<p> The results of an investigation of the electronic absorption spectrum of carbon diselenide are presented. The synthesis of the compound from individual isotopes of selenium is described.. Some new observations and results from a reinvestigation of the infrared and Raman spectra are reported. The electronic absorption spectra of individual isotopic molecules were recorded and a detailed vibrational analysis of one of the observed systems in the spectrum has been made o The rotational structure of bands in this system has been examined. A preliminary study of two other systems are discussed. The spectra of carbon diselenide and the analogous carbon disulphide are compared and the similarity between the two spectra is shown. </p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Exploring the properties of layered materials as a function of thickness has largely been limited to semiconducting materials as thin layers of metallic materials tend to oxidize readily in atmosphere. This makes it challenging to further understand properties such as superconductivity and charge density waves as a function of layer thickness that are unique to metallic compounds. This dissertation discusses a set of materials that use the modulated elemental reactants technique to isolate 1 to 3 layers of VSe2 in a superlattice in order to understand the role of adjacent layers and VSe2 thickness on the charge density wave in VSe2. The modulated elemental reactants technique was performed on a custom built physical vapor deposition to prepare designed precursors that upon annealing will self assemble into the desired heterostructure. First, a series of (PbSe)1+δ(VSe2)n for n = 1 – 3 were synthesized to explore if the charge density wave enhancement in the isovalent (SnSe)1.15VSe2 was unique to this particular heterostructure. Electrical resistivity measurements show a large change in resistivity compared to room temperature resistivity for the n = 1 heterostructure. The overall change in resistivity was larger than what was observed in the analogous SnSe heterostructure. v A second study was conducted on (BiSe)1+δVSe2 to further understand the effect of charge transfer on the charge density wave of VSe2. It was reported that BiSe forms a distorted rocksalt layer with antiphase boundaries. The resulting electrical resistivity showed a severely dampened charge density wave when compared to both analogous SnSe and PbSe containing heterostructures but was similar to bulk. Finally, (SnSe2)1+δVSe2 was prepared to further isolate the VSe2 layers and explore interfacial effects on the charge density wave by switching from a distorted rocksalt structure to 1T-SnSe2. SnSe2 is semiconductor that is used to prevent adjacent VSe2 layers from coupling and thereby enhancing the quasi two-dimensionality of the VSe2 layer. Electrical characterization shows behavior similar to that of SnSe and PbSe containing heterostructures. However, structural characterization shows the presence of a SnSe impurity that is likely influencing the overall temperature dependent resistivity. This dissertation includes previously published and unpublished co-authored materials.

This work focuses on a simple template assisted approach for fabricating I-III-VI semiconductor nanowire arrays. Vertically aligned nanowires of p-CIS of controllable diameter and thickness are electrodeposited, from an acidic electrolyte solution, inside porous aluminum templates using a three electrode set up with saturated calomel electrode as the reference. AAO template over ITO-glass was used as starting template for the device fabrication. The deposited CIS is annealed at different temperatures in a reducing environment (95% Ar+ 5% H2) for 30 minutes. X-ray diffraction of the nanowires showed nanocrystalline cubic phase structures with a strong orientation in the <112> direction. The effective bandgap of the deposited CIS nanowires determined using the Near Infrared (NIR) Spectrometer was found to be 1.07eV. The type of CIS electrodeposited inside the porous alumina template is determined to be p-type from the Schottky diode obtained with ITO-CIS-Au structure. Schottky diodes were characterized and analyzed at room temperature.

In today's "silicon age" in which we live, field-effect transistors (FET) are the workhorse of virtually all modern-day electronic gadgets. Although silicon currently dominates most of these electronics, layered 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have great potential in low power optoelectronic applications due to their indirect-to-direct band gap transition from bulk to few-layer and high on/off switching ratios. TMDC WSe2 is studied here, mechanically exfoliated from CVT-grown bulk WSe2 crystals, to create a few-layered ambipolar FET, which transitions from dominant p-type behavior to n-type behavior dominating as temperature decreases. A high electron mobility μ>150 cm2V-1s-1 was found in the low temperature region near 50 K. Temperature-dependent photoconduction measurements were also taken, revealing that both the application of negative gate bias and decreasing the temperature resulted in an increase of the responsivity of the WSe2 sample. Besides TMDCs, Group III-VI van der Waals structures also show promising anisotropic optical, electronic, and mechanical properties. In particular, mechanically exfoliated few-layered InSe is studied here for its indirect band gap of 1.4 eV, which should offer a broad spectral response. It was found that the steady state photoconduction slightly decreased with the application of positive gate bias, likely due to the desorption of adsorbates on the surface of the sample. A room temperature responsivity near 5 AW-1 and external quantum efficiency of 207% was found for the InSe FET. Both TMDC’s and group III-VI chalcogenides continue to be studied for their remarkably diverse properties that depend on their thickness and composition for their applications as transistors, sensors, and composite materials in photovoltaics and optoelectronics.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The water pollution, derived from several human activities, results in harmful effects to the ecosystems involved. In order to verify the potential toxicity of xenobiotics, it is usual to use carps (Cyprinus carpio) as exposure model. Among the pollutants that could cause damage to aquatic biota, it is believed that selective herbicides, such as atrazine (ATZ), have low toxic effect on wildlife. However, there are reports of direct effects on development, growth, reproduction and behavior of fish exposed to ATZ. Considering that selenium is an essential trace element for the adequate cell function and is present in important antioxidant enzymes, is very important its appropriate food supply for fish. Therefore, supplementation of diets with selenium compounds increases the antioxidant profile of several model organisms, protecting them from adverse effects of environmental pollutants. Considering the harmful effects from exposure to ATZ, this study aimed to investigate the beneficial effects of diet supplemented with diphenyl diselenide [(PhSe)2], an organic compound of selenium, in carps exposed to ATZ. Thus, carp were fed for 60 days with diet control and diet supplemented with 3 mg/kg of (PhSe)2. Subsequently, they were exposed to ATZ (concentrations of 0, 2, and 10 μg/L) for 96h. At the end of the experiment, the carps were euthanized and tissues (gills, liver and muscle) were dissected and frozen for further biochemical assays. ATZ accumulated in muscle of carp directly related to the concentration of exposure. It was observed that both ATZ concentrations generated oxidative damage, represented by lipid peroxidation, measured as thiobarbituric reactive species (TBARS) levels. The protein oxidation, measured as the protein carbonyl content, showed an increase compared to the control results. Dietary supplementation with (PhSe)2 prevented oxidative damage, maintaining the levels of TBARS and protein carbonyl content similar to control . Exposure to ATZ inhibited the activity of the enzymes glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), however this inhibition was relatively prevented in carp fed with (PhSe)2. Thus, acute exposure to ATZ caused biochemical changes in carp, and some of these alterations were prevented by dietary supplementation with (PhSe)2. / A poluição aquática, oriunda de diversas atividades humanas, acarreta em efeitos nocivos aos ecossistemas envolvidos. Com o intuito de verificar o potencial tóxico de xenobióticos, é usual a utilização de carpas (Cyprinus carpio) como modelo de exposição. Dentre os poluentes passíveis de causar danos à biota aquática, acredita-se que os herbicidas seletivos, como a atrazina (ATZ), possuam baixo efeito tóxico à fauna. No entanto, existem relatos de efeitos diretos em desenvolvimento, crescimento, reprodução e comportamento de peixes expostos a ATZ. Considerando-se que o selênio é um elemento traço essencial para o adequado funcionamento celular e que está presente em importantes enzimas antioxidantes, é de suma importância seu fornecimento alimentar adequado aos peixes. Logo, a suplementação de dietas com compostos de selênio tende a melhorar o perfil antioxidante de diversos organismos modelo, protegendo-os de efeitos adversos de poluentes ambientais. Considerando-se os efeitos nocivos causados por exposição a ATZ, esta pesquisa objetivou investigar efeitos benéficos de dieta suplementada com disseleneto de difenila [(PhSe)2], um composto orgânico de selênio, em carpas expostas a ATZ. As carpas foram alimentadas durante 60 dias com dieta controle e dieta suplementada com 3mg/kg de (PhSe)2. Posteriormente, foram expostas a ATZ (concentrações de 0, 2 e 10 μg/L) durante 96h. Ao final do experimento, as carpas foram submetidas a eutanásia e os tecidos (brânquias, fígado e músculo) foram dissecados e congelados para posteriores ensaios bioquímicos. Constatou-se acúmulo de ATZ em músculo das carpas, sendo dependente da concentração de exposição. Verificou-se que ambas concentrações de ATZ geraram dano oxidativo, representado pela peroxidação lipídica, medida através dos níveis de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS). A oxidação de proteínas, aferida através do conteúdo de proteína carbonilada, demonstrou aumento em relação aos resultados controle. A suplementação da dieta com (PhSe)2 preveniu o dano oxidativo, mantendo os níveis de TBARS e de proteína carbonilada próximos aos valores do controle. Identificou-se inibição na atividade das enzimas glutationa S-transferase (GST) e glutationa peroxidase (GPx) pela exposição a ATZ, no entanto esta inibição foi relativamente prevenida em carpas alimentadas com (PhSe)2. Portanto, exposição aguda a ATZ causou alterações bioquímicas em carpas, e algumas destas alterações foram prevenidas pela suplementação da dieta com (PhSe)2.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Organophosphorus (OP), among them malathion, are responsible for most of the poisonings reported annually in Brazil. In addition to symptoms of cholinergic poisoning, the exposure to OP causes affective and cognitive disorders, which are not necessarily related to acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme activity inhibition. One of these disorders is depression. Diphenyl diselenide [(PhSe)2] is an organoselenium compound that presents pharmacological effects, among them the antioxidant effect. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate a potential antidepressant-like effect of (PhSe)2 on a depression model induced by malathion in rats. The role of Na+K+ ATPase, AChE and monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities and oxidative stress was investigated in cerebral cortices of rats. Rats were exposed once a day for three consecutive days to malathion (50 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) and (PhSe)2 (50 mg/kg, oral). To investigate the antidepressant-like behavior rats were submitted to the forced swimming test (FST) and the open-field test (OFT). Thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) levels, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses were carried out in cerebral cortices of rats. The results confirmed that malathion increased immobility time in the FST without altering the locomotor performance in the OFT. Treatment with (PhSe)2 ameliorated performance in the FST without altering the crossing numbers in the OFT. The inhibition of Na+K+ATPase activity caused by malathion was prevented by treatment with (PhSe)2. Exposure to malathion did not alter parameters of oxidative stress as well as AChE and MAO activities in cerebral cortex of rats. In conclusion, (PhSe)2 exerted antidepressant-like effect in rats exposed to malathion. Na+K+ ATPase activity is, at least in part, involved in (PhSe)2 antidepressant-like behavior. / Os inseticidas organofosforados (OF), entre eles o malation, são responsáveis por grande parte das intoxicações relatadas anualmente no Brasil. Além dos sintomas da intoxicação colinérgica, a exposição a OF causa distúrbios cognitivos e afetivos, que não necessariamente estão relacionados à inibição da atividade da enzima acetilcolinesterase (AChE). Dentre esses prejuízos destaca-se a depressão. O disseleneto de difenila [(PhSe)2] é um composto orgânico de selênio que possui diversas propriedades farmacológicas, entre elas, a atividade antioxidante. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo investigar um possível efeito do tipo antidepressivo do (PhSe)2 em um modelo de depressão induzida por malation em ratos. O papel das atividades da Na+ K+ ATPase, AChE e monoamina oxidase (MAO) bem como do estresse oxidativo no comportamento antidepressivo foram investigados no córtex cerebral de ratos. Os ratos foram expostos ao malation na dose de 50 mg/kg por via intraperitonial (i.p.) e ao (PhSe)2 na dose de 50 mg/kg por via oral (p.o.) uma vez ao dia durante três dias. 24 h após a última administração de malation e/ou (PhSe)2, foram realizados os testes comportamentais e em seguida os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia. Para investigar o comportamento do tipo antidepressivo, os ratos foram submetidos ao teste do nado forçado (TNF) e ao teste do campo aberto (TCA). Os níveis de espécies reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), bem como as defesas antioxidantes enzimáticas e não-enzimáticas foram determinadas no córtex cerebral dos ratos. Os resultados confirmaram que o malation aumenta o tempo de imobilidade no TNF sem alterar a atividade locomotora no TCA. O tratamento com (PhSe)2 melhorou a performance dos animais no TNF sem que houvesse alteração no número de cruzamentos no TCA. Houve uma inibição da atividade da Na+ K+ ATPase nos animais tratados somente com malation e essa inibição foi prevenida pelo (PhSe)2. A exposição ao malation não alterou os parâmetros de estresse oxidativo bem como as atividades das enzimas AChE e MAO. Com esse trabalho, conclui-se que o (PhSe)2 exerce efeito do tipo antidepressivo em ratos expostos ao malation. A atividade da Na+ K+ ATPase está, pelo menos em parte, envolvida no comportamento do tipo antidepressivo do (PhSe)2.

This study was designed to determine the effect of organoselenium compounds on experimental models of cancer and diabetes. In mammary carcinogenesis induced by N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU, 3 doses of 50 mg/kg, i.p.), it was observed that the use of diet supplemented with diphenyl diselenide (1ppm, 7 months) was efficient in increase the latency to tumor onset and in reduce mammary tumor incidence and total number of tumors induced by NMU. The use of diet supplemented with diphenyl diselenide did not cause toxic effects in animals such as loss of body weight and alterations in hepatic and renal markers. These results suggest that diphenyl diselenide compound exhibited low toxicity even when supplemented by long time period. The both antioxidant and pro-oxidant properties of selenium may be linked to its anti-carcinogenic activity. In this context, our results indicated that antioxidant property exhibited by diphenyl diselenide can contribute for its protective effect against mammary carcinogenesis. In fact, the diet supplemented with diphenyl diselenide normalized superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and elevated blood, hepatic and spleenic vitamin C levels in NMU treated animals. On experimental models of diabetes mellitus two treatments using organo selenium were carried out: (1) animals were treated with diphenyl diselenide and ebselen (1 mg/kg, s.c.) by 3 months after diabetes induction; (2) animals were treated with a diet supplemented with diphenyl diselenide (10 ppm) after the wean phase at the end of experimental period. Diabetes was induced with a single dose streptozotcin (STZ) (50 mg/Kg, i.p.). In model 1, it was observed that only diphenyl diselenide treatment caused significant reduction in hyperglycemia induced by STZ. This effect of diphenyl diselenide was accompanied by a reduction in the levels of glycated proteins, which were elevated in diabetic rats. Treatment with diphenyl diselenide increased SOD activity and vitamin C levels that were decreased in STZ treated rats. Of particular importance, diphenyl diselenide treatment promoted per se an increase in hepatic, renal and blood reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in animals. Similary, diphenyl diselenide caused an increase in hepatic and renal GSH levels in STZ treated rats. The STZ treatment caused a decrease in hepatic δ-ALA-D activity, which was normalized by diphenyl diselenide and ebselen treatments. This reduction in δ-ALA-D activity was not observed in renal enzyme. In model 2, it was observed that the use of diet supplemented with 10 ppm of diphenyl diselenide did not produce significant toxicity and reduced significantly the mortality index caused by STZ administration. The antioxidant property of diphenyl diselenide can be associated with this protective effect, since pro-oxidative action of STZ is linked to destruction process of cells β pancreatics. As observed in model 1, the use of diet supplemented with diphenyl diselenide reduced the alterations in antioxidant defenses induced by STZ and caused per se an increase in hepatic and blood -SH levels of animals. STZ treatment caused a decrease in hepatic δ-ALA-D activity, which was restored by the use of diet supplemented with diphenyl diselenide. The activity of renal δ-ALA-D enzyme was not modified in diabetic rats. In summary, our findings suggest that diphenyl diselenide can be considered a compound with significant therapeutic value on treatment of cancer and diabetes. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism(s) of action and the efficacy of compound as anti-diabetogenic and anticarcinogenic agent. / O presente estudo foi delineado para avaliar o efeito de compostos orgânicos de selênio em modelos experimentais de câncer e diabetes. No modelo de carcinogênese mamária induzida por N-nitroso-N-metilurea (NMU, 3 doses de 50 mg/Kg, i.p.) observou-se que o consumo de uma dieta suplementada com disseleneto de difenila (1 ppm, 7 meses) foi eficaz em aumentar a latência para o aparecimento dos tumores e em reduzir a incidência e o número total de tumores induzidos pelo carcinógeno. O consumo da dieta não ocasionou efeitos tóxicos aos animais, como a perda de peso e alterações em marcadores de dano hepático e renal. Esses dados sugerem que o composto exibiu uma baixa toxicidade mesmo quando suplementado por períodos prolongados. A capacidade antioxidante e pró-oxidante do selênio; as quais dependem diretamente da sua concentração, podem estar associadas à sua atividade anticarcinogênica. Nossos resultados relacionados com tais aspectos indicam que a atividade antioxidante exibida pelo composto pode ter contribuído para o seu efeito protetor neste modelo experimental de carcinogênese mamária. De fato, o consumo da dieta suplementada com disseleneto de difenila normalizou a atividade da enzima superóxido dismutase (SOD) e elevou os níveis de vitamina C no sangue, fígado e baço dos animais tratados com NMU. Nos modelos experimentais de Diabetes Mellitus dois tipos de tratamento com selênio foram utilizados: (1) os animais foram tratados com disseleneto de difenila e ebselen (1mg/Kg, s.c.) durante 3 meses após a indução de diabetes; (2) os animais foram tratados com uma dieta suplementada com disseleneto de difenila (10 ppm) desde a fase de desmame até o final do período experimental. Em ambos os modelos, a indução de diabetes foi realizada pela administração de uma dose de streptozotocina (STZ) (50 mg/Kg, i.p.). No modelo 1 evidenciou-se que somente o tratamento com disseleneto de difenila causou uma significante redução na hiperglicemia induzida por STZ. Este efeito foi acompanhado por uma redução significativa nos níveis de proteínas glicadas; os quais foram elevados nos animais diabéticos. O tratamento com disseleneto de difenila causou um aumento na atividade da enzima SOD e nos níveis de vitamina C, os quais foram diminuídos nos animais tratados com STZ. De particular importância, o tratamento com este composto promoveu per se um aumento nos níveis de glutationa reduzida (GSH) de fígado, rim e sangue e na atividade da enzima SOD de rim. De maneira similar, o tratamento com o disseleneto de difenila aumentou os níveis de GSH hepático e renal nos animais tratados com STZ. O tratamento com STZ causou uma redução na atividade da enzima aminolevulinato desidratase (δ-ALA-D) hepática, a qual não foi revertida pelos compostos orgânicos de selênio. Esta redução de atividade causada pela STZ não foi observada na enzima renal. No modelo 2 evidenciou-se que o consumo da dieta suplementada com 10 ppm de disseleneto de difenila, não causou efeitos tóxicos aos animais e reduziu de forma significativa o índice de mortalidade induzido pela administração de STZ. A atividade antioxidante do disseleneto de difenila, mais uma vez pode estar relacionada com tal efeito, uma vez que a ação pró-oxidante da STZ está envolvida na sua capacidade de causar a destruição das células β pancreáticas. Assim como observado para o modelo 1, o consumo da dieta suplementada com disseleneto de difenila reduziu as alterações nas defesas antioxidantes nos animais tratados com STZ e causou per se um aumento nos níveis de -SH hepático e sanguíneo dos animais. Novamente, o tratamento com STZ causou um decréscimo na atividade da enzima δ-ALA-D hepática, a qual não foi revertida pelo consumo com a dieta suplementada com disseleneto de difenila. A atividade da enzima δ-ALA-D renal não foi modificada nos animais diabéticos. Em resumo, nossos dados apontam o disseleneto de difenila como um composto de valor terapêutico significativo para o tratamento de câncer e Diabetes Mellitus. No entanto, mais estudos se fazem necessários para comprovarem a eficácia do composto e seu provável mecanismo de ação.

Selenium is an element that can modulate the dopaminergic neurotransmission. Studies show that diphenyl diselenide, an organic compound of selenium, has antioxidant activity improves depressive-like behavior and reduce the activity of the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO). However, there are few studies concerning about possible alterations of diphenyl diselenide in dopaminergic system. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of acute and sub-chronic treatment of diphenyl diselenide on amphetamine-induced behavioral and biochemical alterations in mice. In the acute treatment, the mice were treated with diphenyl diselenide (5 and 10 mg/kg, s.c.) or vehicle (10% Tween 80, s.c.) 30 min before administration of amphetamine (1.25 mg/kg, i.p.). After 25 min, locomotor activity was assessed with an open field and, also, the time of stereotypy and immobility was assessed in a glass cage. Sub-chronic treatment was conducted with seven administrations of diphenyl diselenide (5 and 10 mg/kg, s.c.), or its vehicle being one administration per day. On the eighth day, amphetamine (1.25 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered and the behavioral tests were conducted after 25 min. In both treatments ex vivo tests were performed: isoform activity MAO-A and MAO-B, and measurement of total protein and non-protein thiol levels, oxidation of diclorofluorescein. Amphetamine increased the number of crossing and rearing in the open field test and diphenyl diselenide prevented only the increase in the number of crossings when acutely administered to mice. Furthermore, amphetamine increased the time of immobility and stereotypy in mice. Diphenyl diselenide did not prevent these effects. By contrary, at 10 mg/kg, sub-chronic administration of diphenyl diselenide increased per se the time of immobility and stereotypy. It was also found a positive correlation between immobility and stereotypy in acute and sub-chronic treatment with diphenyl diselenide. It was also detected a decrease in brain MAO-B activity caused by sub-chronic treatment with diphenyl diselenide either alone or in combination of amphetamine. Any change was detected in oxidative stress parameters. In conclusion, sub-chronic administration of diphenyl diselenide can promote a behavioral sensitization that seems to be, at least in part, dependent of MAO-B inhibition. / O selênio é um elemento químico capaz importante para o funcionamento celular, envolvido também na modulação do sistema dopaminérgico. Estudos mostram que o disseleneto de difenila, um composto orgânico de selênio, possui atividade antioxidante, melhora o comportamento tipo-depressivo relacionado à inibição da atividade da enzima monoamino oxidase (MAO). No entanto, existem poucos estudos acerca dos efeitos do disseleneto de difenila sobre o sistema dopaminérgico. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do tratamento agudo e sub-crônico do disseleneto de difenila sobre as alterações bioquímicas e comportamentais induzidas por anfetamina em camundongos. No tratamento agudo, os camundongos foram tratados com disseleneto de difenila (5 e 10 mg/kg, s.c.) ou veículo (10% de tween 80, s.c.) 30 minutos antes da administração de anfetamina (1,25 mg/kg, i.p.). Após 25 minutos, foram avaliados a atividade locomotora através do teste de campo aberto, além do tempo de estereotipia e imobilidade, avaliado em caixa espelhada. O tratamento subcrônico foi realizado com sete administrações de disseleneto de difenila ou veículo (5 e 10 mg/kg, s.c.) sendo uma administração por dia. No oitavo dia foi administrada a anfetamina (1,25 mg/kg, i.p.) e realizados os testes comportamentais 25 minutos após. Em ambos os tratamentos os testes ex-vivo realizados foram: atividade das isoformas MAO-A e MAO-B, níveis de tióis totais e não-protéico, oxidação da diclorofluoresceína. O tratamento com anfetamina aumentou o número de cruzamentos e de levantadas no teste do campo aberto e o disseleneto de difenila preveniu somente o número de cruzamentos quando administrado agudamente aos camundongos. Além disso, o tratamento com anfetamina aumentou o tempo de imobilidade e estereotipia em camundongos. O disseleneto de difenila não preveniu estes efeitos. Pelo contrário, na dose de 10 mg/kg, a administração subcrônica de disseleneto de difenila aumentou per se o tempo de imobilidade e de estereotipia. Uma correlação positiva entre o tempo de estereotipia e de imobilidade foi também encontrada tanto para o tratamento agudo como subcrônico com disseleneto de difenila. Também foi detectada uma diminuição na atividade cerebral da MAO-B causada pelo tratamento subcrônico com disseleneto de difenila tanto per se quanto em combinação com a anfetamina. Não foram encontradas alterações em parâmetros de estresse oxidativo. Em conclusão, o tratamento subcrônico com disseleneto de difenila pode promover uma sensibilização comportamental que parece ser, pelo menos em parte, dependente da inibição da MAO-B.

The development of digital technology permits the storage and processing of binary data at high rates, with high precision and density. Therefore, over the past few decades, Moore's law has pushed the development of scaling semiconductor devices for computing hardware. Although the current downward scaling trend has reached its scaling limits, a new "More-than-Moore" (MtM) trend has been emphasized as a diversified function of data collection, storage units, and processing devices. The function diversification defined in MtM can be viewed as an alternative form of "scaling down" for electronic systems, as it incorporates non-computing functions into digital ones, allowing digital devices to interact directly with the environment around them. Two-dimensional (2D) materials display promising potential for combining optical sensing and data storage with broadband photoresponse, outstanding photoresponsivity, rapid switching speed, multi-bit data storage, and high energy efficiency. In this work, in-solution 2D materials flakes (Hafnium Diselenide (HfSe2) and Germanium Selenide (GeSe) have been studied as a charge-trapping layer in non-volatile memory through the seamless fabrication process. Furthermore, the behavior of fabricated non-volatile memories under light illumination has been investigated towards in-memory light sensing. Atomic Force Microscopy, RAMAN spectroscopy, and X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopy characterized the charge-trapping materials. The electrical characterization of Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Capacitor memory revealed a memory window of 4V for the HfSe2 device under ±10V biasing. Intriguingly, the GeSe device exhibited an extraordinarily wide memory window of 11V under the same electrical biasing. Furthermore, the memory endurance for both materials as charge trapping layer (CTL) exceeds the standard threshold of electrical programming and erasing cycles. The accelerated retention test at different temperatures showed the memory device's stability and reliability for both materials. Under light stimuli with electrical readout voltage, the MOS memory exhibited wavelength and intensity-responsive behavior. The MOS memory of HfSe2 has demonstrated remarkable capabilities in storing the detected light signal, while also exhibiting a noteworthy increase in the memory window of approximately 1.8 V when subjected to a laser wavelength of 405 nm. Meanwhile, the GeSe device's CV measurement revealed a similar trend with the greatest memory window enhancements occurring in relation to 465 nm laser wavelength. Under ±6 V biasing in the absence of light, the memory window was found to be 8.3 V. However, following exposure to a 465 nm laser, this value increased significantly to 9.9 V, representing an increment of 1.6 V. In addition, both devices exhibited distinct sensing of various light intensities and an enhanced memory window as a result of the observable Vt shift caused by altering the levels of illumination. This memory enhancement suggests that photoexcited carriers in the CTL layer were responsible for the optical memory behavior. The 2D materials as CTL pave the way for a reconfigurable optical memory with multilevel optical data storage capacity. This research represents a significant step towards the development of a new generation of memory devices that can store and retrieve data using light signals.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T17:26:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriela Lorea Godoi.pdf: 2588661 bytes, checksum: 727e9c41458c3dce6b21674525afb233 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-15 / Alzheimer s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia among elder. Neuropathological hallmarks include amyloid plaque formation, neurofibrillary tangles, neuronal and synaptic loss. The deposit of senile plaques is consistent with induction of oxidative stress, and since free radical scavengers can alleviate amyloid-beta-induced oxidative stress markers, this study aims to identify the neuroprotective effects of the selenium compounds (ebselen and diphenyl diselenide) on the neurotoxicity of amyloid-beta in primary cultures of murine hippocampal neurons. Samples were subjected to immunocytochemistry and western blotting techniques to determine what influence the treatments may have on synaptic protein SNAP-25 and neuronal death. There was a strong increase in relative cell viability associated with ebselen and diphenyl diselenide treatment. Significant increases were observed in the level of synaptic marker synaptosomal-associated protein SNAP-25 with both selenium compounds treatment. Although demonstrated the potential protective effect of selenium compounds in the course of AD, further investigations of synaptic function are important as a therapeutic strategy for AD / .