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A coexistência de segmentos populacionais de origem japonesa, no nosso meio, permite uma análise de continuidade da dinâmica dos hábitos alimentares, quando integrada ao sistema ecológico local e sujeitos a tradições culturáis nacionais. Na presente pesquisa, ao se tomar os \"isseis\" que aqui vieram antes da II Guerra Mundial (IAG), seus descendentes \"nikkeis\"(D) e os \"isseis\" que aportaram depois da Guerra (IDG), verificou-se que a análise das duas gerações consecutivas - IAG e D - nos dá idéia da velocidade de mudança dos hábitos alimentares, mesmo quando estes hábitos estejam influenciados por uma forte pressão cultural. O posicionamento dos IDG a esta evolução, aproxima-os mais dos D do que dos IAG, em razão de já trazerem uma diversificação alimentar incorporada no Japão de pós-Guerra; a comparação de imigrantes \"isseis\" com seus descendentes \"nikkeis\" revela um evidente enfraquecimento do fator cultural de origem na dieta, que, entretanto, não foi abrangente a todos os tipos de alimentos, isto é, muitos alimentos orientais continuam a ter elevada freqüência na alimentação dos D, em que pese a presença dos fatores ambientais e culturais ocidentais em seu estilo de vida; mas, se o aspecto cultural teve um papel relevante na permanência de alimentos típicos japoneses, porém, não resistiu à mudança no preparo dos mesmos, onde a incorporação de novos condimentos (e o abandono dos tradicionais) teve função de acelerar a aculturação alimentar,direcionando-os aos hábitos nacionais. / The existence of different population segments of japanese origen among us, permits the analysis of the continuity and the dynamics of feeding habits when integrated to the local ecologic system, under the influence of Brasilian cultural and tradicional factors. In the present paper the study of \"issei\" that migrated before II World War (BWI) and their descendents compared to the study of \"issei\" that migrate after II World War (AWI) showed that the analysis of two consecutive generations - BWI and their descendents - gives us an idea of the speed with which feeding habits changed, even when subjected to strong cultural pressure. The position of AWI in regarding this evolution is closer to BWI descendents than to BWI proper, due to the fact that they had suffered a diversification of feeding habits introduced in Japan after 11 World War; comparison between the migrant \"issei\" and their descendents (\"nikkei\") shows an evident weakening of feeding cultural factors that did not, however, comprehend all types of food, that is, many oriental foods still have high frequency in the diet of the descendents; if the cultural aspects did have a relevant role concerning the maintenance of typical japanese foods they did not, however, resist the changes in preparation of food, where the introduction of occidental seasonings, abandoning the traditional ones, accelerated cultural integration.

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This dissertation investigates how the settings of drug use influence the affective and neurobiological response to heroin versus cocaine in addicts. Chapter 1 reviews the neuropharmacology of heroin and cocaine and the theoretical background for drugs-settings interactions, including a detailed discussion of findings from previous studies in animals and humans that show how the same settings can influence in opposite directions the reinforcing effect of heroin and cocaine. Cocaine self-administration, for example, was greatly facilitated when rats were tested outside the home environment relative to rats test at home. The opposite pattern was found for heroin. Translational studies in humans yielded similar results. Indeed, heroin and cocaine co-abusers reported using the two drugs in distinct settings: heroin preferentially at home and cocaine preferentially outside the home. The aim of this dissertation is to determine whether the setting could also influence in opposite manner the affective and neurobiological response to heroin and cocaine in human addicts. Chapter 2 illustrates the findings of a study aimed at testing the hypothesis that the affective state experienced under cocaine or heroin is the result of an interaction between central and peripheral drug effects and the surroundings of drug use. According to this hypothesis, when cocaine is taken at home there is a mismatch between the familiar environment and the peripheral effects such as arousal, increased heart rate, increased respiratory rate, and increased muscular tension (which are usually produced in stressful situations). This mismatch dampens cocaine-rewarding effects. A mismatch would also occurs when heroin (which produces sedation and decreases heart rate, respiratory rate, and muscular tension) is used outside the home in contexts requiring vigilance. We found indeed that co-abusers subjectively experienced opposite changes in arousal, heart rate, respiratory rate, and muscular tension in response to cocaine (increase) versus heroin (decrease). Most important, using a novel two-dimensional visual test, we found that in agreement with the working hypothesis the valence of the affective state produced by heroin and cocaine shifted in opposite directions as a function of the setting of drug use: heroin was reported to be more pleasant at home than outside the home, and vice versa for cocaine. Chapter 3 illustrates the results of in which emotional imagery was combined with fMRI to investigation the neurobiological underpinnings of drug and setting interactions in addicts. Heroin and cocaine co-abusers were asked to recreate real-world settings of drug use during fMRI. In agreement with the working hypothesis, we found that heroin and cocaine imagery produced opposite changes in BOLD in the prefrontal cortex and in the striatum, regions implicated in brain reward in humans. Furthermore the same pattern of dissociation was observed in the cerebellum, suggesting that that a fronto-triatal-cerebellar network is implicated in processing drug-setting interactions. Chapter 4 includes a summary of the results, a general discussion, and suggestions for future research and implication. The major finding is that the environment surrounding drug use can influence in opposite manner the affective and neurobiological response to heroin and cocaine, suggesting that therapeutic approaches to the treatment of drug addiction should take into account the distinctive effects of different classes of drugs as well as the contexts of drug use. The Appendix includes reprints of two papers reporting on additional studies conducted during the course of the Ph.D. program, which are not directly germane to the aims of the dissertation. Other three papers are in the pre-submission stage.

In this dissertation, a new construct is introduced as a means for systematically assessing the meanings associated with eating behavior and food choice. There are many determinants of food choice that have been operationalized throughout the health behavior literature. Some factors are instrumental, external, and/or immediate, whereas others are more global, higher-order and distal from the process of food selection and eating. However, the literature still lacks a comprehensive construct for systematically assessing the ways that food is related to people’s larger meaning systems, systems composed of durable and enduring values, goals and beliefs. The Meaning of Food in Life (MFL) project was therefore designed to operationalize the construct of the MFL as well as explore how this, in turn, influences food choice. First we introduce the theoretical basis for systematically operationalizing and investigating the MFL, and then explore its relationship to food choice, moral psychology and wellbeing. We articulate a clear definition of the meaning of food; namely, that for something to constitute a food meaning it must be connected to or embedded in a person’s life-world, in contrast to orientations to food rooted in the proximal and immediate demands of the eating situation. Then, over three separate studies, we developed and validated a questionnaire that assesses the meaning of food in life, and demonstrate the ways that different food meanings are linked with different food-related attitudes, motivations and behaviors. In Study 1, we present the development and validation of an assessment tool for empirically measuring the MFL. In this investigation we operationalize the MFL and generate a 22-item tool for its assessment. The items were tested in an online format in three empirical studies (n = 560), and participants were recruited through MTurk. Exploratory factor analyses and item analysis were conducted to confirm the psychometric characteristics of the item pool. Overall, five distinct domains of food meanings emerged: moral, sacred, health, social, and aesthetic. Each domain of food meaning was significantly associated with different dietary intake outcomes, providing evidence for construct validity. Further, each dimension of food meaning displayed associations with psychologically similar, yet distinct constructs from the literature in a manner concordant with the theoretical specifications of each construct, providing further validity evidence. The associations between the different domains of food meanings and behavioral outcomes suggest that this construct may be an important and clinically relevant aspect of people’s relationship to food that has heretofore lacked systematic investigation. Study 2 evaluated how the five domains of the MFL, namely, moral, sacred, social, aesthetic and health, relate to determinants of healthy eating behavior and a positive relationship to food. We administered a questionnaire to an online sample of 252 American participants. Measures included demographics, the MFL, self-efficacy for eating healthy foods, a positive relationship to food, fruit and vegetable (F&V) stage of change, calorie restriction, and body satisfaction. Data were analyzed using correlation and regression analyses. Results demonstrate that the moral, aesthetic and health domains of the MFL were positively associated with greater self-efficacy for consuming healthy foods (all p < .001), and the moral and health domains were positively associated with greater body satisfaction (both p < .01). All five MFL domains were positively associated with F&V stage of change (all p < .01) and a positive relationship to food (all p < .05, or less), whereas none were associated with calorie restriction. These data suggest that the MFL has clinical health relevance in the form of promoting healthier dietary behavior and a positive relationship to food. The discourse around food has shifted in recent years, fueled by growing concerns over the environment, animal welfare, and public health issues such as obesity. One domain that hasn't yet been considered in terms of its relation to food choice is that of compassion and self-compassion, independent yet related constructs encompassing a concern for the suffering of others or the self, accompanied by a desire to alleviate that suffering. In Study 3, we investigated the associations between compassion, self-compassion, the meaning of food in life, healthy and sustainable eating behavior, and a willingness to pay higher prices to ensure environmental protection and animal welfare. We collected data from 254 subjects via MTurk. Results indicate that compassion was significantly linked with behavior that entailed reducing the suffering of others, demonstrated by the negative associations between compassion and meat intake (p < .05), and the positive links between compassion and limiting intake of fast food (p < .05) as well as a willingness to pay higher prices to ensure animal welfare (p < .001). Self-compassion was positively associated with making healthier choices for the individual, indicated by significant associations with increased vegetable intake (p < .01), and with limiting intake of candy, soda and processed foods (all p < .05). For many of the dietary outcomes, both self-compassion and compassion made unique and significant contributions, suggesting their effects may be additive and potentially influence dietary behavior through different mechanisms. This preliminary investigation should pave the way for future investigations into these relationships and their potential applications. Overall, this research project generated the theoretical and empirical foundations for operationalizing the MFL as a determinant of food choice. We came up with a definition for the meaning of food, namely, that for something to constitute a food meaning it must be embedded in a person’s larger life-world, rather than be limited to the immediate demands of the eating situation. While there already exist several measures that measure motivations for eating across the board, as well as measures that measure the proximal factors which influence eating, to our knowledge, this is the first study to exclusively focus on and operationalize the distal factors which influence food choice – the factors which, by definition, are non-immediate, and which are connected to non-food aspects of life. These non-food related aspects of eating life, as our empirical data have shown, include moral and value-based orientations to food, the social and cultural importance of food and eating, the sacred or spiritual connections between people’s food choice and belief systems, the meaningfulness of nourishing one’s body in a healthy fashion, and the aesthetic dimensions of food, whereby food is seen to be an arena for creativity and artistic expression. Our repeated empirical investigations confirmed that the five domains of moral, social, sacred, health and aesthetic consistently emerge as distinct factors that influence food choice.

This thesis examines reading habits in Scotland between circa 1750 and 1820, a subject surprisingly little studied by historians before, given the backdrop of the Enlightenment, and traditional ideas about Scottish education and literacy. From a methodological viewpoint, reading as an activity at this time is often little recorded, frequently invisible in surviving historical records. Nevertheless, enough evidence exists for it to be studied analytically, using individual case studies alongside larger data sets, and varied records such as contemporary accounts and later memoirs, library catalogues and borrowing registers, and evidence for book ownership, such as after-death inventories and records of booksellers. To aid the analysis, a three-part subject classification system is introduced in this thesis to differentiate between different categories of reading - religious, entertainment and improvement - and to facilitate comparisons between individual examples of reading. Successive chapters explore how opportunities for reading evolved, how Scots fitted reading into their lives, what they chose to read, their reasons for reading and styles of reading, and book ownership and its relationship to reading. Each of these chapters explores a particular aspect of reading habits in more detail than has been done before. The final concluding chapter collates the evidence to explore the wider question of change over time. In particular, it argues for the growth of reading, a dramatic change in the subjects people chose to read - specifically the growth of improvement and self-education reading - and a marked permeation of reading throughout Scottish society by the end of the period, not being confined to the leisured classes. In addition, distinctive aspects of Scottish reading during this period are highlighted and discussed, and Scotland compared with England. Overall, the importance of reading to Scottish people during this period is clear, providing a valuable insight into Scottish minds and attitudes two centuries ago.

Lee, Hang Mei. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 158-169). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / Publication List --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.v / List of Tables --- p.viii / List of Figures --- p.xii / List of Abbreviations --- p.xiv / Chapter Chapter I: --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Importance of Children´ةs Diet to Their Health --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Current Health and Dietary Situation in Hong Kong Children --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Dietary Patterns of Children Around the World --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4 --- Common Dietary Assessments in Children --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Food Records --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- 24-hour Dietary Recalls --- p.15 / Chapter 1.5 --- Reliability and Validity of Fast Assessment Tools --- p.17 / Chapter 1.6 --- Concerns of Validating Short Assessment Tools in Children --- p.21 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Administration Process --- p.21 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Questionnaire Design --- p.21 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- Cognitive Development of Children --- p.22 / Chapter 1.7 --- Introduction to the Two Minute Assessment (TMA) Questionnaire Used --- p.22 / Chapter 1.8 --- Study Objectives and Hypotheses --- p.24 / Chapter Chapter II: --- Methodology / Chapter 2.1 --- Sample Selection and Recruitment --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2 --- Data Collection --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Training --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Anthropometric Data --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- TMA Questionnaire and Administration --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- 24-hour Dietary Recall Interviewers --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Physical Activity (PA) Level --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3 --- "Data Entry, Verification and Cleaning" --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4 --- Data Analyses --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Anthropometric Data --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Dietary Study --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Reliability Study --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Validity Study --- p.36 / Chapter 2.5 --- Ethics Approval --- p.37 / Chapter Chapter III: --- Results / Chapter 3.1 --- Subjects Recruited and Participation Rates --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2 --- Dietary Study --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Characteristics of Subjects --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Selected Nutrient Intakes and Recommendations --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- By Gender --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- By Weight Status --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.2.3 --- Dietary Sources of Selected Nutrients --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Food Group Intakes and Recommendations --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- By Gender --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- By Weight Status --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.3.3 --- By Eating Occasions --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.3.4 --- Food Group Composition --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Eating Behaviors --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.4.1 --- Breakfast --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.4.1.1 --- Breakfast Eating Behavior --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.4.1.2 --- Nutrient and Food Group Intakes among the Daily vs Non-Daily Breakfast Eaters --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2.4.1.3 --- Frequently Consumed Breakfast Foods --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.4.2 --- Snacking --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2.4.2.1 --- Snacking Behavior --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2.4.3 --- Eating Out --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.4.3.1 --- Eating Out Behavior --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.4.3.2 --- Nutrient Density of Food Eaten at Home vs. Eaten Out (EO) --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2.4.3.3 --- Percent of Food Group Intake of Eaten at Home vs Eaten Out --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3 --- TMA Reliability Study --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Characteristics of Subjects --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Reponses and Reliability of TMA Questions --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Internal Consistency and Test-Retest Reliability of Scores --- p.67 / Chapter 3.4 --- Validity of TMA --- p.69 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Anthropometric Characteristics of Subjects --- p.69 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- TMA Responses --- p.70 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Suggestions for Dietary Improvement --- p.74 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Associations Between Nutrient Intakes and Individual Questions --- p.76 / Chapter 3.4.4.1 --- Nutrition Knowledge Question --- p.77 / Chapter 34.4.2 --- Dietary Behavior Questions --- p.77 / Chapter 3.4.4.3 --- Physical Activity Questions --- p.85 / Chapter 3.4.4.4 --- Household Economics Questions --- p.86 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Correlation Between Nutrient and Food Group Intakes and Recommendations with Scores --- p.86 / Chapter 3.4.5.1 --- Behavioral Score --- p.86 / Chapter 3.4.5.2 --- Fat Score --- p.87 / Chapter 3.4.5.3 --- Fibre Score --- p.88 / Chapter Chapter IV: --- Discussion / Chapter 4.1 --- Summary of the Findings --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2 --- Student Dietary Study --- p.91 / Chapter 4.3 --- Study of Reliability and Validity of the TMA Questionnaire --- p.102 / Chapter Chapter V: --- Conclusions --- p.118 / Appendices --- p.120 / References --- p.158

This study explored parental perceptions of the influence of digital media and technology on children’s home reading habits, the routines and repeated activities related to reading that occur within the homes of six families located in a mixed rural/urban area of Northern Utah. Data gathered showed how parent’s childhood experiences influenced the creation of rules, spatial arrangements, routines, and family identity. Comparisons were made to Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems model, specifically in the areas of dyads, N + 2 systems, microsystems, molar activities, settings, roles, and transitions. Findings showed parents have concerns about how to best foster reading at home within a society inundated by technology and digital media. Recommendations are given for schools to consider and leverage roles played by parents in development of reading and literacy skills at home and how technology and digital media can support those skills.