Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 2004. / Vita. Bibliography: 150-161.

The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on April 6, 2010). Vita. Thesis advisor: Mark Milanick "June 2008" Includes bibliographical references

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on July 14, 2010). Includes bibliographical references

Thesis (M.S.)--Brigham Young University. Dept. of Chemisty and Biochemistry, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 46-53).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Florida, 2004. / Typescript. Title from title page of source document. Document formatted into pages; contains 133 pages. Includes Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

No description available.

Ce travail de thèse vise à améliorer notre compréhension des effets l'entraînement en résistance sur la performance et le muscle strié squelettique. La dynamique de ces effets de l'entraînement a été appréhendée de façon systématique grâce à des outils issus de la théorie des systèmes, auprès de 26 rongeurs entraînés en résistance dans un protocole d'escalade avec charges additionnelles. Le modèle classique (Banister et coll, 1975) a permis de décrire les variations de performance de manière significative (R2 = 0,53, P<0,001). L'origine des gains de performance très marqués (+136% par rapport au groupe contrôle) a été recherchée parmi les mécanismes adaptatifs musculaires potentiels. A l'issue de l'entraînement, une augmentation de l'activité de la myosine ATPase de 123 ± 61% indépendante du phénotype a été observée par rapport aux animaux contrôles. Cette augmentation de la puissance chimique consommée semble liée à une augmentation de la vitesse des étapes d'hydrolyse de l'ATP et surtout de celle de la libération des produits de cette hydrolyse (i.e. ADP et Pi) accompagnant la bascule de la tête de myosine. Une nouvelle forme de plasticité musculaire semble avoir été identifiée. Sur la base des mécanismes adaptatifs musculaires, une nouvelle formulation mathématique plus physiologique du modèle des effets de l'entraînement a été proposée et a aboutit à une meilleure qualité d'ajustement (R2 = 0,71, P<0,001). La fonction impulsionnelle du modèle classique a été remplacée par une fonction exponentielle de croissance qui semble plus appropriée pour rendre compte à la fois des variations de performance mais aussi des adaptations qui surviennent au sein du tissu musculaire comme au sein des unités contractiles elles-mêmes. / This thesis work aims to improve our understanding of the effects of resistance training on performance and skeletal muscle. The dynamic of these effects of training has been apprehended systematically trough tools from systems theory, with 26 rodents resistance trained on a climbing protocol with additional weights. The classical model (Banister et al, 1975) was suitable to analyze the training response (R2 = 0.53, P <0.001). The origin of the very marked performance gains (+ 136% compared to the control group) was investigated among the potential muscle adaptive mechanisms. At the end of the training program, an increase of 123 ± 61% in myosin ATPase activity independent of the phenotype was observed compared to control animals. This increase in myosin ATPase activity seems to occur precisely during the main myosin head isomerization step (i.e. powerstroke) that includes the liberation of the hydrolysis products, and to a lesser extent, during ATP hydrolysis step. A new form of muscular plasticity seems identified. Based on muscle adaptive mechanisms, a new mathematical formulation, more physiological, of the model of the training effects has been proposed and resulted in a better fit (R2 = 0.71, P <0.001). The impulse function of the traditional model has been replaced by an exponential growth function that seems more suitable to analyze both the training response and the adaptations that occur within the muscle tissue as in the contractile units themselves.

Na presente tese, nós estudamos os efeitos do estresse crônico repetido (CRS) e do estresse crônico imprevisível moderado (UCMS) sobre comportamentos do tipo- ansioso e do tipo- depressivo na tentativa de estabelecer possíveis diferenças comportamentais sobre os modelos de estresse. Além disso, verificar os efeitos de ambos os modelos sobre parâmetros bioquímicos como a atividade da enzima Na+, K+-ATPase e o binding dos receptores de adenosina A1 (A1Rs) e A2A (A2ARs) no hipocampo e estriado, respectivamente, de ratos machos adultos Wistar. Nos dois trabalhos apresentados neste estudo, os animais foram submetidos ao CRS e ao UCMS durante 40 dias e subsequentemente foram avaliados em uma série de tarefas comportamentais para estudo de comportamentos do tipo- ansioso e do tipo- depressivo. O primeiro artigo demonstrou que ratos submetidos ao CRS e UCMS apresentaram comportamento do tipo- ansioso, analisado pela diminuição na permanência nos quadrados centrais na tarefa do campo aberto. Além disso, foi demonstrada uma diminuição da atividade da enzima Na+, K+-ATPase na amígdala desses ratos, não sendo, todavia, observado alteração do imunoconteúdo da enzima. Adicionalmente, com o objetivo de elucidar as possíveis causas da diminuição da atividade da Na+, K+-ATPase,medimos diversos parâmetros de estresse oxidativo, porém não obtivemos qualquer diferença significativa nessas medidas, capaz de explicar, ao menos em parte, uma possível causa dessa diminuição da Na+, K+-ATPase na amígdala dos ratos estressados cronicamente. No segundo trabalho, somente o UCMS foi capaz de induzir comportamento do tipo- depressivo, verificado pelo aumento no tempo de imobilidade no teste do nado forçado. Este comportamento tem sido interpretado como desamparo aprendido. Desse modo, utilizamos somente o UCMS como variável para o consumo de solução de sacarose 1%. Este consumo foi monitorado semanalmente, durante oito semanas. De fato, UCMS foi capaz de induzir diminuição no consumo de solução de sacarose, comportamento entendido como anedonia, perda de motivação em situações prazerosas. Uma vez estabelecidas as diferenças comportamentais entre CRS e UCMS, verificamos alterações no sisterma adenosinérgico ao analisarmos os A1Rs e os A2ARs. Demonstramos uma similaridade no binding de A1Rs, aumentando Bmax com aumento do imunoconteúdo dos A1Rs tanto no CRS quanto no UCMS. Interessantemente, quanto ao binding de A2ARs, o grupo UCMS mostrou-se diferente do CRS, com aumento de Bmax para A2AR. Em suma, concluímos que os dois modelos de estresse crônico causaram alterações similares na atividade da Na+, K+-ATPase na amígdala de ratos, e ambos os grupos estressados aumentaram o comportamento do tipo- ansioso e sensibilização (up-regulation) de A1Rs no hipocampo. Por outro lado, somente UCMS foi capaz de induzir desamparo aprendido, anedonia e aumento no binding de A2ARs no estriado. Enfim, acreditamos que estas alterações neuroquímicas e comportamentais expostas na presente tese possam servir no refinamento do conhecimento básico para posteriores interesses no melhoramento de terapias farmacológicas sobre psicopatologias. / The aim of this dissertation was to study the effects of Chronic Restraint Stress (CRS) and Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress (UCMS) upon anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors in order to establish possible behavioral differences between CRS and UCMS. In addition, we aimed to verify effects of both stress models upon biochemical parameters such as Na+, K+-ATPase activity and binding of the A1 (A1Rs) e A2A (A2ARs) adenosine receptors in hippocampus and striatum, respectively, in adult male Wistar rats. In all studies, the animals were submitted to CRS and UCMS during 40 days; the control group was no submitted to any kind of stress, and subsequently all groups were submitted to behavioral tasks to evaluate anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors. The first paper demonstrated that both stress models (CRS and UCMS) were able to increase anxiety-like behavior evaluated as the time in the central area of the open field task. Additionally, there was decreased Na+, K+-ATPase activity in amygdala of stressed rats. Besides that, there were no alterations in α 3 subunit immuncontent. We tried next to elucidate possible causes for the decreased Na+, K+-ATPase activity, and we measured several oxidative stress parameters, however no important differences were detected in this analysis, that could explain, at least in part, the possible causes of a decrease in Na+, K+-ATPase activity in amygdala of chronically stressed rats. On the other hand, only the UCMS group was able to induce depressive-like behavior, displayed by increased immobility time on the forced swimming test, which has been interpreted as learning helplessness. Therefore, we next studied if UCMS could lead to altered consumption of sucrose 1%, and this consumption was monitored weekly during eight weeks. Indeed, UCMS was able to induce decreased consumption of sucrose solution, a response that was considered as anhedonia, lost of motivation for pleasant situations. Once these behavioral differences between CRS and UCMS were detected, we studied possible alterations on the adenosinergic system, analyzing A1Rs e A2ARs We showed similarities on the effects of both types of chronic stress on A1Rs binding, since both increased Bmax as well as A1Rs immunocontent. Interestingly, when we analyzed A2ARs binding, only UCMS increased A2ARs Bmax. Finally, we concluded that CRS and UCMS were capable of inducing similar alterations in Na+, K+-ATPase activity in amygdala of rats. Additionally, both stressed groups increased anxiety-like behavior and showed up-regulation in hippocampal A1Rs. Besides, UCMS was able to induce learned helplessness, anhedonia and up-regulation in striatal A2ARs. It is expected that the behavioral and biochemical changes presented in this dissertation could refine the basic knowledge in this area, improving pharmacological therapies to treat psychopathologies.

No description available.

Estudos com resveratrol (RSV) tiveram um crescimento exponencial nos últimos anos, especialmente focando seu efeito benéfico na saúde humana. Recentemente, foram publicados trabalhos mostrando um forte efeito neuroprotetor, não somente reduzindo lesões cerebrais, mas também promovendo a recuperação funcional após a isquemia cerebral. Entretanto, as bases moleculares para a neuroproteção ainda são desconhecidas. Neste trabalho, avaliamos diversos mecanismos que são modulados pelo resveratrol em modelos experimentais de isquemia cerebral. Inicialmente, demonstramos que o tratamento com RSV, administrado durante 7 dias antes da indução da lesão isquêmica, diminuiu a morte neuronal em hipocampo e córtex cerebral de ratos submetidos a isquemia cerebral global. Em paralelo, reduziu a geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio e nitrogênio. Este efeito foi associado com o aumento de antioxidantes endógenos, além da prevenção do aumento da peroxidação lipídica e da diminuição da atividade da Na+K+-ATPase induzidos pela isquemia cerebral global. Tendo em vista que o insulto isquêmico aumentou rapidamente os níveis de espécies reativas de oxigênio, investigamos o efeito do resveratrol sobre o perfil lipídico, e demonstramos que ele foi capaz de prevenir a diminuição de gangliosídeos, fosfolipídios e colesterol observada em hipocampo e córtex de ratos isquêmicos. A análise de vias de sinalização possivelmente envolvidas, mostrou que o efeito neuroprotetor do resveratrol envolve a modulação da via de sobrevivência PI3- K/Akt através da ativação de seus substratos GSK-3β e CREB. Adicionalmente, vias que controlam a neuroinflamação foram moduladas por resveratrol, o qual diminuiu a ativação glial, reduziu a fosforilação da JNK, diminuiu a translocação nuclear de NF- κB, reduzindo sua ativação e seus possíveis substratos iNOS e COX-2. A seguir avaliamos o efeito do resveratrol em promover a angiogênese em células endoteliais cerebrais e demonstramos que ele foi capaz de promover a proliferação, migração e indução da formação de tubo vascular in vitro. Além da função da célula, o RSV mostrou mudar o aspecto morfológico de células endoteliais do cérebro associadas com o rearranjo do citoesqueleto e relocalização de β-catenina e VE-caderina. A avaliação de vias de sinalização associadas com a angiogênese promovida pelo resveratrol, mostrou o envolvimento das vias PI3-K/Akt e MAPK/ERK, que regularam eNOS modulando os níveis de VEGF e metaloproteinases. Considerando que angiogênese e neurogênese são processos acoplados, investigamos o efeito do RSV no aumento de fatores tróficos e na plasticidade neuronal. Demonstramos que o RSV promoveu a recuperação funcional e está intimamente relacionada com o aumento da angiogênese e neurogênese após a isquemia cerebral focal. Em conjunto, nossos resultados abrem a perspectiva para o desenvolvimento de uma nova estratégia terapêutica para o tratamento da isquemia cerebral. / Recent studies with resveratrol (RSV) have been growing exponentially throughout the years, especially focusing on its beneficial effect on human health. Recently published studies, showing strong neuroprotective effects of RSV, not only reduce brain damage, but also promotes functional recovery after stroke. However, the molecular basis for neuroprotection is still unknown. In this study, we evaluated various mechanisms that are modulated by RSV in experimental models of cerebral ischemia. Initially, we demonstrated that by administering RSV, for 7 days prior to global cerebral ischemia, decreased neuronal cell death in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of rats as well as reducing the generation of oxygen and nitrogen reactive species. The observed neuroprotection was associated with increased endogenous antioxidants, a decrease of Na+ K+ ATPase, and the prevention of lipid peroxidation. With an ischemic insult, levels of ROS rapidly increase which may lead to a decrease in lipids. However, we investigated the effects of RSV on lipid profiles and it showed that it was able to prevent a decrease in the amount of gangliosides, phospholipids, and cholesterol observed in the hippocampus and cortex of ischemic rats. There are several possible signaling pathways of RSV. Analysis of these pathways reveals that the neuroprotective effects of RSV involve the modulation of PI3-K/Akt survival pathway by activating its substrates GSK-3β and CREB. Furthermore, RSV modulates pathways involved in neuroinflammation, decreasing glial activation, phosphorylation of JNK, nuclear translocation and activation of NF- κB and its possible substrates of iNOS and COX-2. Additionally, we also investigated the effects of RSV on angiogenesis in brain endothelial cells. Results showed that RSV was able to promote proliferation, migration and vascular tube formation in vitro. Signaling pathways associated with angiogenesis by RSV, involves PI3-K/Akt and MAPK/ERK pathways which both regulate eNOS in the modulation of VEGF and metalloproteinase levels. Furthermore, RSV showed that the morphological change of brain endothelial cells was associated with cytoskeletal rearrangement and relocation of β-catenin and VE-cadherin. Considering that angiogenesis and neurogenesis are coupled processes, we investigated the effects of RSV on the increase of trophic factors and neuronal plasticity. We demonstrate that RSV increased functional recovery as well as intimately related to the increase of angiogenesis and neurogenesis after focal cerebral ischemia. Therefore, our results open the perspective for the development of a new therapeutics for the treatment of stroke.