O presente trabalho é parte de um projeto maior que abrange pesquisadores de áreas complementares em química que visam a elaboração de estratégias sintéticas voltadas para a síntese de monômeros fenilacetilênicos derivados de aminoácidos ou calcogenetos onde, a partir desses, deverão ser construídos polímeros helicoidais de estruturas planejadas passíveis de funcionalização em nanopartículas de ouro e/ ou prata (NPsAu e NPsAg, respectivamente), que sejam capazes de modificar suas conformações frente a estímulos externos, formando assim, sensores poliméricos suportados em superfície de nanopartículas metálicas. A dissertação de mestrado que apresentaremos se dedica a um fragmento desse todo que trata especificadamente de estudos envolvendo a organofuncionalização de NPsAu e NPsAg com compostos orgânicos de selênio, bem como o desenvolvimento de metodologias na preparação de entidades monoméricas fenilacetilênicas derivadas de aminoácidos e organoselenetos. Por fim, alguns dos monômeros preparados serão polimerizados e devidamente caracterizados. Sendo assim, o trabalho foi dividido em duas partes, onde a primeira trata da preparação e funcionalização de organoselenetos em NPs e a segunda discorre sobre a síntese e polimerização dos monômeros. No que diz respeito à funcionalização de NPs com organoselenetos, foi preparada uma série de disselenetos derivados de aminoálcoois e aminoácidos. A proposta síntética na preparação desses compostos foi baseada na reação de substituição nucleofílica de segunda ordem de mesilatos ou haletos orgânicos por disselenolato de dilítio, o qual é gerado pela redução de selênio elementar por trietilboroidreto de lítio. Os organoselenetos foram funcionalizados em NPsAu e NPsAg pela simples mistura em etanol, cujos materiais híbridos resultantes dessa reação foram caracterizados por espetroscopia Raman. No capítulo que trata da síntese de monômeros, procedeu-se primeiramente a preparação de blocos construtores fundamentais contendo a porção fenilacetilênica e na sequência a homologação com aminoácidos protegidos ou selenetos orgânicos munidos de grupos alquílicos. Alguns dos monômeros preparados foram submetidos a reações de polimerização e co-polimerização gerando polímeros helicoidais com sentido helicoidal predominante, o que pôde ser confirmado por dicroísmo circular. Os objetivos do projeto foram alcançados com êxito e a maioria dos problemas em potencial puderam ser solucionados. O presente trabalho foi a primeira empreitada do projeto maior ao qual este está vinculado e proporcionará subsídios para os demais estudantes envolvidos alcançarem resultados em termos de aplicação. / The present work is part of a bigger project involving researchers of complementary areas in chemistry concerned on development of new synthetic strategies towards phenylacetylenic monomers bearing amino acid and/or organoselenide derivatives, that will be used to prepare helical polymers with planned structure capable to functionalize gold and silver nanoparticles (AuNPs and AgNPs, respectively) which could modify their conformations when submitted to external stimuli, acting as a polymeric sensor supported in the surface of the metal nanoparticles. This master\'s dissertation is devoted to a fragment of the whole work which involves studies regarding the AuNPs and AgNPs organofunctionalization with selenium organic compounds, as well as the development of new methodologies for the preparation of phenylacetylenic monomers synthesis bearing amino acid and selenide derivatives. Some of the prepared compounds have been polymerized and characterized. In this way, the work was divided in two chapters, whereas the first deals with organoselenium compound preparation and NP functionalization, and the synthesis and polymerization of the monomers. Regarding the NPs functionalization with organoselenides, a series of amino alcohol and amino acid diselenide derivatives was prepared. The synthetic approach was based upon the second order nucleofilic substitution of organic mesylates and halides by dilithium disselenolate, wich way was generated reducing elemental selenium with lithium tryethylborohydride. The NPs were functionalized with the diselenides after the mixture of both in ethanol, and the resulting hybrid materials were characterized by Raman spectroscopy. In the second chapter, we report on the fundamental building blocks preparation containing the phenylacetylenic group and its homologation with amino acids or organic selenides. Some of the final monomers were submitted to polymerization reactions, generating one hand preferred helical polymers, which was confirmed by circular dichroism. The main goal of the project were successfully reached and the potential problems could be solved. The present work was the first step of the major project in which it is tied and will give subsidy to other students involved to reach some results application.

O presente trabalho é parte de um projeto maior que abrange pesquisadores de áreas complementares em química que visam a elaboração de estratégias sintéticas voltadas para a síntese de monômeros fenilacetilênicos derivados de aminoácidos ou calcogenetos onde, a partir desses, deverão ser construídos polímeros helicoidais de estruturas planejadas passíveis de funcionalização em nanopartículas de ouro e/ ou prata (NPsAu e NPsAg, respectivamente), que sejam capazes de modificar suas conformações frente a estímulos externos, formando assim, sensores poliméricos suportados em superfície de nanopartículas metálicas. A dissertação de mestrado que apresentaremos se dedica a um fragmento desse todo que trata especificadamente de estudos envolvendo a organofuncionalização de NPsAu e NPsAg com compostos orgânicos de selênio, bem como o desenvolvimento de metodologias na preparação de entidades monoméricas fenilacetilênicas derivadas de aminoácidos e organoselenetos. Por fim, alguns dos monômeros preparados serão polimerizados e devidamente caracterizados. Sendo assim, o trabalho foi dividido em duas partes, onde a primeira trata da preparação e funcionalização de organoselenetos em NPs e a segunda discorre sobre a síntese e polimerização dos monômeros. No que diz respeito à funcionalização de NPs com organoselenetos, foi preparada uma série de disselenetos derivados de aminoálcoois e aminoácidos. A proposta síntética na preparação desses compostos foi baseada na reação de substituição nucleofílica de segunda ordem de mesilatos ou haletos orgânicos por disselenolato de dilítio, o qual é gerado pela redução de selênio elementar por trietilboroidreto de lítio. Os organoselenetos foram funcionalizados em NPsAu e NPsAg pela simples mistura em etanol, cujos materiais híbridos resultantes dessa reação foram caracterizados por espetroscopia Raman. No capítulo que trata da síntese de monômeros, procedeu-se primeiramente a preparação de blocos construtores fundamentais contendo a porção fenilacetilênica e na sequência a homologação com aminoácidos protegidos ou selenetos orgânicos munidos de grupos alquílicos. Alguns dos monômeros preparados foram submetidos a reações de polimerização e co-polimerização gerando polímeros helicoidais com sentido helicoidal predominante, o que pôde ser confirmado por dicroísmo circular. Os objetivos do projeto foram alcançados com êxito e a maioria dos problemas em potencial puderam ser solucionados. O presente trabalho foi a primeira empreitada do projeto maior ao qual este está vinculado e proporcionará subsídios para os demais estudantes envolvidos alcançarem resultados em termos de aplicação. / The present work is part of a bigger project involving researchers of complementary areas in chemistry concerned on development of new synthetic strategies towards phenylacetylenic monomers bearing amino acid and/or organoselenide derivatives, that will be used to prepare helical polymers with planned structure capable to functionalize gold and silver nanoparticles (AuNPs and AgNPs, respectively) which could modify their conformations when submitted to external stimuli, acting as a polymeric sensor supported in the surface of the metal nanoparticles. This master\'s dissertation is devoted to a fragment of the whole work which involves studies regarding the AuNPs and AgNPs organofunctionalization with selenium organic compounds, as well as the development of new methodologies for the preparation of phenylacetylenic monomers synthesis bearing amino acid and selenide derivatives. Some of the prepared compounds have been polymerized and characterized. In this way, the work was divided in two chapters, whereas the first deals with organoselenium compound preparation and NP functionalization, and the synthesis and polymerization of the monomers. Regarding the NPs functionalization with organoselenides, a series of amino alcohol and amino acid diselenide derivatives was prepared. The synthetic approach was based upon the second order nucleofilic substitution of organic mesylates and halides by dilithium disselenolate, wich way was generated reducing elemental selenium with lithium tryethylborohydride. The NPs were functionalized with the diselenides after the mixture of both in ethanol, and the resulting hybrid materials were characterized by Raman spectroscopy. In the second chapter, we report on the fundamental building blocks preparation containing the phenylacetylenic group and its homologation with amino acids or organic selenides. Some of the final monomers were submitted to polymerization reactions, generating one hand preferred helical polymers, which was confirmed by circular dichroism. The main goal of the project were successfully reached and the potential problems could be solved. The present work was the first step of the major project in which it is tied and will give subsidy to other students involved to reach some results application.

We have described herein a convenient one-pot synthesis of lisulfides/diselenides from a-amino acids mediated by ammonium etrathiomolybdate in water. (Figure 1) (Figure) Figure 1 Transformation of α-amino acids into the corresponding tiiocyanates/selenocyanates/disulfides/diselenides Halo-de-amination of a-amino acids using HBr/NaNCte followed by treatment with ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (NH4)2]VloS4 jLb provided a general route for the the one-pot synthesis of chiral a,a' bis (dithio) carboxylic acids (Figure 1, 2b). The yields were moderate, limited mainly the moderate conversion of a-amino acids into the corresponding chiral a-bromides. It was possible to synthesize the 2-thiocyanto carboxylic acids from the corresponding a-amino acids by a similar strategy. Thus diazotization in the presence of KSCN yielded in the chiral 2-thiocyanto carboxylic acids in moderate yields (Figure 1, 3). Thiocyanato-de-amination thus afforded the thiocyanates which when treated with JJD provided the chiral disulfides (Figure 1, 4a). We could thus synthesize both enantiomers of the disulfide from a single enantiomer of the starting a-amino acid. (Figure 1, 4a,4b) Using a similar strategy we have also demonstrated an efficient method for the synthesis of chiral selenocyanates starting from a-amino acids, using selenocyanate anion as the nucleophile (Figure 1, 5). It is possible to demonstrate a one-pot synthesis of chiral diselenides by reductive coupling of selenocyanates using JJb. (Figure 1, 6) (for figure see the pdf file)

Thio metallates are known for many years for their utility in many processes. They have been established as versatile reagents in organic synthesis. However the heavier metal chalcogenides, though known for many years, have been ignored for a long time. In this thesis the results of the development of tetraethylammonium tetraselenotungstate [EttN]2Wse4 1 as a new class of selenium transfer reagent have been described. The thesis also deals with the chemistry of benzyltriethylammonium tetrathiomolybdate, [BnEt3N]2MoS4,2 in the synthesis of diselenides and thio esters. The thesis entitled "Chemistry of Thio and Seleno Metallates in Organic Synthesis" is divided into four Chapters. Chapter 1 In this chapter a detailed studies of alkylation of tetraethylammonium tetraselenotungstate (EuN)2WSe4,1 with a variety of alkyl halides, benzylic halides and acyl halides to yield the corresponding diselenides in excellent yields are described. (structural Formula) Scheme 1 Various carbohydrate-derived diselenides were also prepared by treating the sugar bromides with tetraethylammonium tetraselenotungstate 1 (Scheme 2). An attempt was made to synthesize seleno lactones from co- bromo acyl halides. This reaction mainly furnished the corresponding diacyl diselenides (Scheme 3). The reaction of 1 with aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates led to the formation of corresponding diselenides or mono selenides depending on the substitution on the aromatic ring (Scheme 4). (structural formula) Scheme 2 (structural formula) Scheme 3 (structural formula) Scheme 4 Chapter 2 In this chapter a general methodology for the formation of the diselenide bond has been extended to the synthesis of a number of redox- switched crown ethers of various ring size using the reagents tetraethylammonium tetraselenotungstate (Et4N)2WSe4 t 1 and benzyltriethylammonium tetrathiomolybdate, [BnEt3NJ2MoS4,2 (Scheme 5). (structural formula) Scheme 5 The association constants for the binding of silver and potassium ions with the diselena crown ethers were determined. This methodology is very useful for obtaining selenacrown ethers under very mild conditions and also without using high dilution conditions. Chapter 3 In this chapter a general methodology for the facile conversion of amides and lactams to the corresponding seleno amides and selenolactams is described. A number of amides and lactams were converted into their selenocarbonyl derivatives in excellent yield via the formation of Vilsmeier intermediates followed by treatment with tetraethylammonium tetraselenotungstate (EuN^WSe4,1 (Scheme .6). (structural formula( Scheme 6 Chapter 4 In this chapter, a general method for the synthesis of thioesters is described. The reaction of p- nitrophenyl esters and disulfides with benzyltriethylammonium tetrathiomolybdate (PhCH2NEt3)2MoS4,2 furnished the corresponding thio esters in good yield (Scheme (7). The intramolecular version of this reaction furnished dimeric thiolactones as the major product (Scheme 8) (structural formula) Scheme 7 (structural formula) Scheme 8 (for structural formula pl see the original document)

The thesis is divided in to five chapters. Chapter I: Synthesis of New thiolevomannosan derivatives In this chapter, a general and efficient method for the synthesis of conformationally locked thiosugars has been discussed. An unprecedented synthesis of a novel thioorthoester and its synthetic utility in glycosylation has been demonstrated. Chapter II: Studies on -Mannosidase Inhibitors The synthesis and evaluation of novel, conformationally locked glycomimic, thiolevomannosan and its analogs sulfoxide and sulfone starting from readily available D-mannose is discussed in this chapter. This is the first report of thiosugar derivatives with enhanced potency compared to kifunensine. Docking and biochemical studies have been discussed. Chapter III: Studies on Novel Cyclic Tetraselenides of Mannose In this chapter, the syntheses and structural properties of novel cyclic tetraselenides starting from mannose have been discussed. These tetraselenides are the first of their kind where all four selenium atoms are arranged in a cyclic manner as the backbone of mannose. X-ray structures have been reported for the tetraselenides. Chapter IV: Novel Chalcogenides of Uridine and Thymidine: Synthesis and Applications An efficient and simple method to synthesise disulfides and diselenides of thymidine and uridine derivatives has been demonstrated in this chapter. The utility of these disulfides in various ring opening reactions as well in Michael addition reactions has been demonstrated. Chapter V: Studies on New, Potent Urease Inhibitors In this chapter, a facile one-pot synthesis of thio and selenourea derivatives under mild conditions by the reaction of amines and commercially available Viehe’s iminium salt in the presence of benzyltriethylammonium tetrathiomolybdate as sulfur transfer reagent and tetraethylammonium tetraselenotungstate as selenium transfer reagent has been discussed. A few of the urea derivatives have shown potent inhibitor activity in the nanomolar range for jackbean urease.

The thesis entitled “Chemistry of Tetrathiomolybdate and Tetraselenotungstate: Studies on Aziridine and Epoxide Ring Opening Reactions” is divided into five chapters. (For Formulas and Equations Refer PDF File) Chapter 1: Part 1: Synthesis of β-Sulfonamidodisulfides and β-Sulfonamidosulfides using Benzyltriethylammonium Tetrathiomolybdate In this chapter, a comprehensive study of general and effective one step procedure for the synthesis of β-sulfonamidodisulfides directly from optically pure N-tosyl aziridines using benzyltriethylammonium tetrathiomolybdate [BnEt3N]2MoS4 as sulfur transfer reagent in a regio manner under neutral conditions without the use of any Lewis acid or base has been reported. Additionally, we have demonstrated regio- and stereospecific ring opening of di- and trisubstituted aziridines using [BnEt3N]2MoS4 to synthesize substituted β-sulfonamidodisulfides in good yields. This methodology is extended to the synthesis of an optically pure unnatural amino acid with the disulfide bridge and a cyclic seven membered disulfide. Synthesis of a variety of β-sulfonamidosulfides involving cleavage of disulfide bonds assisted by tetrathiomolybdate and the use of masked thiolate for the synthesis of β-sulfonamidosulfides involving multi-step reactions in a one pot is also demonstrated. Chapter 1: Part 2: Synthesis of β-Sulfonamidodiselenides using Tetraethylammonium Tetraselenotungstate In this chapter, we report the results of regio- and stereospecific, nucleophilic ring opening of chirally pure N-tosyl aziridines with tetraethylammonium tetraselenotungstate [Et4N]2WSe4 as selenium transfer reagent to afford a number of β- sulfonamidodiselenides in good yields. Using this methodology, carbohydrate derived β- sulfonamidodiselenides from the corresponding carbohydrate derived aziridines have been synthesized. These enantiopure diselenide derivatives have the potential to be used as chiral ligands in diethyl zinc addition to aldehydes. Chapter 2: Ring Opening of Aziridine/Epoxide, Disulfide Formation, Reduction of Disulfide Bond and Michael Reaction In this chapter, we report a systematic study of tetrathiomolybdate mediated tandem regio- and stereospecific ring opening of aziridines, disulfide formation, in situ reduction of disulfide bond followed by Michael reaction in an one pot operation to give a variety of β-sulfonamidosulfides in good yields. The main advantage of this methodology is that four reactions involving three components take place in a one-pot operation. Chapter 3: Part 1: New Thia-aza Payne type Rearrangement Mediated by Benzyltriethylammonium Tetrathiomolybdate In this chapter, reaction of aziridinemethanol sulfonate esters with tetrathiomolybdate to give thiirane derivatives as the major product and cyclic disulfides as minor product under mild reaction conditions via an unprecedented thia-aza-Payne type rearrangement have been presented. Interestingly, when the reaction of tetrathiomolybdate was carried out with 2-aziridino-cyclohexanol derivatives it resulted in the formation of thia-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane or dithia-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane derivatives. Chapter 3: Part 2: New selena-aza Payne Type Rearrangement Mediated by Tetraethylammonium Tetraselenotungstate In this chapter, reaction of tetraselenotungstate with simple N-tosyl aziridinemethanol tosylates to give allyl amine derivatives as the only product via an unprecedented selena-aza-Payne type rearrangement is discussed. When the methodology is extended to disubstituted N-tosyl aziridinemethanol tosylates, regio- and stereospecific ring opening of aziridines occurs to afford allyl amine derivatives as the major products and cyclic five membered diselenides as the minor products in good yields. Chapter 3: Part 3: Synthesis of Sulfur and Selenium Heterocycles by Azirdine Ring Opening followed by Cyclization In this chapter, studies on the synthesis of sulfur and selenium-heterocycles by aziridine ring opening followed by cyclization of N-tosyl aziridino-ethanol tosylates using tetrathiomolybdate as a sulfur transfer reagent and tetraselenotungstate as a selenium transfer reagent respectively are presented. Chapter 4: Tetrathiomolybdate Mediated Ring Opening of bis-Aziridines, bis-Epoxides and Aziridino-epoxides In this chapter, studies on the synthesis and ring opening of bis-aziridines, bis-epoxides and aziridino-epoxides with tetrathiomolybdate as the sulfur transfer reagent are presented. This has resulted in the synthesis of optically active sulfur heterocycles ranging from three membered to eight membered ring systems with excellent stereo and regio- control in good yields. Chapter 5: Part 1: Synthesis of Conformationally Locked, Bridged, Bicyclic Mono and Disulfides In this chapter, work related to the synthesis of conformationally locked bridged bicyclic disulfides and sulfides from cis-aziridino-epoxides by ring opening of both aziridines and epoxides in a tandem fashion using tetrathiomolybdate as a sulfur transfer reagent has been discussed. Comparative studies on the behavior of conformationally locked disulfides which has the dihedral angle close to zero (φ = 0) with disulfides having larger dihedral angles (φ>90) have been presented in this chapter. Some correlations have been made on the physicochemical characteristics of the disulfides with change in the dihedral angles. Chapter 5: Part 2: Synthesis of Conformationally Locked, Bridged, Bicyclic Diselenides In this chapter, work related to the development of a general synthetic methodology for the synthesis of conformationally locked, bridged diselena-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane skeleton by regio- and stereospecific, tandem nucleophilic ring opening of cis-1,4-aziridino-epoxides with tetraselenotungstate in one-pot are presented. To compare the behavior of conformationally locked diselenides which has the dihedral angle close to zero (φ = 0) with diselenides having larger dihedral angles (φ > 90), we have synthesized the acyclic diselenide (see chapter 1.2) and cyclic diselenide by regio- and stereospecific ring opening of simple aziridine and bis-aziridine respectively with tetraselenotungstate. Some correlations have been made on the physicochemical characteristics of the diselenides with change in the dihedral angles.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:32:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_fernanda_nedel.pdf: 5232153 bytes, checksum: 94c9f4584571a1e142e44a8b165fc8dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-17 / Cancer is a leading cause of death and its rates are expected to increase 50% by 2020. Although surgical resection and additional therapies (such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy) are able to cure well-confined, primary tumors, the same does not apply during metastasis due to the systemic involvement and its resistance to conventional therapies. Therefore, the current clinical challenge is to develop new drugs and treatment modalities that will significantly impact the cure rates. In this sense, the present study aimed to evaluate the anticancer effect and study the underlying cell death mechanisms of diaryl diselenides and its substituted structures - (4-ClC6H4Se)2, (3-CF3C6H4Se)2 e (4-MeOC6H4Se)2 - on the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (HT-29). We verified that (3-CF3C6H4Se)2 and (4-MeOC6H4Se)2 induced cytotoxicity through apoptosis mechanisms in HT-29 cells, where pro-apoptotic genes were up-regulated (Bax, caspase-9, caspase-8, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and endonuclease G (EndoG), and anti-apoptotic genes were down-regulated (Bcl-2 and survivin). In a second moment we evaluated the anticancer potential of Canavalia brasiliensis (ConBr), Canavalia boliviana (ConBol) and Canavalia ensiformis (ConA) lectins in HT-29 cells, which showed an effective capacity to reduce cell viability. Once the anticancer effect was confirmed, lectins were labeled with FITC and its interaction with the tumor cells was investigated. The FITC-ConA and FITC-ConBol demonstrated the potential to bind to HT-29 cells unlike FITC-ConBr. In order to investigate a new treatment modality, the interaction between the respective lectins with HT-29 was evaluated when associated with functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNTs). When f-MWNT was incorporated to FITC-ConBol and FITC-ConA lectins there was an increase in fluorescence intensity. / O câncer é uma das principais causas de morte no mundo, onde os índices devem aumentar 50% até 2020. Embora a ressecção cirúrgica e terapias adicionais (como a quimioterapias e radioterapias) sejam capazes de curar tumores primários bem delimitados, o mesmo não se aplica a metástase devido ao seu envolvimento sistêmico e a resistência a terapias convencionais. Portanto, atualmente o desfio clínico é desenvolver novas drogas e modalidades de tratamentos que irão impactar significativamente as taxas de cura do câncer. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito antineoplásico e investigar a rota de apoptose induzido pelo disseleneto de diarila e seus derivados substituídos - (4-ClC6H4Se)2, (3-CF3C6H4Se)2 e (4-MeOC6H4Se)2 - em células de adenocarcinoma de colorretal humano (HT-29). Verificamos que os compostos (3-CF3C6H4Se)2 e (4-MeOC6H4Se)2 induziram um efeito citotoxidade por meio de apoptose, onde os genes pró-apoptoticos (Bax, caspase-9, caspase-8, fator indutor de apoptose (AIF) e endonuclease G (EndoG)) foram altamente expressos e os genes anti-apoptótico (Bcl-2 e survivin) mostraram uma redução na sua expressão. Em um segundo momento avaliamos o potencial antineoplásico das lectinas Canavalia brasiliensis (ConBr), Canavalia boliviana (ConBol) e Canavalia ensiformis (ConA) em células HT-29, as quais se mostraram efetivas em reduzir a viabilidade celular. Uma vez confirmado o efeito antineoplásico, as lectinas forma marcadas com FITC e a sua interação com as células tumorais foi investigado. As lectinas FITC-ConA e FITC-ConBol demonstraram potencial de se ligar as células HT-29 ao contrário da FITC-ConBr. A fim de investigar uma nova modalidade de tratamento foi avaliada a interação entre as respectivas lectinas com as células HT-29 quando associadas à nanotubos de carbonos funcionalizados de paredes múltiplas (f-MWCNTs). Quando os f-MWCNTs foram incorporados as lectinas FITC-ConA e FITC-ConBol houve um aumentaram na intensidade de fluorescência.