Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), a known secretory product of intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts (ISEMF), is essential for the intestinotrophic effects of glucagon-like peptide-2(GLP-2). I hypothesized that GLP-2 increases the production of IGF-1 by primary murine ISEMF in culture. Immunocytochemistry showed that the ISEMF stained appropriately for α smooth muscle actin and vimentin but not for desmin. The ISEMF also expressed GLP-2 receptor and IGF-1 mRNA transcripts. ISEMF treated with GLP-2 revealed a maximal increase in IGF-1 mRNA transcript levels at 10-8 M GLP-2 and 2hr. Interestingly, immunoblotting revealed an increase in P-AKT/T-AKT with GLP-2, but no changes in cAMP, P-ERK/T-ERK or calcium were detected. PI3K inhibition and kinase-dead AKT over-expression abrogated GLP-2-induction of IGF-1 mRNA, and ISEMF from GLP-2R null mice demonstrated reductions in IGF-1 mRNA and cellular IGF-1, but not in media IGF-1, vs. wild-type ISEMF. These findings suggest a possible mechanism by which GLP-2 increases intestinal growth in-vivo.

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), a known secretory product of intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts (ISEMF), is essential for the intestinotrophic effects of glucagon-like peptide-2(GLP-2). I hypothesized that GLP-2 increases the production of IGF-1 by primary murine ISEMF in culture. Immunocytochemistry showed that the ISEMF stained appropriately for α smooth muscle actin and vimentin but not for desmin. The ISEMF also expressed GLP-2 receptor and IGF-1 mRNA transcripts. ISEMF treated with GLP-2 revealed a maximal increase in IGF-1 mRNA transcript levels at 10-8 M GLP-2 and 2hr. Interestingly, immunoblotting revealed an increase in P-AKT/T-AKT with GLP-2, but no changes in cAMP, P-ERK/T-ERK or calcium were detected. PI3K inhibition and kinase-dead AKT over-expression abrogated GLP-2-induction of IGF-1 mRNA, and ISEMF from GLP-2R null mice demonstrated reductions in IGF-1 mRNA and cellular IGF-1, but not in media IGF-1, vs. wild-type ISEMF. These findings suggest a possible mechanism by which GLP-2 increases intestinal growth in-vivo.

Οι μέχρι τώρα ενδείξεις από τη βιβλιογραφία εισηγούνται ένα πιθανό προστατευτικό ρόλο των οιστρογόνων στην καρκινογένεση στο παχύ έντερο. Η έκφραση των οιστρογονικών υποδοχέων στο φυσιολογικό βλεννογόνο του παχέος εντέρου, στα αδενώματα και τα καρκινώματα και οι αλληλεπιδράσεις τους με διάφορους συμπαράγοντες θα πρέπει να μελετηθούν υπό το πρίσμα των πολύπλοκων μοριακών δικτύων μεταξύ επιθηλιακών κυττάρων και μυοϊνοβλαστών του στρώματος, αλλά και της θεωρίας των βλαστικών κυττάρων που φαίνεται να ενέχονται στην καρκινογένεση. Η έκφραση των ERα, ERβ1, ΑΙΒ-1, TIF-2, PELP1, NCoR και ALDH1 μελετήθηκε ανοσοϊστοχημικά σε 107 καρκινώματα παχέος εντέρου, σε 77 δείγματα φυσιολογικού βλεννογόνου και σε 29 αδενώματα του ίδιου οργάνου. Εκτιμήθηκαν τόσο τα επιθηλιακά κύτταρα όσο και οι μυοϊνοβλάστες. Για την ακριβέστερη εκτίμηση των μυοϊνοβλαστών, συνεχόμενες ιστολογικές τομές υποβλήθηκαν σε ανοσοϊστοχημικό έλεγχο με χρήση των anti-αSMA και CD34 αντισωμάτων. Τα αποτελέσματά μας έδειξαν ότι η έκφραση των ERβ1, ΑΙΒ-1, ΤΙF-2 και PELP1 ήταν πιο συχνή σε μυοϊνοβλάστες του στρώματος των καρκινωμάτων σε σχέση με τα αδενώματα και το φυσιολογικό βλεννογόνο. Επίσης, στους μυοϊνοβλάστες των καρκινωμάτων, ο NCoR εντοπιζόταν αποκλειστικά στο κυτταρόπλασμα των κυττάρων. Αντίθετα, δεν υπήρχε διαφορά στο ποσοστό έκφρασης των δεικτών αυτών στα επιθηλιακά κύτταρα μεταξύ του φυσιολογικού βλεννογόνου, των αδενωμάτων και των καρκινωμάτων. Ωστόσο, η κυτταροπλασματική εντόπιση του ERβ1 ήταν συχνότερη στα επιθηλιακά κύτταρα των καρκινωμάτων σε σχέση με το φυσιολογικό βλεννογόνο και τα αδενώματα. Επίσης, ο NCoR εκφραζόταν πιο συχνά στο κυτταρόπλασμα και σπανιότερα στον πυρήνα των κακοήθων επιθηλιακών κυττάρων σε σχέση με τα φυσιολογικά επιθηλιακά κύτταρα. Η κυτταροπλασματική έκφραση του NCoR στα επιθηλιακά κύτταρα σχετιζόταν με μεγαλύτερη ελεύθερη νόσου και συνολική επιβίωση και αποτελούσε ανεξάρτητο προγνωστικό δείκτη της ελεύθερης νόσου επιβίωσης. Τα αποτελέσματά μας υποδεικνύουν ένα πιθανό ρόλο της ενεργοποίησης του μονοπατιού των οιστρογονικών υποδοχέων στους μυοϊνοβλάστες του στρώματος, στην ανάπτυξη των καρκινωμάτων του παχέος εντέρου. Επίσης, η κυτταροπλασματική μετατόπιση, από τον πυρήνα, του NCoR στα επιθηλιακά κύτταρα, πιθανότατα επηρεάζει διάφορα μοριακά δίκτυα στον πυρήνα των κυττάρων, επιφέροντας ταυτόχρονα ογκοπροαγωγές δράσεις στα επιθηλιακά κύτταρα του βλεννογόνου και ογκοκατασταλτικές επιδράσεις στα αναπτυσσόμενα νεοπλάσματα. Δεδομένου ότι, η πυρηνική έκφραση του NCoR έχει προταθεί ως δείκτης των stem κυττάρων, τα ελάχιστα κύτταρα, στα οποία παρατηρήθηκε πυρηνική έκφραση στον καρκίνο παχέος εντέρου, πιθανότατα, αντιστοιχούν σε καρκινικά stem κύτταρα. Η ALDH1 αποτελεί, επίσης, δείκτη φυσιολογικών και καρκινικών stem κυττάρων σε διάφορα όργανα. Στη μελέτη μας η ALDH1 εκφράστηκε έντονα σε κύτταρα του φυσιολογικού βλεννογόνου, τα οποία βρίσκονταν στη βάση των κρυπτών και πιθανότατα αντιπροσωπεύουν τα stem/προγονικά κύτταρα του εντερικού επιθηλίου. Κατά αντιστοιχία, η έκφραση της ALDH1 στα καρκινικά κύτταρα σχετιζόταν με παρουσία μεταστάσεων και χειρότερη ελεύθερη νόσου επιβίωση. Το εύρημα αυτό, πιθανόν, να αποτελεί ένα δείκτη των καρκινικών stem/προγονικών κυττάρων. Αντίθετα, η έκφραση ALDH1 στους μυοϊνοβλάστες των καρκινωμάτων σχετιζόταν με ευνοϊκούς προγνωστικούς παράγοντες και μεγαλύτερο ελεύθερο νόσου διάστημα. Επίσης, περιστατικά με χαμηλή έκφραση ALDH1 στους μυοϊνοβλάστες και υψηλή έκφραση στα επιθηλιακά κύτταρα σχετιζόταν με μικρότερο διάστημα ελεύθερη νόσου επιβίωσης, αλλά και συνολικής επιβίωσης. Τα ευρήματα αυτά υποδεικνύουν το σημαντικό ρόλο των πολύπλοκων αλληλεπιδράσεων επιθηλίου-στρώματος κατά την καρκινογένεση στο παχύ έντερο και επισημαίνουν τα πολύπλοκα μοριακά δίκτυα που ρυθμίζουν τη λειτουργία των κυττάρων. Η συστημική προσέγγιση των επιθηλιακών κυττάρων και της παθολογίας τους προϋποθέτει τη μελέτη των μορίων τους μέσα σε πολύπλοκα δίκτυα που επηρεάζουν τη δράση τους με μη γραμμικό τρόπο και περιλαμβάνει αμφίδρομες αλληλεπιδράσεις από τα περιβάλλοντα κύτταρα. / Background. The stochastic model of carcinogenesis is recently challenged by the stem cell model. The later suggests that cancer develops from uncontrolled proliferation and aberrant differentiation of adult stem cells or progenitor cells that acquire stem cell-like properties. Microenvironment regulates function and differentiation of normal epithelial cells creating a protective niche for stem cells. Additionally, microenvironment plays a critical role in induction and progression of carcinomas. Both mutations in adult stem cells and changes in signals emanating from the stem cell niche contribute to the initiation of carcinomas. Recent findings suggest a protective role of estrogens in colorectal carcinogenesis. However, estrogens exert various actions on cells depending on the molecular microenvironment and their cross-talk with intracellular cascades and coregulators of transcription. Additionally, estrogens modulate the function of stromal cells and might influence carcinogenesis by indirect actions. Elucidation of the molecular networks implicated in estrogen signaling is very important in view of the potential use of selective estrogen receptor modulators in chemoprevention and targeted anticancer therapy. Materials and methods. An immunohistochemical study was designed to analyze the estrogen receptors α and β and the various co-regulators of transcription expression of along with that of a proposed functional stem cell marker, ALDH1, in normal colonic mucosa, adenomas and colorectal carcinomas. One hundred seven cases of colorectal carcinoma were retrieved from the Pathology files of the University Hospital of Patras, Greece. None of the patients had received preoperative chemotherapy or radiotherapy. All female patients were at the postmenopausal age. Follow-up was available for all patients. Paired normal mucosa and adenoma specimens were evaluated in 77 and 29 cases, respectively, in an effort to examine the whole spectrum of the multistage progression of colorectal carcinogenesis. Primary antibodies against ERα, ERβ1, AIB-1, TIF-2, PELP1, NCoR and ALDH1 and the Envision polymer-based detection system were employed. Epithelial cells and stromal myofibroblasts were separately assessed. α-SMA and CD34 staining of serial histologic sections was valuable for the recognition of the myofibroblastic nature of the cells. Results. ERα expression was extremely rare and was noted in <1% of the epithelial cells in two cases of colorectal carcinoma. ERβ1, TIF-2, and NCoR were expressed in the nuclei and cytoplasm of epithelial cells and myofibroblasts. AIB-1 and PELP-1 were expressed in the nuclei of epithelial cells and myofibroblasts. PELP-1 displayed a dot-like pattern of staining in the nuclei of cells that is possibly attributed to the presence of focally increased concentration of PELP1 in multiprotein co-regulator complexes within the nuclei of cells. Statistical analysis revealed that nuclear and cytoplasmic expression of ERβ1 and TIF-2 and nuclear expression of AIB-1 and PELP1 in myofibroblasts increased from normal mucosa through adenoma to carcinomas. NCoR was expressed in the cytoplasm of carcinoma-associated fibroblasts but not in myofibroblasts of normal mucosa. Thus, various components of estrogen signaling namely ERβ1 (both genomic and non-genomic actions-associated localization) and co-regulators of transcription, are enhanced in cancer associated myofibroblasts, whereas co-repressor NCoR is expressed in the cytoplasm of the cells implying that ER signaling is enhanced in myofibroblasts of carcinomas. In contrast, nuclear expression of ERβ1, AIB-1, TIF-2, and PELP-1 in epithelial cells was not different among normal mucosa, adenomas and carcinomas. Cytoplasmic expression of ERβ1 was higher in colorectal carcinomas, implying activation of non-genomic actions of ERβ in colorectal carcinogenesis. A translocation of NCoR from the nucleus to the cytoplasm was noted in colorectal carcinomas, since nuclear expression was more common in normal mucosa and cytoplasmic expression was noted in the majority of carcinomas. Cytoplasmic expression of NCoR in epithelial cells was associated with favorable prognosis. These findings might suggest that derepression of NCoR repressed transcription is an important feature of colorectal carcinogenesis and correlates with patients’ prognosis. ALDH1 expression was noted in the nuclei and the cytoplasm of myofibroblasts and epithelial cells. Expression in myofibroblasts was more often noted in carcinomas compared to normal mucosa and was associated with absence of metastasis and favorable prognosis. Epithelial cells of normal mucosa expressed high levels of ALDH1 expression. A distinct pattern of ALDH1 expression along the crypt axis was noted. Nuclear expression was more common and cytoplasmic expression was intensified at the base of the crypts (compartment where epithelial stem cells reside) compared to superficial epithelium. Carcinomas displayed heterogenous expression of ALDH1 in epithelial cells. Increased cytoplasmic expression was associated with the presence of metastasis and poor prognosis. Thus, ALDH1 expression had distinct impacts on metastatic potential of carcinomas and patients’ prognosis, accordingly to the cell where it is expressed. Additionally, patients with increased expression in epithelial cells and decreased expression in myofibroblasts had worse prognosis compared to patients displaying all other combinations of ALDH1 expression in epithelial cells and myofibroblasts. Our findings imply a possible role of ALDH1 as a stem/progenitor cell marker in normal mucosa. The association of ALDH1 expression in malignant cells with metastatic potential and worse prognosis implies that it might represent a marker of carcinomas with increased stem/progenitor cell content. The favorable prognostic role of ALDH1 expression in myofibroblasts might be associated with its role in local retinoic acid production. Retinoic acid has various tumor suppressive roles in colorectal carcinomas and can potentially be used in chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic strategies especially in patients with low local production levels. Thus, a comprehensive analysis of molecular networks both in any single cell and among the different cells of colorectal carcinomas and non neoplastic mucosa are mandatory in order to elucidate the role of estrogen signaling in colorectal carcinogenesis in view of development of targeted clinical applications. Conclusions 1.ERβ is the predominant estrogen receptor in colonic tissue. 2.ERβ1 dependent signaling is enhanced in cancer-associated myofibroblasts. 3.PELP1 is associated with genomic actions in both epithelial cells and myofibroblats. 4.In epithelial cells, loss of NCoR nuclear expression correlates with colorectal carcinogenesis possibly through derepression of transcription mediated by various transcription factors. 5.ALDH1 emerges as a marker of normal and cancer stem cells of colorectal carcinomas.

Myofibroblast expansion is a critical event in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. The activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) to myofibroblast (MFB) results in the enhanced production of extracellular matrix (ECM). We have studied the effect of fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1) on liver MFB. In the second part we investigated effect of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and FGF-1 on cell line HSC-T6. Cells were cultured on plastic dishes and in 3D collagen gel mimicking fibrotic tissue. MFB were isolated by repeated passaging of nonparenchymal liver cell fraction. The transfer of MFB from plastic dishes to collagen gel resulted in the change in their shape and phenotype. The expression of cytokine TGF-β1 and of MFB markers, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and cellular fibronectin (EDA-FN) on protein level was significantly decreased in collagen gel. The experiments with SB 431542, the inhibitor of TGF-β receptor type I, showed that EDA-FN and α-SMA are differently regulated. EDA-FN expression is dependent on TGF-β1, while the expression of α-SMA is primarily determined by the environment and modified by TGF-β1. EDA-FN is more sensitive to the U0126, the inhibitor of protein kinases MEK 1 and 2. Collagen gel does not change the expression of metalloproteinase MMP-2 but activates the proenzyme....

Les bones morphogenetic protein (Bmp) sont des morphogènes qui jouent des rôles sur la prolifération et la différenciation cellulaire. La perte de signalisation dans cette voie est associée à la polypose juvénile familiale et à un risque accru de cancer gastrique. Elle est aussi associée avec l’inflammation et la guérison des tissus. Il est montré qu’au niveau de l’estomac, les ligands et les récepteurs de la signalisation des Bmp sont exprimés dans les compartiments épithéliaux et mésenchymateux. Les différents modèles animaux développés ont confirmé l’importance de cette signalisation dans la carcinogenèse gastrique. Cependant, ces modèles causent une perte de signalisation dans l’ensemble de la muqueuse gastrique et ne réussissent pas à montrer un mécanisme. Parallèlement, notre laboratoire a montré qu’une perte de signalisation de la voie des Bmp, exclusivement dans le compartiment épithélial, ne développe pas les phénotypes associés à la progression du cancer gastrique. Ce résultat suggère que les cellules mésenchymateuses pourraient être la clé de l’importance de la signalisation des Bmp dans l’estomac. Afin de mettre en lumière le rôle de la signalisation des Bmp dans le compartiment mésenchymateux, des souris qui perdent de façon spécifique le récepteur de type 1a des Bmp dans ce compartiment ont été généré (Bmpr1aMES). Il semble que la perte de signalisation des Bmp induit au niveau du mésenchyme une modification du comportement et une activation des fibroblastes en myofibroblastes. Cette modification produit également un microenvironnement (matrices, facteurs de croissance, cytokines, interleukines) propice au développement du cancer et induire des modifications importantes de l’épithélium et un appel de cellules immunitaires. Cet environnement semble être suffisant pour réduire de façon importante le nombre de cellules endocriniennes et de cellules pariétales dans l’épithélium gastrique. Il semble que la perte mésenchymateuse de signalisation des Bmp au niveau gastrique entraîne le développement d’une métaplasie au niveau de l’estomac des souris, une hyperplasie atypique qui évolue jusqu'à une dysplasie accompagnée d’une desmoplasie importante. Mes travaux ont également démontré que, dans ce contexte, une mutation oncogénique, comme la perte de Trp53, pourrait devenir maligne. En conclusion, au sein du mésenchyme, la signalisation des Bmp est importante pour le maintien de celui-ci dans un état sain. Il est probable qu’elle joue un rôle important dans le retour à l’état normal suivant les gastrites. Sa perte rend l’estomac des souris fragile au développement d’adénomes. / Abstract : Bone morphogenetic proteins (Bmp) play roles in the proliferation and differentiation. It is also associated with inflammation and tissue repair. Disruption of signaling in this pathway is associated with familial juvenile polyposis and an increase risk of gastric cancer. It has been shown that in the stomach, Bmp signaling is bidirectional. Meaning that ligands and receptors are expressed in both the epithelial and stromal compartments. Gastric abrogation animal models of the Bmp signaling pathway have confirmed the importance of this signaling in gastric carcinogenesis. However these models cause a loss of signaling in both compartments of the gastric mucosa, and the mechanism of action for this has yet been undefined. Previous work by a student in our laboratory provided a model of loss of the Bmp signaling pathway exclusively in the epithelial compartment. This model does not develop phenotypes associated with the progression of gastric cancer, suggesting, that the stromal compartment is the key in tumorigenesis by Bmp signaling in the stomach. To further test this hypothesis, we generated mice with a stromal compartment-specific loss of type1a BMP receptor (Bmpr1aMES). It appears that this deletion in the stroma induced behavior alteration with activation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. This change also produces a microenvironment (matrix, growth factors, cytokines, and interleukins) that is conducive to the development of cancer and induces significant modifications of the epithelium as well as a recruitment of immune cells. This microenvironment seems to be sufficient to significantly reduce the number of endocrine cells and parietal cells in the gastric epithelium. It seems that the loss of stromal Bmp signaling in the mice’s stomachs causes development of metaplasia; atypical hyperplasia that progresses to dysplasia accompanied by a significant desmoplasia. My work also shows that in this environment an oncogenic mutation such as the loss of Trp53 may become malignant. In conclusion, in the stromal compartment, Bmp signaling is important for maintaining a healthy state. It is probably involved in the return to the normal state following gastritis, and its loss makes the mouse stomach susceptible to adenoma development.

Infektionen mit H. pylori führen zu Veränderungen im Aufbau und der zellulären Zusammensetzung des Magenepithels. Aktuelle Studien haben gezeigt, dass Stromazellen, die sich in unmittelbarer Nähe der epithelialen Stammzelle befinden, die funktionelle Nische für dieses Kompartiment bilden und wichtige Faktoren für die Regulierung des Stammzellumsatzes und Differenzierung darstellen. Daher konzentriere ich mich bei dieser Arbeit auf die Rolle der Myh11+ Myofibroblasten, die sich sowohl unter als auch zwischen den Epitheldrüsenzellen befinden. Ich fand heraus, dass die Myofibroblasten in der Homöostase einen BMP-Gradienten entlang der Drüsenachse mit erhöhter Expression von Bmp2 im oberen Teil erzeugen, während die Drüsenbasis von Zellen umgeben ist, die Bmp-Inhibitoren produzieren. Basierend auf der Funktionsanalyse mit 3D-Organoidmodellen ist der Bmp-Signalweg ein zentraler Faktor für die rasche Differenzierung von Stammzellen in faveoläre mukusproduzierende Zellen. Darüber hinaus wurde ein auto-parakriner Signalweg gefunden, der zur Bildung von Bmp2 in Epithelzellen führt. Meine Untersuchungen Daten zeigten eine Verringerung des BMP-Signalwegs in H. pylori-infizierten Myofibroblasten. Darüber hinaus führte eine Infektion mit H. pylori nicht nur zum Verlust der stromalen, sondern auch der epithelialen Bmp2-Expression. Diese Beobachtung ging mit einer Zunahme von IFNγ einher, was auf eine Verbindung zwischen beiden Signalwegen hinwies. Tatsächlich zeigten anschließende Experimente mit Organoiden, dass IFNγ den Bmp-Signalweg hemmt und dadurch die terminale Differenzierung blockiert. Zusammenfassend zeigen meine Untersuchungen, dass das Schicksal einer Zelle, die zur Oberfläche der Magendrüse wandert, eine Induktion des BMP-Signalwegs erfährt. Die Reduktion dieses Signals durch IFNγ deutet auf einen Mechanismus hin, der Veränderungen in der zellulären Differenzierung und die Entwicklung von prämalignen epithelialen Läsionen im Verlauf einer H. pylori-Infektion bewirkt. / Infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) leads to alterations of the topology and cellular composition of the gastric epithelium. Recent studies have shown that stromal cells located in close proximity to the epithelial stem cell are creating the niche for this compartment and provide crucial factors that regulate stem cell turnover and fate decisions. Therefore, this thesis focuses on of Myh11+ myofibroblasts that are located beneath and between the epithelial gland cells. I found that during homeostasis, the myofibroblasts generate a BMP gradient along the gland axis with strong expression of Bmp2 in the upper part, whereas the base is surrounded by cells producing BMP inhibitors. Based on functional analysis with 3D organoid models, the BMP gradient occurs to be a main factor responsible for rapid differentiation of stem cells into pit surface mucous cells. Moreover, experiments led me to identify an auto-paracrine feed-forward BMP2 loop in epithelial cells, which further stabilizes BMP signaling once it is activated and induces terminal differentiation. Data presented in this study demonstrated a reduction of BMP signaling in H. pylori-infected myofibroblasts. Furthermore, infection with H. pylori resulted in loss of not only stromal, but also epithelial Bmp2 expression. This observation was accompanied with increase of Interferon γ (IFNγ), which indicated a link between both pathways. Consistently, stimulation of organoids with IFNγ impairs BMP signaling and the BMP2 feed-forward loop, and thereby blocks terminal differentiation. Together, this study shows that the fate of a cell migrating into the surface of the gastric gland is determined by an induction of BMP signaling and stabilized by an auto-paracrine BMP signaling enhancement. Reduction of this signaling by IFNγ revealed a mechanism which contributes to altered cellular differentiation and development of premalignant epithelial alterations in the context of H. pylori infection.

No description available.

No description available.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is ranked the second leading cause of death in Canada, with 53,704 heart disease-related deaths documented in 2020 alone. After a patient sustains cardiac injury, such as a myocardial infarction (MI), the heart is often unable to undergo sufficient self-recovery for healthy cardiac regeneration and repair; this is largely attributed to fibrotic tissue development at the injury site and subsequent pathological ventricular remodeling. The prevalence of MI events has created a considerable demand to develop novel strategies for effective and safe post-MI therapies. Research has indicated that post-MI modifications interfere with endogenous cardiac repair mechanisms, resulting in a pathological state. After an infarction, there is an accumulation of methylglyoxal (MG) at the site of injury. It has been suggested that MG contributes to ventricular fibrotic development, however its underlying mechanism remains unclear. Additionally, the effects that the post-MI cardiac environment, specifically MG accumulation, has on post-MI therapies and biomaterials has not been sufficiently established. Accordingly, the primary focus of this research project is to elucidate the effects of MG on the collagen-rich extracellular matrix (ECM) of the heart and key cardiac cells involved in the repair process. Further, the interaction between MG and a promising collagen-based hydrogel therapy is investigated, exploring the effects of MG on the hydrogel’s degradative process. It was found that the MG modification of hydrogels did not alter the degradation rate. Additionally, the degradation products of hydrogels, and MG-modified substrates did not affect the properties and formation of myofibroblasts.

Fibroproliferative disorders are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with one specific group of fibroproliferative disorders being interstitial lung diseases (ILD). Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is the most common ILD; however its pathogenesis is not entirely understood. What is known is that there is repetitive cellular injury preceding the fibrotic remodeling in the lungs that contributes to the irreversible deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Myofibroblasts that accumulate at the site of injury are thought to be the key drivers of ECM deposition and are often associated in the disease. Although it is poorly understood how these immune cells differentiate in the lung, one hypothesis suggests the role of alternatively activated profibrotic macrophages in this process. The data presented in this thesis suggest that there are a presence of UPR and macrophage proteins in the lungs of IPF patients and the UPR may be necessary in the polarization of alternatively activated macrophages. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)