The Internet is a new tool for mobilization, communication, and articulation of social movement organizational framings of events and ideologies. The White Supremacist/Separatist Movement has had, and remains, a significant presence on the Internet. There are several hundred sites operating, representing almost every faction of the movement. Hyperlinks between sites allow the ideological resources (content of sites, online libraries, radio shows, etc.) offered by one group to be available to many groups, regardless of geography. Importantly, links are often asymmetrical and more prestigious sites have many "in" links. This movement has considerable diversity of beliefs, goals, tactics, and resources. Movements vary in the richness of symbolic resources available on their web sites. I operationalize "resource richness" as the amount and coverage of content on a website. Groups also exhibit a range of tactical orientations ranging from peaceful (education) to extremely violent (race war). Using network analysis, I investigate the structure of ties in the White Supremacist/Separatist Movement industry on the Internet. Through this method, analyses reveals patterns of sharing of ideological resources. I examine how ideological and tactical affinities structure the scope, density, and patterns of cybernetworks in the White Supremacist/Separatist Movement industry.

A problem common to all current web link analyses is that, as the web is continuously evolving, any web-based study may be out of date by the time it is published in academic literature. It is therefore important to know how web link analyses results vary over time, with a low rate of variation lengthening the amount of time corresponding to a tolerable loss in quality. Moreover, given the lack of research on how academic web spaces change over time, from an information science perspective it would interesting to see what patterns and trends could be identified by longitudinal research and the study of university web links seems to provide a convenient means by which to do so. The aim of this research is to identify and track changes in three academic webs (UK, Australia and New Zealand) over time, tracking various aspects of academic webs including site size and overall linking characteristics, and to provide theoretical explanations of the changes found. This should therefore provide some insight into the stability of previous and future webometric analyses. Alternative Document Models (ADMs), created with the purpose of reducing the extent to which anomalies occur in counts of web links at the page level, have been used extensively within webometrics as an alternative to using the web page as the basic unit of analysis. This research carries out a longitudinal study of ADMs in an attempt to ascertain which model gives the most consistent results when applied to the UK, Australia and New Zealand academic web spaces over the last six years. The results show that the domain ADM gives the most consistent results with the directory ADM also giving more reliable results than are evident when using the standard page model. Aggregating at the site (or university) level appears to provide less consistent results than using the page as the standard unit of measure, and this finding holds true over all three academic webs and for each time period examined over the last six years. The question of whether university web sites publish the same kind of information and use the same kind of hyperlinks year on year is important from the perspective of interpreting the results of academic link analyses, because changes in link types over time would also force interpretations of link analyses to change over time. This research uses a link classification exercise to identify temporal changes in the distribution of different types of academic web links, using three academic web spaces in the years 2000 and 2006. Significant increases in ‘research oriented’, ‘social/leisure’ and ‘superficial’ links were identified as well as notable decreases in the ‘technical’ and ‘personal’ links. Some of these changes identified may be explained by general changes in the management of university web sites and some by more wide-spread Internet trends, e.g., dynamic pages, blogs and social networking. The increase in the proportion of research-oriented links is particularly hopeful for future link analysis research. Identifying quantitative trends in the UK, Australian and New Zealand academic webs from 2000 to 2005 revealed that the number of static pages and links in each of the three academic webs appears to have stabilised as far back as 2001. This stabilisation may be partly due to an increase in dynamic pages which are normally excluded from webometric analyses. In response to the problem for webometricians due to the constantly changing nature of the Internet, the results presented here are encouraging evidence that webometrics for academic spaces may have a longer-term validity than would have been previously assumed. The relationship between university inlinks and research activity indicators over time was examined, as well as the reasons for individual universities experiencing significant increases and decreases in inlinks over the last six years. The findings indicate that between 66% and 70% of outlinks remain the same year on year for all three academic web spaces, although this stability conceals large individual differences. Moreover, there is evidence of a level of stability over time for university site inlinks when measured against research. Surprisingly however, inlink counts can vary significantly from year to year for individual universities, for reasons unrelated to research, underlining that webometric results should be interpreted cautiously at the level of individual universities. Therefore, on average since 2001 the university web sites of the UK, Australia and New Zealand have been relatively stable in terms of size and linking patterns, although this hides a constant renewing of old pages and areas of the sites. In addition, the proportion of research-related links seems to be slightly increasing. Whilst the former suggests that webometric results are likely to have a surprisingly long shelf-life, perhaps closer to five years than one year, the latter suggests that webometrics is going to be increasingly useful as a tool to track research online. While there have already been many studies involving academic webs spaces, and much work has been carried out on the web from a longitudinal perspective, this thesis concentrates on filling a critical gap in current webometric research by combining the two and undertaking a longitudinal study of academic webs. In comparison with previous web-related longitudinal studies this thesis makes a number of novel contributions. Some of these stem from extending established webometric results, either by introducing a longitudinal aspect (looking at how various academic web metrics such as research activity indicators, site size or inlinks change over time) or by their application to other countries. Other contributions are made by combining traditional webometric methods (e.g. combining topical link classification exercises with longitudinal study) or by identifying and examining new areas for research (for example, dynamic pages and non-HTML documents). No previous web-based longitudinal studies have focused on academic links and so the main findings that (for UK, Australian and New Zealand academic webs between 2000 and 2006) certain academic link types exhibit changing patterns over time, approximately two-thirds of outlinks remain the same year on year and the number of static pages and links appears to have stabilised are both significant and novel.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / As revoluÃÃes e mudanÃas provocadas na passagem da leitura do texto impresso para o texto eletrÃnico atraem cada vez mais o interesse por pesquisas na Ãrea de leitura. Um elemento vital caracterÃstico da maioria dos textos eletrÃnicos e que merece ser mais profundamente investigado à o hiperlink, uma vez que ele Ã, visualmente, um dos mecanismos que mais diferencia o texto eletrÃnico do impresso. Almejamos investigar o comportamento ocular na leitura de textos eletrÃnicos em inglÃs como lÃngua estrangeira quando o olho se depara com um hiperlink, com o intuito de verificar se, de fato, a presenÃa do hiperlink, por ser um elemento destacado no texto, facilita ou dificulta o processo de leitura tomando por base o tempo de leitura. Este estudo fundamenta-se em pesquisas acerca do movimento dos olhos (BALOTA; YAP; CORTESE, 2006; BRYSBAERT; VITU, 1998; JUST; CARPENTER, 1980; MACEDO et al., 2007; RAYNER, 1998; STAUB; RAYNER, 2007) sobre o processo de leitura no momento em que ele acontece. Para realizarmos esta pesquisa, utilizamos um aparelho de rastreamento ocular de resoluÃÃo 120 Hz que registra o movimento do olho a cada 8 milÃsimos de segundo para investigar o movimento dos olhos de 19 leitores fluentes de inglÃs lÃngua estrangeira enquanto liam silenciosamente dois textos curtos em duas versÃes: uma com hiperlinks e uma sem hiperlinks . Nessa investigaÃÃo, tomamos por base trÃs medidas: Tempo Total de FixaÃÃo (TFT), Tempo MÃdio de FixaÃÃo (TMF) e NÃmero Total de FixaÃÃes (NTF). Os resultados mostraram que as palavras-alvo hiperlinkadas no estÃmulo experimental e nÃo-hiperlinkadas no estÃmulo controle apresentam um tempo de leitura muito semelhante com uma diferenÃa do tempo total de apenas 32,8 ms (trinta e dois vÃrgula oito milÃsimos de segundos). Este intervalo de tempo à tÃo pequeno que nem ao menos à possÃvel extrair informaÃÃo nova durante a leitura. Embora os resultados apontem que o tempo de leitura dedicado Ãs palavras-alvo hiperlinkadas isoladamente à muito semelhante ao tempo de leitura dedicado Ãs palavras-alvo nÃo-hiperlinkadas, o tempo de leitura total dos textos com hiperlinks à bastante superior ao tempo de leitura total dos textos sem hiperlinks, aproximadamente 22000 ms (vinte e dois mil milÃsimos de segundos) sugerindo, dessa forma, que os hiperlinks causam um impacto negativo sobre o processo de leitura, isto Ã, parece dificultar o processamento textual. AlÃm disso, palavras hiperlinkadas sÃo âpuladasâ com menos frequÃncia, talvez por atraÃrem mais a atenÃÃo do olhar jà que tem cor destacada do restante do texto, sendo, portanto, mais salientes. / The revolutions and changes provoked in the passage from printed text reading to electronic text reading continuously attract the interest for researching in the reading field. A vital element which is prototypical from most of the electronic texts, and consequently is worth of being more deeply studied is the hyperlink once it is, visually, one of the mechanisms which better distinguish the electronic text from the printed one. We aim at investigating the eye-behavior in the reading of electronic texts in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) when the eye meets a hyperlink in order to verify if, in fact, the presence of hyperlink, once it is a highlighted element in the text, favors or hampers the reading process based on the reading time. This research is based on studies about eye-reading movements (BALOTA; YAP; CORTESE, 2006; BRYSBAERT; VITU, 1998; JUST; CARPENTER, 1980; MACEDO et al., 2007; RAYNER, 1998; STAUB; RAYNER, 2007) concerning to online reading. In order to do this research we made use of an equipment called eye-tracker of 120Hz resolution which records the eye movement every 8 milliseconds to investigate the eye-movement behavior of 19 fluent EFL readers while reading silently 2 short texts in two versions each: one with hyperlinks and another one without. To analyze our data we used 3 different measures: Total Time of Fixation (TTF), Mean Time of Fixation (MTF) and Total Number of Fixations (TNF). The results showed that the target words which were hyperlinked in the experimental stimulus and the ones which were not hyperlinked in the control stimulus have a similar reading time with a total reading time difference of only 32,8 ms in favor of hyperlinks. This time period is so short that it is not even possible to extract new information by the eye during reading. Even though the results suggest the amount of reading time dedicated to the hyperlinks in isolation is very similar to the reading time of the target words which were not hyperlinked in the control stimulus, the total reading time of the entire texts with hyperlinks is superior to the total reading time of the entire texts without hyperlinks, approximately 22000 ms (twenty-two thousand milliseconds) suggesting, this way, the hyperlinks cause a negative impact towards the reading process, that is, the results seem to hamper the reading process in a way. Besides, hyperlinked words are skipped less frequently, maybe because they attract the eye attention due to the highlighted color being, then, more salient.

Hypertext and hyperlinks are present on almost every web site or electronic document. As integral components of visual rhetoric, they are foundational to any discussion of technology and literacy. This inquiry is designed to explore first-year composition students' advances in technological literacy, specifically hypertext reading and research strategies. To accomplish this, a hypertext-reading project was designed to investigate the ways in which first-year composition students assimilate and employ hypertext information as a source from which they must extract information to use in the development of an argument. A program, designed and written specifically for this project, presented research participants, 76 students enrolled in second semester first-year composition, the components of hypertext reading as an online reading and research activity. Participants first completed a technology survey designed to reveal each participant's prior experience and self-perceived expertise with current technology, after which they completed a two-part exercise consisting of a hypertext reading assignment and a post-reading questionnaire. Participants were instructed to use their reading to inform and develop a thesis for an argument. The article selected for this study was "Illegal Immigration," accessed by navigating to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_immigration. The article discusses a current controversial national concern, illegal immigration. While the use of Wikipedia, an online user-edited encyclopedia, often raises credibility concerns, the site in general offers excellent examples of hypertext reading that include textual as well as graphic links. In the analysis, it is revealed that while the study group rated themselves highly proficient users of Internet search engines, email, social networking, and word processing applications, the majority initially did not recognize a relationship between the actions they take as users of those applications and hyperlinks or hypertext. Post-reading responses revealed that the majority of the group read the article from top to bottom with few to no diversions. Furthermore, while most did recognize the hyperlinks as information portals, they made conscious decisions to not access the links for a variety of stated and implied reasons. This research involved a relatively small student sample that defines the limited scope of the findings; however, the data suggests attitudes and expectations of this group that may reflect student populations with similar or shared demographics. These data are used to inform potential pedagogical application suggestions, including the usefulness of technological proficiency assessments and research using technology within the classroom as well as in external assignments.

Wikipedia consists of an online encyclopedia created by users worldwide who collaborate to distribute knowledge and edit information in real-time. Although Wikipedia's accuracy has been a disputable and debatable issue in many recent studies, little academic research has systematically addressed how users interact with the platform's storytelling tools and how do they perceive and use Wikipedia's infrastructure, such as interactive tools. This exploratory study fulfills this gap and sheds light on users' perceptions about Wikipedia's interactivity. Moreover, Wikipedia is approached as an online community where collaboration, co-creation, and knowledge distribution play an important role. Therefore, it can be studied under the scope of Digital Humanities as well. The theoretical framework of interactive storytelling and digital communication suggests that hyperlinks, page preview bottoms, or interactive catalogs are applied in Wikipedia's environment to help users absorb information and construct their narratives. The findings of this thesis offer practical insights on how Wikipedia's interactive storytelling tools empower users with the ability to develop their stories and become editors/authors and provide a foundation for further academic research on user experience and how to improve interactivity and digital communication in Wikipedia

[pt] O ambiente baseado em hyperlink possui na sua topologia informações substanciais sobre o seu conteúdo. Baseado nesse tipo de ambiente, Jon Kleingerg desenvolveu um conjunto de algoritmos, popularmente conhecido como HITS (Hyperlink Induced Topic Search), que utiliza a estrutura de hyperlinks na WWW para extrair essas informações. O foco central desses algoritmos é a classificação de tópicos de busca de caráter geral na WWW, através da descoberta de páginas que representam autoridade sobre tais tópicos. Para tanto, os algoritmos formulam a noção de autoridade considerando o relacionamento, decorrente da estrutura de hyperlink, entre o conjunto de páginas que são autoridades relevantes e o conjunto de páginas que apontam para essas, denominadas de hubs. Jon Kleingerg definiu, portanto, uma relação de interdependência entre os conjuntos anteriormente citados: uma boa autoridade será uma página apontada por bons hubs e um bom hub será uma página que aponta para boas autoridades. Neste trabalho, propomos a extensão do modelo formulado por Jon Kleingerg, através da inserção de novos conceitos nas relações de interdependência entre autoridades e hubs. Assim, formulamos um algoritmo estendido, XHITS (Extended Hyperlink Induced Topic Search), que visa melhorar a classificação das autoridades do ambiente. Nessa extensão as autoridades são apontadas por bons hubs, às vezes apontadas por bons portais e também apontam para boas novidades. Os bons hubs são páginas que apontam para boas autoridades e novidades, e são apontados por bons portais. As boas novidades são páginas que são apontadas pelas boas autoridades, pelos bons hubs e pelos bons portais e bons portais são páginas que apontam para as boas autoridades, para bons hubs e para boas novidades. Adicionalmente, mostramos que o algoritmo proposto converge e também os diversos resultados experimentais que indicam a melhoria na precisão dos hiperdocumentos recuperados. / [en] The network structure of a hyperlinked environment can be a rich source of information about the content of this environment. Jon Kleinberg developed a set of algorithms, called HITS (Hyperlink Induced Topic Search), for extracting information from the hyperlink structures of those environments. The aim of these algorithms is the distillation of broad search topics, through the discovery of related authoritative information sources. The notion of authority is based on the hyperlink structure relationship between a set of relevant authoritative pages and the set of hubs. Thus, hubs and authorities exhibit what could be called a mutually reinforcing relationship: a good hub is a page that points to many good authorities; a good authority is a page that is pointed by many good hubs. In this work, we present the XHITS (Extended Hyperlink Induced Topic Search) algorithm, an extension of the HITS algorithm by introducing new concepts on the mutually reinforcing relationship. In XHITS, a good authority is a page that is pointed by many good hubs, some good portals and points to good novels; a good hub is a page that points to many good authorities, some good novels and is pointed by some good portals; and a good novel is a page that is pointed by good authorities, some good hubs and some good portals; a good portal is a page that points to some good authorities, some good hubs and some good novels. In addition, we show that XHITS converges and, through some experiments, the improved quality of the hyper documents retrieved.

Le droit d'auteur français tout comme le copyright américain ont été pensés à une époque où l’œuvre immatérielle se fondait avec son support matériel. Les deux systèmes ont par conséquent développé des droits de reproduction et de représentation – ou leur équivalents fonctionnels aux États-Unis – en effectuant une confusion des deux éléments.Cependant, l’avènement de l’internet et tout particulièrement des hyperliens oblige à repenser les prérogatives des auteurs dans un contexte exclusivement dématérialisé. Il est pour cela nécessaire de revenir aux bases du droit d’auteur et du copyright qui ont visé à assurer la création d’un monopole artificiel dans les mains des auteurs afin de les inciter à créer. Le droit d’auteur constitue donc un pilier du droit à la culture fondé sur une liberté d’entreprendre basé sur les droits patrimoniaux. Or, les créateurs de liens jouissent également d’une liberté d’entreprendre. Les législateurs américain puis européen se sont montrés soucieux d’établir un équilibre entre les libertés d’entreprendre des auteurs et des créateurs de liens, quitte à conférer à ces derniers un rôle de quasi-juge de l’internet. Face au risque de créer un internet sous contrôle des créateurs de liens les législateurs américain et européen ont maintenu un contrôle judiciaire sur leurs décisions.L’application du droit d’auteur aux hyperliens nécessite par conséquent de repenser les contours du droit d’auteur et plus généralement des systèmes que nous souhaitons pour l’encouragement de la création, le respect de la démocratie et la préservation de la liberté d’entreprendre. / Copyright in France and in the United-States were created at a time when there was a merger between the immaterial work and the medium on which it was copied. Both legal systems therefore developed rights such as the reproduction right or the performance right which were the fruits of a confusion between these the immaterial work and the material medium.However, the invention of Internet and in particular of hyperlinks requires lawyers and lawmakers to rethink about these rights in a fully digital and immaterial world. It is therefore necessary to go back to the roots of copyright law which intended to create an artificial monopoly in the hands of copyright owners in order to incentivize them to create. Copyright is therefore a pillar of the right to culture which is grounded on the freedom of trade based on economic rights.Yet, hyperlinks creator also enjoy a freedom of trade. American end European lawmakers were concerned by the issue of the balance of interests between copyright owners and hyperlink creators, and they went as far as confering the latter a quasi-judge role on the internet. Since this would have created a risk of having service providers monitoring the internet both American and French laws maintained a judiciary control over the service providers.

This paper is focusing on the data mining solutions for the WWW, specifically how it can be used for the hyperlinks evaluation. We are focusing on the hyperlinks used in the web sites systems and on the problem which consider evaluation of its utility. Since hyperlinks reflect relation to other webpage one can expect that there exist way to verify if users follow desired navigation paths. The Challenge is to use available techniques to discover usage behavior patterns and interpret them. We have evaluated hyperlinks of the selected pages from www.bth.se web site. By using web expert’s help the usefulness of the data mining as the assessment basis was validated. The outcome of the research shows that data mining gives decision support for the changes in the web site navigational structure. / akasha.kate@gmail.com

This thesis is focused on the theme of unlawful use of a copyrighted work. The main aim of this work is to provide a fundamental insight into the current state of protection of rights belonging to the authors in the Czech Republic, emphasizing the exclusive right of exploitation. Furthermore by using the examples of selected forms of exploitation this thesis aims to delineate a certain line between a lawful and unlawful use of a copyrighted work, especially with regard to the case law of the CJEU. This thesis is composed of four chapters, which are divided into sections and subsections. Chapter One is an introductory chapter which provides definition of a copyrighted work and explains the content of exclusive rights of authors to their works. Chapter Two focuses on the right of exploitation. It describes various forms of exploitation of copyrighted works and also deals with the regulation of a license agreement and the non-contractual use of works secured by the exceptions and limitations of copyright. The legislative changes caused by the recodification of Czech civil legislation are also reflected. Chapter Three examines the means of protection provided by the Czech law in case of a copyright infringement. It contains a list of private claims which the author can use against the offender along...

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