La maladie osseuse liée à la fibrose kystique (MOLFK) est une comorbidité qui se caractérise par une faible densité osseuse découlant d’une diminution de la formation osseuse et d’une augmentation de la résorption osseuse. Les ostéoblastes (Ob), les cellules responsables de la formation osseuse, sont principalement affectées par la MOLFK. Le Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), dont le gène est muté chez les patients FK, est exprimé par les Ob. Des études réalisées sur des modèles murins FK ont démontré que l’expression du gène Cftr est importante pour la différenciation des cellules souches mésenchymateuses (CSM) en Ob matures et pour la fonction des Ob. Nous avons également montré que l’absence du CFTR affecte les cellules mâles et femelles de façon distincte. Or, les mécanismes par lesquels l’absence du CFTR entraine ces perturbations restent méconnus. Afin d’expliquer ces perturbations, nous avons ciblé l’hormone parathyroïdienne (PTH) dont la liaison à son récepteur PTHR1 active des voies de signalisation impliquées dans la régulation de la différenciation des Ob. Nous proposons que l'absence du CFTR mènera à une altération sexe spécifique de la réponse à la PTH des CSM et des Ob. En utilisant des cellules issues de souris mâles et femelles Cftr+/+ et Cftr-/- traitées ou non à la PTH, nous avons investigué: 1) les niveaux d’expression génique et protéique de PTHR1; 2) l’activation de l’une des voies de signalisation PTH/PTHR1 (ERK1/2); 3) les niveaux d’expression des gènes cibles ostéoblastiques (receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), ostéoprotégérine (OPG), Runx2, phosphatase alcaline (ALP), ostéocalcine) et ostéocytaires (Matrix Extracellular Phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) et sclérostine) et; 4) la fonction ostéoblastique (activité de l’ALP). Nos résultats montrent que les niveaux d’expression génique de PTHR1 sont similaires entre les cellules Cftr+/+ et Cftr-/- traitées ou non à la PTH mais que l’expression protéique basale de PTHR1 est abaissée chez les cellules Cftr-/- femelles. La PTH induit la phosphorylation de ERK1/2 dans les cellules Cftr+/+ (mâles et femelles) et Cftr-/- mâles alors que cet effet est absent chez les cellules Cftr-/- femelles. La PTH augmente le ratio RANKL/OPG et diminue l’expression des gènes ostéoblastiques et ostéocytaires des cellules Cftr+/+ alors que les cellules Cftr-/- femelles démontrent une absence complète de réponse à la PTH. L’activité de l’ALP ne diffère pas entre les cellules Cftr+/+ et Cftr-/- traitées ou non à la PTH. Ces résultats suggèrent que l’absence du CFTR est associée à des altérations de la réponse à la PTH des CSM et Ob murins plus marquées chez les femelles. Une meilleure compréhension de la physiopathologie de la MOLFK et de l’influence du sexe biologique, pourrait mener à une personnalisation des thérapies de la MOLFK. / Cystic fibrosis bone-related disease (CFBD) is a comorbidity characterized by the presence of low bone mass resulting from a decrease in bone formation and an increase in bone resorption. Osteoblasts (Ob), the cells responsible for bone formation, are primarily affected by CFBD. The Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), the mutated gene in cystic fibrosis (CF), is expressed by Ob. Using CF mouse models, we and other have shown that the presence of Cftr is important for the differentiation of murine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into mature Ob and for Ob function. Interestingly, we found that the loss of CFTR affected cells coming from males and females differently. However, the mechanisms by which the CFTR causes these alterations are poorly understood. In order to explain these alterations, we focused on the parathyroid hormone (PTH)-PTHR1 signaling pathways, which are involved in the regulation of Ob differentiation. We propose that the absence of CFTR leads to gender-specific alterations in the response of MSCs and Ob to PTH. Using cells isolated from Cftr+/+ and Cftr-/- males and females and treated or not with PTH, we investigated the : 1) gene and protein expression levels of PTHR1; 2) activation of one of the PTH-PTHR1 signaling pathways (ERK1/2); 3) expression levels of Ob (receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), Runx2, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin) and osteocyte target genes (Matrix Extracellular Phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) and sclerostin) and; 4) osteoblast function (ALP activity). Our data show that gene expression levels of PTHR1 are similar between Cftr+/+ and Cftr-/- treated or not with PTH; however basal protein expression of PTHR1 is decreased in Cftr-/- female cells. PTH induces ERK1/2 phosphorylation in Cftr+/+ (males and females) and Cftr-/- (males), but this effect is absent in cells coming from Cftr-/- females. PTH increases the RANKL/OPG ratio and decreases the expression of Ob and osteocyte genes in Cftr+/+ cells. PTH fails to modulate the expression of these genes in Cftr-/- female cells. ALP activity is similar between Cftr+/+ and Cftr-/- cells treated or not with PTH. These results suggest that the absence of CFTR is associated with alterations in the response to PTH of murine MSCs and Ob that are more pronounced in cells coming from females. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of CFBD, and the influence of biological sex, may lead to better tailored therapies for CFBD.

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No description available.

L’arthrose (OA) est une maladie articulaire dégénérative à l’étiologie complexe et diverse. Les travaux de ces dernières années ont démontré que l’OA est une pathologie affectant tous les tissus de l’articulation incluant le cartilage, la membrane synoviale et l’os sous-chondral. L’OA se traduit par une déstructuration et une perte de fonctionnalité de l’articulation, et est principalement caractérisée par une perte de cartilage articulaire. L’inflammation de la membrane synoviale joue un rôle déterminant dans la progression de l’OA, toutefois elle serait secondaire à la dégradation du cartilage. De plus, l’os sous-chondral est également le siège de nombreuses transformations lors de l’OA. Il est fortement suggéré que ces changements ne correspondent pas seulement à une conséquence, mais pourraient être une cause du développement de l’OA impliquant une communication entre ce tissu et le cartilage. Il est maintenant bien établi que les voies inflammatoires et cataboliques jouent un rôle crucial dans l’OA. C’est pourquoi, nous avons étudié l’implication d’une nouvelle famille de récepteurs membranaires, les PARs, et plus particulièrement le PAR-2 dans les voies physiopathologiques de l’OA. Notre hypothèse est que l’activation de PAR-2 au cours de l’OA est un phénomène majeur du développement/progression de la maladie faisant du récepteur PAR-2 un candidat privilégié pour le développement de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques ciblant non seulement le cartilage mais aussi l’os sous-chondral. Pour cette étude, nous avons travaillé in vitro avec des chondrocytes (Cr) et des ostéoblastes (Ob) OA respectivement du cartilage et de l’os sous-chondral du condyle fémoral humain. Nos résultats ont démontré que PAR-2 était plus exprimé dans les Cr et les Ob OA que dans les cellules normales. Par ailleurs, PAR-2 est régulé positivement par certains facteurs retrouvés au cours de l’OA comme l’IL-1β, le TNF-α et le TGF-β dans les Cr OA, et par l’IL-1β, le TNF-α et la PGE2 dans les Ob OA. De plus, les principaux facteurs cataboliques et inflammatoires, soit la MMP-1, la MMP-13 et la COX-2 sont produits en quantité plus élevée suite à l’activation du récepteur dans le cartilage OA. De même, l’activation de PAR-2 dans les Ob OA conduit à une production accrue de facteurs pro-résorptifs tels que RANKL, l’IL-6, la MMP-1 et la MMP-9, et à l’augmentation de l’activité pro-résorptive de ces cellules. En outre, dans les deux types tissulaires étudiés, l’activation de PAR-2 augmente l’activité de certaines protéines de la famille des MAPKinases comme Erk1/2, p38 et JNK. Finalement, nous avons conclu notre étude en employant un modèle in vivo d’OA induite chez la souris sauvage et déficiente pour le gène PAR-2. Nos résultats ont démontré que l’absence d’expression et de production de PAR-2 influençait le processus inflammatoire et les changements structuraux affectant à la fois le cartilage et l’os sous-chondral, conduisant à un ralentissement du développement de l’OA. Nos travaux de recherche ont donc permis de montrer que le récepteur PAR-2 est un élément majeur du processus OA en agissant sur les voies cataboliques et inflammatoires du cartilage, et sur le remodelage tissulaire de l’os sous-chondral. Mots-clés : Arthrose, chondrocyte, cartilage, ostéoblaste, os sous-chondral, PAR-2, MMPs, COX, ILs, RANKL, résorption osseuse, MAPKinase, catabolisme, inflammation / Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex degenerative articular disease. Recent studies have shown that OA is a pathology affecting all the tissues of the joint including the cartilage, the synovial membrane and the subchondral bone. OA is regarded as destruction and a loss of functionality of joint, and is mainly characterized by a loss of articular cartilage. The synovial inflammation also plays a key role in the progression of OA; however, it is believed to be secondary to cartilage degradation. In addition, there are also in the subchondral bone numerous changes which occur during the course of the disease. It is strongly suggested that these changes in subchondral bone are not just a consequence but could be a cause of the development of OA, thus involving a cross-talk between this tissue and the cartilage. It is now well established that inflammatory and catabolic pathways play a crucial role during OA. This is why we have engaged the study of the involvement of a new family of membranous receptors, the PARs, and more particularly PAR-2 during the pathophysiological process of OA. Our hypothesis is that PAR-2 activation during OA course is a major phenomenon for the development/progression of the disease, and that PAR-2 seems a suitable candidate for the development of new therapeutic approaches targeting not only the cartilage but also the subchondral bone. Thus, we have performed in vitro studies on OA chondrocyte (Cr) and osteoblasts (Ob) cells issued respectively from human femoral condyle cartilage and subchondral bone. Our results showed that PAR-2 was expressed at a higher level in the OA Cr and Ob compared to normal cells. Moreover, PAR-2 is found to be positively regulated by some factors present during the course of OA, such as IL-1β, TNF-α and TGF-β in the OA Cr, and IL-1β, TNF-α and PGE2 in the OA Ob. In addition, the main catabolic and inflammatory factors including MMP-1, MMP-13 and COX-2 are enhanced following PAR-2 receptor activation in the OA cartilage. Similarly, the activation of PAR-2 in OA Ob lead to an increased production of pro-resorptive factors such as RANKL, IL-6, MMP-1 and MMP-9, and an increased pro-resorptive activity of these cells. In addition, in both tissue types, PAR-2 activation increases the activity of certain protein MAPKinases family such as Erk1/2, p38 and JNK. Finally, we have performed an in vivo study using an OA induced model in wild-type and PAR-2 gene knock-out mice. Our results demonstrated that the absence of PAR-2 expression and production influenced the inflammatory process and structural changes affecting the cartilage and the subchondral bone, leading to a slowing down of OA development. Our research investigation have bring to light that PAR-2 receptor is a key element during OA process by acting on the cartilage catabolic and inflammatory pathways as well as the tissue remodelling of the subchondral bone. Keywords : Osteoarthritis, chondrocyte, cartilage, osteoblast, subchondral bone, PAR-2, MMPs, COX, ILs, RANKL, bone resorption, MAPKinase , catabolism, inflammation

L’ostéoarthrose (OA) se caractérise par une perte du cartilage articulaire, une sclérose osseuse, et une inflammation de la membrane synoviale. Des études in vivo et in vitro indiquent que les modifications du tissu osseux sont responsables de la perte du cartilage articulaire. Les ostéoblastes (Ob) OA présentent une réduction de la réponse à l’hormone parathyroïdienne (PTH), un signal anabolique important pour le tissu osseux, versus les Ob normaux. Le récepteur à la PTH (PTH-R) interagit avec le LRP6, le récepteur des ligands Wnts, et les antagonistes Dickkopf (DKK) bloquent cette interaction. Puisque le niveau de DKK2 est élevé en réponse au TGF-β1 dans les OA Ob, nous proposons que DKK2 altère l’interaction LRP6/PTH-R, le recyclage de PTH-R, et inhibe la réponse à la PTH. Nous avons utilisé des Ob OA et normaux humains en culture primaire. L’expression de PTH-R, LPR6 et DKK2 est mesurée par RT-PCR. Les niveaux protéiques de LRP6, PTH-R et DKK2 ont été déterminés par immunobuvardage. L’inhibition de DKK2 s’est effectuée par siRNA et l’AMP cyclique (AMPc) a été mesurée par ELISA. L’effet de TGF-β1 sur l’expression de DKK2 et PTH-R a été testé sur des cellules d’ostéosarcome SaOS-2. L’expression de PTH-R et LRP6 est similaire entre Ob normaux et OA, mais le niveau protéique de PTH-R est réduit dans les Ob OA. Par contre, l’expression et la production de DKK2 sont plus élevées dans les Ob OA. L’inhibition de DKK2 ne modifia pas l’expression de LRP6 et PTH-R dans les Ob OA mais a augmenté le niveau protéique de PTH-R détecté par immunobuvardage alors que celui de LRP-6 demeura inchangé. L’inhibition de DKK2 dans les Ob OA entraîna une augmentation de PTH-R dans la fraction membranaire et une diminution de la fraction intracellulaire. Les résultats de l'inhibition de la voie de clathrine par le triflupromazine ont montré une expression accrue du récepteur PTH dans la fraction membranaire qui peut être due à l'inhibition de sa dégradation par la voie de clathrine. L’induction de DKK2 dans les cellules SaOS-2 par TGF-β1 entraîna l’inhibition de PTH-R mais non celle de LRP6. L’inhibition de DKK2 dans les Ob OA a stimulé la production d’AMPc en réponse à la PTH par les Ob OA. En outre, le traitement de TGF-β1 dans les cellules SaOS-2 réduit la production d'AMPc en réponse à la PTH.Ces résultats démontrent que les niveaux élevés de DKK2, via l’inhibition de la signalisation Wnt/bcaténine, sont aussi responsables de l’altération de la réponse à la PTH observée dans les Ob OA. Le niveau élevé de DKK2 diminue spécifiquement l’affichage membranaire de PTH-R dans ces cellules et non son expression. Ces résultats suggèrent donc une altération du cross-talk entre LRP6 et PTH-R dans les Ob OA en lien avec leur niveau de DKK2. / Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by loss of articular cartilage, bone sclerosis and synovial membrane inflammation. In vivo and in vitro studies indicate that the changes in bone tissue are responsible for the loss of articular cartilage. OA Osteoblasts (Ob) show a reduced response to parathyroid hormone (PTH), an important anabolic signal for bone tissue, versus normal Ob. The PTH receptor (PTH-R) interacts with LRP6, a receptor of Wnt ligands, and DKK antagonists block this interaction. Since DKK2 production is high in OA Ob whereas DKK2 is increased in normal Ob in response to TGF-β1, we propose that DKK2 alters the LRP6/PTH-R interaction, PTH-R recycling and inhibits the response to PTH. We used human OA and normal osteoblasts in primary culture. PTH-R, DKK2 and LRP6 expression were measured by RT-PCR. LRP6, PTH-R and DKK2 protein levels were determined by immunoblotting. Inhibition of DKK2 levels in OA Ob was performed by DKK2-siRNA, and cAMP production was measured by ELISA. The effect of TGF-β1 on DKK2, PTH-R and cAMP production was tested in osteosarcoma cells SaOS-2. In OA Ob, PTH-R and LRP6 mRNA levels were not changed following DKK2 siRNA treatment. However, PTH-R protein expression increased while that for LRP-6 remained unchanged after treatment with DKK2-siRNA. Compared to control, the distribution of PTH-R was higher in the membrane fraction and lower in the intracellular fraction in OA Ob following DKK2 inhibition. In contrast, LRP6 levels remained almost unchanged following these treatments. The results of the inhibition of the clathrin pathway by triflupromazin showed an increased expression of the PTH receptor in the membrane fraction that may be due to inhibition of their degradation by clathrin pathway. In OA Ob, DKK2 inhibition stimulated cAMP production in response to PTH. DKK2 induction by TGF-β1 in SaOS-2 cells, as assessed by qRT-PCR, caused the inhibition of PTH-R protein expression but not of LRP6. In addition, TGF-β1 treatment in SaOS-2 cells reduced cAMP production in response to PTH. These results demonstrate that high levels of DKK2 in OA Ob are responsible for the altered response to PTH. DKK2 antagonists decrease specifically PTH-R membrane display while they do not affect LRP6 recycling. These results suggest an altered cross-talk between LRP6 and PTH-R in OA Ob due to high levels of DKK2 in these cells.

Les patients atteints de la fibrose kystique (FK) ont désormais un âge médian de survie dépassant la cinquantaine. Par contre, avec ce vieillissement surviennent de nouvelles complications dont l'une des plus prévalente est la maladie osseuse associée à la FK. Les souris dont le Cftr est invalidé génétiquement présentent une densité osseuse amoindrie qui découle d’un débalancement du remodelage osseux caractérisé par une diminution de la formation et une augmentation de la résorption osseuse. L'observation que plusieurs modèles murins FK ont un phénotype ostéopénique et ce, même en absence de certains facteurs étiologiques (inflammation chronique, prise de glucocorticoïdes, insuffisance pancréatique etc.) laisse croire que le Cftr, le gène muté dans la FK, joue un rôle non-négligeable dans le métabolisme osseux. Le présent projet étudiera l’impact de l’absence du CFTR, sur les ostéoblastes (Ob) et ostéoclastes (Oc) dans un modèle murin de FK, soit les souris Cftr-/- de souche BALB/c. De plus, les Ob, sont reconnus comme ayant un effet modulateur sur le microenvironnement leucocytaire de la moelle osseuse (MO). Ce projet visera également à investiguer l’impact de l’absence du CFTR sur la niche leucocytaire de la MO. Nos résultats de densitométrie osseuse et de microtomographie à rayons X ont confirmé que les souris Cftr -/- ont une densité osseuse et un contenu minéral osseux abaissé, une diminution du volume osseux trabéculaire, un nombre amoindri de travées osseuses et une plus grande séparation entre les travées comparé aux souris Cftr+/+. Afin de mieux comprendre ce phénotype osseux, nous avons vérifié et confirmé que l’expression génique et protéique du CFTR est présente chez des Ob dérivés de la MO, mais est absent au niveau des Oc dérivés de la MO. Ces observations corroborent nos résultats portant sur la différenciation des cellules osseuses où nous avons démontré que seule la différenciation et fonction ostéoblastique sont affectées par l'absence du CFTR. Ce défaut ostéoblastique semble influencer négativement la leucopoïèse puisque nous observons une quantité moindre de cellules T, de macrophages et de cellules dendritiques chez les souris Cftr -/- vs. Cftr +/+. À la lumière de ces résultats, l'absence du CFTR semble avoir un impact important sur les ostéoblastes et la moelle osseuse. / With cystic fibrosis (CF) patients now being able to live past fifty years of age come a multitude of secondary complications; one of the most important being cystic fibrosis-related bone disease (CFBD). In Cftr-null mice, this disease is caracterized by a low bone mineral density caused by an uncoupled bone remodeling. However, the observation that various models of CF mice display a bone phenotype despite the absence of the usual human confounders (i.e. inflammation, steroid hormone use, pancreatic insufficiency, etc.) led us to propose that CFTR, itself, plays a non-negligible role in the regulation of bone metabolism. This project will study the impact of the absence of CFTR on the osteoblasts (Ob) and osteoclasts (Oc) in a CF mouse model, namely the BALB/c Cftr-/- mice. In addition, Ob are recognized as having a modulating effect on the leukocyte microenvironment of the bone marrow (BM). This project will also investigate the impact of the absence of CFTR on the leukocyte niche in the BM. Our bone densitometry and X-ray microtomography results showed that Cftr -/- mice have lower bone density and bone mineral content vs. Cftr +/+ mice as well as a decrease in trabecular bone volume and trabecular number, and a greater trabecular separation. To further understand this bone phenotype, we confirmed that BM- derived Ob expressed CFTR at the gene and protein level, but not BM-derived osteoclasts. Such observations support our findings showing that only Ob differenciation and function were affected by the absence of CFTR. The osteoblastic defect appears to adversely affect the BM leukopoiesis as decreased numbers of T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells were observed in Cftr -/- mice vs. Cftr +/+. In light of these findings, we believe that the absence of CFTR has an important impact on the Ob and the bone marrow.

O crescimento, desenvolvimento e manutenção do tecido ósseo são processos altamente regulados. Diversas proteínas como hormônios, fatores de crescimento e citocinas estão envolvidas nestes processos e exercem atividade direta sobre células osteoblástica e osteoclástica, atuando em sua diferenciação e ativação metabólica. O processo de regeneração óssea é iniciado por fatores estimuladores locais como as proteínas morfogenética óssea (BMP Bone Morphogenetic Proteins). As BMPs são um produto do metabolismo dos osteoblastos, odontoblastos e de várias células tumorais, sendo armazenadas na forma de concentrados no osso, dentina e em células neoplásicas do osteossarcoma e de certos tumores odontogênicos, tais como: fibroma cementificante, cementoblastoma benigno, dentinoma, fibroma odontogênico e odontoma. Esclarecer os mecanismos que controlam a remodelação óssea é uma questão bastante relevante. Nesse sentido, as células-tronco mesenquimais têm despertado grande interesse devido ao seu potencial envolvimento no processo de reparo tissular. A obtenção de osteoblastos funcionais a partir de células-tronco mesenquimais tem sido utilizada na engenharia de tecidos e terapia celular. Desse modo, no presente trabalho foi realizada uma análise proteômica das proteínas envolvidas nas diversas fases de diferenciação osteoblástica de células-tronco mesenquimais de medula óssea de rato Wistar e humana, no sentido de obter maiores informações sobre a diferenciação celular e a biologia do tecido ósseo. Células-tronco mesenquimais obtidas de medula óssea foram cultivadas em meio osteogênico por diferentes períodos para obter células em diversas fases da diferenciação osteoblástica. Para análise proteômica foram utilizadas ferramentas como a estratégia de shotgun proteomics e quantificação relativa (iTRAQ - Isobaric Tag for Relative and Absolute Quantitation) para separação de proteínas e a espectrometria de massas para a identificação e quantificação relativa de proteínas e peptídeos. Neste contexto, os nossos resultados nos levam a concluir que: as CTMs de medula óssea de rato Wistar expressam genes que estão envolvidos na diferenciação osteogênica quando estimuladas in vitro formando matriz óssea no período de 14 dias, ou seja, o fator estimulante no microambiente é de fundamental importância; as CTMs de medula óssea humana apresentaram resultados semelhantes com as CTMs de ratos em nível genômico durante a diferenciação osteogênica, entretanto quando estimuladas in vitro formaram a matriz óssea no período de 21 dias; utilizando duas abordagens proteômicas, foi possível identificar proteínas importantes que estão envolvidas no processo de diferenciação. Mas cabe salientar que, embora tenham sido detectados genes que parecem envolvidos no processo de diferenciação, isso não teve reflexo no proteoma dessas células nos períodos de 7 e 14 dias da indução de diferenciação à osteogênese, o que indica que a maior parte da funcionalidade dessas células quanto aos outros processos biológicos estão preservados, como por exemplo a proliferação celular permaneceu sem grandes alterações. Isso indica que manipulações de isolamento, cultivo e indução da diferenciação dessas células não afetaram o proteoma, com aspectos positivos para a utilização de células-tronco mesenquimais em terapia celular. Do ponto de vista metodológico, esse trabalho abre perspectivas da utilização de estratégias proteômicas baseadas na marcação por isóbaros em combinação com separação de proteínas por eletroforese unidimensional SDS-PAGE para a análise de amostras biologicamente complexas e de quantidades limitadas de obtenção como células-tronco mesenquimais. O estudo da expressão de proteínas durante as fases de diferenciação osteoblástica de células-tronco mesenquimais de medula óssea deve refletir seu estado funcional e contribuir para o entendimento das diversas vias envolvidas no processo de diferenciação. / The growth, development and maintenance of bone tissue are highly regulated processes. Several proteins such as hormones, growth factors and cytokines are actively involved in these processes and exert direct activity on osteoblastic and osteoclastic cells, acting in their differentiation and metabolic activation. The process of bone regeneration is initiated by local stimulating factors as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP). BMPs are a product of the metabolism of osteoblasts, odontoblasts and various tumor cells and is stored in the form of concentrates in bone, dentin and neoplastic cells of osteosarcoma and certain odontogenic tumors such as fibroma cementifying, cementoblastoma benign dentinoma, odontogenic fibroma and odontoma. Clarify the mechanisms that control bone remodeling is a very relevant issue. Accordingly, the mesenchymal stem cells have attracted great interest because of its potential involvement in the process of tissue repair. Obtaining functional osteoblasts from mesenchymal stem cells has been used in tissue engineering and cell therapy. Thus, this present work performed a proteomic analysis of proteins involved in various stages of osteoblast differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow of Wistar rat and human, in order to obtain more information on the biology of cell differentiation and bone tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells obtained from bone marrow were cultured in osteogenic medium for different periods to obtain cells at different stages of osteoblast differentiation. For proteomics analysis tools were used as the strategy of shotgun proteomics and relative quantification (iTRAQ - isobaric Tag for Relative and Absolute quantitation) for protein separation and mass spectrometry to identify proteins. In this context, our results take us to conclude that the MSCs of Wistar rat bone marrow express genes that are involved in osteogenic differentiation in vitro when stimulated to form bone matrix during the 14 days, ie stimulating factor in the microenvironment is of fundamental importance, the MSCs from human bone marrow showed similar results with rat MSCs at the genomic level during osteogenic differentiation, however, when stimulated in vitro formed bone matrix within 21 days, using two proteomic approaches, we could identify proteins important that are involved in the process of differentiation. But it should be noted that although it has been identified genes that seem involved in the process of differentiation, it was not reflected in the proteome of these cells at 7 and 14 days after induction of the osteogenic differentiation, indicating that most of the functionality of these cells and other biological processes are preserved, such as cell proliferation remained without major changes. This indicates that manipulations of isolation, culture and induction of differentiation of these cells did not affect the proteome, with positive aspects to the use of mesenchymal stem cells in cell therapy. From the methodological point of view, this work opens up the use of proteomic strategies based on the score for isobars in combination with protein separation by electrophoresis, one-dimensional SDS-PAGE for the analysis of complex biological samples and limited quantities of production as mesenchymal stem cells. The study of protein expression during stages of osteoblast differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow should reflect their functional status and contribute to the understanding of pathways involved in the process of differentiation.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do condicionamento de superfície de uma vitrocerâmica 100% cristalina e altamente bioativa (Biosilicato®) e de seus produtos de dissolução iônica sobre diferentes parâmetros do desenvolvimento do fenótipo osteogênico in vitro. Previamente ao plaqueamento de células osteogênicas de calvárias de ratos, discos de Biosilicato® foram condicionados, por 3 dias, em meio de cultura suplementado, com ou sem soro fetal bovino a 10%. Células osteogênicas expostas aos produtos de dissolução iônica do Biosilicato® foram também cultivadas sobre lamínulas de vidro bioinerte. Discos de Biosilicato e lamínulas de vidro foram utilizados como controles. Os resultados mostraram que o tratamento de superfície de Biosilicato® aumenta expressivamente a concentração de silício e cálcio no meio de cultura. Em 1, 3 e 7 dias, foram determinados os maiores valores de viabilidade celular em superfícies de Biosilicato® condicionado, enquanto que entre os grupos de lamínulas de vidro, observou-se menor viabilidade em culturas expostas aos produtos de dissolução iônica do Biosilicato®. Em 3 dias, células sobre todas as superfícies de Biosilicato® apresentavam-se menos espraiadas quando comparadas àquelas sobre lamínulas de vidro; neste período, a topografia das superfícies dos grupos de Biosilicato® caracterizava-se por rede de cavidades na submicro e nanoescala, enquanto que a lamínula apresentava superfície plana. Alterações no padrão de marcação das proteínas citoesqueléticas actina, vimentina, tubulina e vinculina, da subunidade de integrina α5 e da fibronectina eram observadas apenas em células crescidas sobre as superfícies de Biosilicato®. Ao final da fase proliferativa (7 dias), foram observados maiores níveis relativos de expressão de RNA mensageiro para Runx2, sialoproteína óssea (BSP) e fosfatase alcalina (ALP) em culturas crescidas sobre superfícies condicionadas de Biosilicato®; a exposição aos produtos de dissolução iônica aumentou a expressão de Runx2 e ALP nos grupos de lamínula de vidro. Em 14 dias, culturas sobre Biosilicato® condicionado em meio de cultura com soro exibiam áreas mais extensas de mineralização. Os resultados deste estudo mostraram que o condicionamento de superfícies de Biosilicato® previamente ao plaqueamento celular favorece aspectos da interação célula-substrato, promovendo maior viabilidade celular e aumentando e/ou acelerando o desenvolvimento do fenótipo osteogênico in vitro. A exposição aos produtos de dissolução iônica do Biosilicato® inibe a progressão de culturas osteogênicas sobre lamínulas de vidro bioinerte, apesar de aumentar a expressão de marcadores osteoblásticos. / The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of surface conditioning of a highly bioactive, fully crystalline glass-ceramic in the Na2O-CaO-SiO2-P2O5 system (Biosilicate®) and of its ionic dissolution products on key parameters of the development of the osteogenic phenotype in vitro. Rat calvaria-derived osteogenic cells were plated on Biosilicate® discs that were pre-conditioned either with supplemented culture medium or serum-free medium for 3 days. In addition, osteogenic cells grown on bioinert glass coverslips were exposed to the ionic dissolution products of the Biosilicate®. The results showed that the supplemented culture medium used for the Biosilicate® surface conditioning exhibited a high concentration silicium and calcium. At 1, 3, and 7 days, cell viability was significantly higher for the conditioned Biosilicate® sufaces, whereas reduced cell viability was observed for cultures grown on glass coverslips and exposed to the ionic dissolution products of Biosilicate®. At day 3, cells grown on Biosilicate® groups were less spread compared with those on glass coverslips. At the same time point, whereas the surface topography of glass coverslips was smooth, Biosilicate® discs exhibited a network of submicron and nanoscale pits. Changes in the labeling pattern of the cytoskeleton proteins actin, vimentin, tubulin and vinculin, and of α5 integrin and fibronectin were only observed for cells grown on Biosilicate® surfaces. At the end of the proliferative phase (day 7), expression levels of Runx2, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bone sialoprotein (BSP) mRNAs were significantly higher for cultures grown on conditioned Biosilicate® surfaces; the exposure of cells to the ionic dissolution products increased Runx2 and ALP mRNA levels. At day 14, significantly more extensive areas of matrix mineralization were detected for cultures grown on Biosilicate® discs that were pre-conditioned with supplemented culture medium. The results showed that the conditioning of Biosilicate® surfaces with culture medium prior to cell plating supports key aspects of cell-substrate interactions, increasing and/or accelerating expression of the osteoblastic cell phenotype. Furthermore, the exposure of cells to the ionic dissolution products of Biosilicate® inhibits the progression of osteogenic cell cultures on bioinert glass coverslips, despite its positive effect on expression of osteoblastic markers.

Materiais vítreos e vitrocerâmicos bioativos podem ser usados particulados ou como scaffolds em diferentes tratamentos de defeitos ósseos. Tratamentos térmicos que possibilitam o desenvolvimento de scaffolds a partir de composições de vidros bioativos introduzem fases cristalinas em sua estrutura amorfa com potencial impacto na bioatividade e biocompatibilidade do material. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar, qualitativa e quantitativamente, o desenvolvimento do fenótipo osteogênico de culturas de células osteoblásticas sobre substratos vítreos e vitrocerâmicos bioativos. Células MC3T3-E1 foram cultivadas em condições osteogênicas por períodos de até 21 dias sobre superfícies de Bioglass® 45S5, de duas preparações de vitrocerâmica bioativa e altamente cristalina, Biosilicato® e Biosilicato® para scaffold, e de borosilicato (vidro bioinerte). Foram avaliados, nos períodos de 7, 12 e 21 dias, morfologia celular, formação de matriz mineralizada e expressão de genes relacionados à osteogênese. Os resultados mostraram confluência das culturas sobre as superfícies de vidros e vitrocerâmicas, com progressiva formação de multicamadas celulares. A quantificação de vermelho de Alizarina revelou aumento de mineralização para culturas sobre materiais bioativos, com os maiores valores para Biosilicato® para scaffold. Expressão diferencial de genes foi observada nos 3 períodos de culturas sobre os materiais vítreo e vitrocerâmicos bioativos em comparação ao vidro bioinerte e sobre as vitrocerâmicas em comparação ao vidro bioativo. Os resultados permitem concluir que modificações em aspectos químicos de materiais vítreos e vitrocerâmicos, com efeitos sobre sua bioatividade, resultam em alteração do potencial osteogênico e do perfil de expressão gênica de células osteoblásticas in vitro. A maior atividade osteogênica sobre o Biosilicato® para scaffold permite considerar esse material um potencial candidato para aplicações em defeitos ósseos. / Bioactive glasses and glass-ceramics have been used as bone substitutes in either particulate or scaffold forms. Various thermal treatments that allow the development of scaffolds from bioactive glasses may create varied proportions of new crystalline phases in the amorphous phase with a potential impact on the bioactivity and biocompatibility of the material. The aim of the present in vitro study was to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the development of the osteogenic phenotype in osteoblastic cell cultures grown on bioactive glass and glass-ceramic surfaces. MC3T3-E1 cells, subclone 14, were cultured under an osteogenic condition for periods of up to 21 days on the following disc surfaces: Bioglass® 45S5 (bioactive glass), Biosilicate® (bioactive glass-ceramic), Biosilicate® as the material for scaffold preparation (Bio-sc, bioactive glass-ceramic), and borosilicate (bioinert glass). At days 7, 12, and 21 post-plating, cell morphology, mineralized matrix formation and the expression profile of genes associated with osteogenesis were evaluated. Epifluorescence of actin cytoskeleton and DAPI DNA stain revealed confluent cell cultures at day 7 for all groups, with progressive cell multilayering formation. The quantitative analysis of Alizarin red-stained cultures at day 21 revealed significantly enhanced mineralization in cultures grown on bioactive materials compared with the ones on borosilicate and the highest absorbance intensities for the Bio-sc group. Differential gene expression profiles were detected at the three time points evaluated in cultures grown on the bioactive materials in comparison with borosilicate, and on the glass-ceramics in comparison with Bioglass® 45S5. From the results presented, it can be concluded that changes in chemical characteristics of glass and glass-ceramic that may have an impact on their bioactivity index can affect the osteogenic potential and the gene expression profile of osteoblastic cells in vitro. The highest osteogenic activity on Bio-sc renders this material a good candidate for bone defect applications.

Eventos como fosforilação e desfosforilação estão presentes nos processos de crescimento e diferenciação celular. As proteínas tirosina fosfatases estão envolvidas nestes processos. Estas enzimas são encontradas em animais, plantas e ocorrem em diversas formas, diferindo no peso molecular, substrato específico e sensibilidade a inibidores. As enzimas que possuem baixo peso molecular (entre 18-20 KDa), hidrolisam p-nitrofenilfosfato e são sensíveis ao p-hidroximercuribenzoato são chamadas como proteínas tirosina fosfatases de baixo peso molecular relativo (PTP-BMr) ou fosfatases ácidas. Vários dados sugerem que tipos de células de osso, como osteoblastos, podem expressar esta enzima ativa. Aqui, culturas de osteoblastos derivadas da medula removida do fêmur de rato foram investigadas para padronizar a metodologia de obtenção da PTP-BMr. A expressão e atividade catalítica desta enzima em diferentes estágios de crescimento de osteoblastos também foram verificadas. Foi observado que são necessários de 16-19 dias de cultura para obter maiores níveis de atividade da PTP-BMr em extrato citoplasmático. O nível de expressão do gene da PTP-BMr foi determinado por PCR em tempo real e uma maior quantificação de RNAm foi obtida em 16 dias de crescimento de osteoblasto. A caracterização bioquímica parcial confirma uma banda de atividade em gel de poliacrilamida com peso molecular de 17,6 KDa, e pH ótimo de 5,5. A hidrólise do p-nitrofenilfosfato demonstra uma pequena cooperatividade relativa (n=1,2) com K0,5= 0,12 e Vmax= 3,5U/mg. Esta atividade foi fortemente inibida (60 a 75%) por molibdato de amônio (10mM); fosfato de sódio (10mM); ortovanadato de sódio (10mM) e p-hidroximercuribenzoato de sódio (10mM). Estas propriedades são típicas desta classe. A interação entre osteoblastos e diferentes superfícies pode ativar ou desativar genes. Este presente projeto investigou se a interação com superfície de titânio pode modificar o perfil de atividade da PTP-BMr. Quando em presença de uma superfície de titânio há um maior aumento na atividade catalítica do que nos níveis de RNAm da PTP-BMr o que sugere uma estimulação da enzima a qual pode estar auxiliando no processo de formação óssea. / Events as phosphorilation and desphosphorilation are experienced in cell growth and differentiation processes. Tyrosine phosphatases proteins are involved in these processes. These enzymes are found in animals, plants and occur in multiple forms, differing in relative molecular weight, substrate specificity and sensitivity to inhibitors. The enzymes that have low molecular weight (between 18-20KDa), hydrolize p-nitrophenilphosphate and are sensible to p-hidroximercuribenzoate are known as low molecular weight relative tyrosine phosphatase proteins (PTP-LMWr) or acid phosphatase. Several data suggest that bone cell types, such as osteoblasts, may express this enzyme activity. Here, osteosblast cultures derived from medulla removed from rat femur were investigated to standardize the methodology of PTP-LMW obtainment. The expression and the catalytic activity of this protein in different stages of osteoblast growth were checked as well. It was observed that 16-19 culture days are necessary to obtain greater levels of activity of PTP-LMW in the cytoplasmatic extracts. The gene expression level of PTP-LMW was determined by quantitative real-time PCR, and a greater quantity of mRNA was observed within sixteen days of osteoblast growth. The partial biochemistry characterization confirms a single active band in poliacrilamide gel with molecular weight of about 17.6KDa, and a pH-optimum around 5.5. p-nitrophenilphosphate hydrolysis shows a small cooperative behavior (n=1.2) with K0.5=0.12mM and Vmax=3.5U/mg. This activity was strongly inhibited (about 60-95%) by ammonium molybdate (10mM); sodium phosphate (10mM); sodium orthovanadate (10mM) and sodium p-hydroximercuribenzoate (10mM). These properties are typical for this enzyme class.