Europe. Il contribue à un thème de recherche important, la mise en place des mécanismes juridiques nécessaires à l’évolution des stratégies de santé publique du droit à l’IVG. La thèse est structurée en deux grandes parties : I. La consécration de l’autonomie de la femme lors d’une grossesse indésirée II. Les atteintes à l’autonomie de la femme lors d’une grossesse indésirée (modèle de communication) Ce découpage met en évidence le développement juridique autour de la remise en cause de la procédure d’accès à l’IVG par un éclairage de l’autonomie de la patiente. La première partie est divisée en deux titres qui présentent le respect de l’autonomie et le recueil du consentement. Le travail de recherche se construit par une analyse des données nécessaires pour évaluer les impacts du consentement perverti par le profane et le milieu médical dans lequel il s’inscrit. La deuxième partie propose deux titres qui présentent la responsabilité médicale et l’effet relatif des responsabilités quant à l’autonomie de la femme enceinte, permettant d’analyser les limites à la détermination de la patiente, le préjudice subi de la perte d’autonomie et les inégalités qui découlent des traitements différents selon les législations en vigueur. Malgré l’impossibilité de conclure à priori sur l’autonomie du processus de décision médicale, des solutions juridiques sont néanmoins proposées dans le dernier chapitre : il s’agit d’une étude de cas pour le renforcement juridique du consentement de la patiente (2019) menée aux Hôpitaux de Genève (HUG) en Suisse permettant, notamment, une déconstruction du principe de « libre-choix » de la patiente. Loin d’entrer dans une logique critique et antinomique pro-IVG, la thèse propose d’analyser les failles procédurales (le paradoxe de la responsabilité médicale) dans une étude nourrie de réflexions juridiques sur la notion d’autonomie et le statut de la femme lors de la décision IVG. / The thesis presented is entitled "The principle of autonomy of will of the pregnant patient before giving birth : a hospital communication model. The research work is essentially methodological. It also includes a part of empirical study, surveys in the form of testimonies with more than 500 patients having undergone a VTP care, in the 3 European countries determined in the study, in France, Poland and Switzerland. It contributes to an important research theme, the establishment of the legal mechanisms necessary for the evolution of public health strategies of the VTP right. The thesis is structured in two main parts : I. The recognition of women's autonomy when deciding on the use of the VTP care. II. Violations of women's autonomy when deciding on the use of the VTP care (hospital communication model). This division highlights the legal development around the questioning of the procedure of access to the VTP care by a lighting of the autonomy of the patient. The first part is divided into two titles that show respect for autonomy and the collection of consent. The research work is constructed by an analysis of the data needed to evaluate the impact of perverted consent by the lay person and the medical community in which he is enrolled. The second part proposes two titles that present the special medical responsibility and the relative effect of responsibilities on the autonomy of the pregnant woman, allowing to analyze the limits to the determination of the patient, the harm suffered from the loss of autonomy and the inequalities that result from different treatments according to the legislation in force. Despite the impossibility of concluding a priori on the autonomy of the medical decision-making process, legal solutions are nevertheless proposed in the last chapter : it is a case study for the legal strengthening of the patient's consent (2018) conducted at the Geneva Hospitals (HUG) in Switzerland allowing, in particular, a deconstruction of the principle of "free choice" of the patient. Far from entering a critical and antinomic pro-VTP logic, the thesis proposes to analyze the procedural flaws (the paradox of medical responsibility) in a study nourished by legal reflections on the notion of autonomy and the status of women during the decision IVG.