abstract: Rubisco activase (Rca) from higher plants is a stromal ATPase essential for reactivating Rubiscos rendered catalytically inactive by endogenous inhibitors. Rca’s functional state is thought to consist of ring-like hexameric assemblies, similar to other members of the AAA+ protein superfamily. However, unlike other members, it does not form obligate hexamers and is quite polydisperse in solution, making elucidation of its self-association pathway challenging. This polydispersity also makes interpretation of traditional biochemical approaches difficult, prompting use of a fluorescence-based technique (Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy) to investigate the relationship between quaternary structure and function. Like cotton β Rca, tobacco β Rca appears to assemble in a step-wise and nucleotide-dependent manner. Incubation in varying nucleotides appears to alter the equilibrium between varying oligomers, either promoting or minimizing the formation of larger oligomers. High concentrations of ADP seem to favor continuous assembly towards larger oligomers, while assembly in the presence of ATP-yS (an ATP analog) appears to halt continuous assembly in favor of hexameric species. In contrast, assembly in the “Active ATP Turnover” condition (a mixture of ATP and ADP) appears to favor an almost equal distribution of tetramer and hexamer, which when compared with ATPase activity, shows great alignment with maximum activity in the low µM range. Despite this alignment, the decrease in ATPase activity does not follow any particular oligomer, but rather decreases with increasing aggregation, suggesting that assembly dynamics may regulate ATPase activity, rather than the formation/disappearance of one specific oligomer. Work presented here also indicates that all oligomers larger than hexamers are catalytically inactive, thus providing support for the idea that they may serve as a storage mechanism to minimize wasteful hydrolysis. These findings are also supported by assembly work carried out on an Assembly Mutant (R294V), known for favoring formation of closed-ring hexamers. Similar assembly studies were carried out on spinach Rca, however, due to its aggregation propensity, FCS results were more difficult to interpret. Based on these findings, one could argue that assembly dynamics are essential for Rca function, both in ATPase and in regulation of Rubisco carboxylation activity, thus providing a rational for Rca’s high degree of polydispersity. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Biochemistry 2018

Estudos com resveratrol (RSV) tiveram um crescimento exponencial nos últimos anos, especialmente focando seu efeito benéfico na saúde humana. Recentemente, foram publicados trabalhos mostrando um forte efeito neuroprotetor, não somente reduzindo lesões cerebrais, mas também promovendo a recuperação funcional após a isquemia cerebral. Entretanto, as bases moleculares para a neuroproteção ainda são desconhecidas. Neste trabalho, avaliamos diversos mecanismos que são modulados pelo resveratrol em modelos experimentais de isquemia cerebral. Inicialmente, demonstramos que o tratamento com RSV, administrado durante 7 dias antes da indução da lesão isquêmica, diminuiu a morte neuronal em hipocampo e córtex cerebral de ratos submetidos a isquemia cerebral global. Em paralelo, reduziu a geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio e nitrogênio. Este efeito foi associado com o aumento de antioxidantes endógenos, além da prevenção do aumento da peroxidação lipídica e da diminuição da atividade da Na+K+-ATPase induzidos pela isquemia cerebral global. Tendo em vista que o insulto isquêmico aumentou rapidamente os níveis de espécies reativas de oxigênio, investigamos o efeito do resveratrol sobre o perfil lipídico, e demonstramos que ele foi capaz de prevenir a diminuição de gangliosídeos, fosfolipídios e colesterol observada em hipocampo e córtex de ratos isquêmicos. A análise de vias de sinalização possivelmente envolvidas, mostrou que o efeito neuroprotetor do resveratrol envolve a modulação da via de sobrevivência PI3- K/Akt através da ativação de seus substratos GSK-3β e CREB. Adicionalmente, vias que controlam a neuroinflamação foram moduladas por resveratrol, o qual diminuiu a ativação glial, reduziu a fosforilação da JNK, diminuiu a translocação nuclear de NF- κB, reduzindo sua ativação e seus possíveis substratos iNOS e COX-2. A seguir avaliamos o efeito do resveratrol em promover a angiogênese em células endoteliais cerebrais e demonstramos que ele foi capaz de promover a proliferação, migração e indução da formação de tubo vascular in vitro. Além da função da célula, o RSV mostrou mudar o aspecto morfológico de células endoteliais do cérebro associadas com o rearranjo do citoesqueleto e relocalização de β-catenina e VE-caderina. A avaliação de vias de sinalização associadas com a angiogênese promovida pelo resveratrol, mostrou o envolvimento das vias PI3-K/Akt e MAPK/ERK, que regularam eNOS modulando os níveis de VEGF e metaloproteinases. Considerando que angiogênese e neurogênese são processos acoplados, investigamos o efeito do RSV no aumento de fatores tróficos e na plasticidade neuronal. Demonstramos que o RSV promoveu a recuperação funcional e está intimamente relacionada com o aumento da angiogênese e neurogênese após a isquemia cerebral focal. Em conjunto, nossos resultados abrem a perspectiva para o desenvolvimento de uma nova estratégia terapêutica para o tratamento da isquemia cerebral. / Recent studies with resveratrol (RSV) have been growing exponentially throughout the years, especially focusing on its beneficial effect on human health. Recently published studies, showing strong neuroprotective effects of RSV, not only reduce brain damage, but also promotes functional recovery after stroke. However, the molecular basis for neuroprotection is still unknown. In this study, we evaluated various mechanisms that are modulated by RSV in experimental models of cerebral ischemia. Initially, we demonstrated that by administering RSV, for 7 days prior to global cerebral ischemia, decreased neuronal cell death in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of rats as well as reducing the generation of oxygen and nitrogen reactive species. The observed neuroprotection was associated with increased endogenous antioxidants, a decrease of Na+ K+ ATPase, and the prevention of lipid peroxidation. With an ischemic insult, levels of ROS rapidly increase which may lead to a decrease in lipids. However, we investigated the effects of RSV on lipid profiles and it showed that it was able to prevent a decrease in the amount of gangliosides, phospholipids, and cholesterol observed in the hippocampus and cortex of ischemic rats. There are several possible signaling pathways of RSV. Analysis of these pathways reveals that the neuroprotective effects of RSV involve the modulation of PI3-K/Akt survival pathway by activating its substrates GSK-3β and CREB. Furthermore, RSV modulates pathways involved in neuroinflammation, decreasing glial activation, phosphorylation of JNK, nuclear translocation and activation of NF- κB and its possible substrates of iNOS and COX-2. Additionally, we also investigated the effects of RSV on angiogenesis in brain endothelial cells. Results showed that RSV was able to promote proliferation, migration and vascular tube formation in vitro. Signaling pathways associated with angiogenesis by RSV, involves PI3-K/Akt and MAPK/ERK pathways which both regulate eNOS in the modulation of VEGF and metalloproteinase levels. Furthermore, RSV showed that the morphological change of brain endothelial cells was associated with cytoskeletal rearrangement and relocation of β-catenin and VE-cadherin. Considering that angiogenesis and neurogenesis are coupled processes, we investigated the effects of RSV on the increase of trophic factors and neuronal plasticity. We demonstrate that RSV increased functional recovery as well as intimately related to the increase of angiogenesis and neurogenesis after focal cerebral ischemia. Therefore, our results open the perspective for the development of a new therapeutics for the treatment of stroke.

Na presente tese, nós estudamos os efeitos do estresse crônico repetido (CRS) e do estresse crônico imprevisível moderado (UCMS) sobre comportamentos do tipo- ansioso e do tipo- depressivo na tentativa de estabelecer possíveis diferenças comportamentais sobre os modelos de estresse. Além disso, verificar os efeitos de ambos os modelos sobre parâmetros bioquímicos como a atividade da enzima Na+, K+-ATPase e o binding dos receptores de adenosina A1 (A1Rs) e A2A (A2ARs) no hipocampo e estriado, respectivamente, de ratos machos adultos Wistar. Nos dois trabalhos apresentados neste estudo, os animais foram submetidos ao CRS e ao UCMS durante 40 dias e subsequentemente foram avaliados em uma série de tarefas comportamentais para estudo de comportamentos do tipo- ansioso e do tipo- depressivo. O primeiro artigo demonstrou que ratos submetidos ao CRS e UCMS apresentaram comportamento do tipo- ansioso, analisado pela diminuição na permanência nos quadrados centrais na tarefa do campo aberto. Além disso, foi demonstrada uma diminuição da atividade da enzima Na+, K+-ATPase na amígdala desses ratos, não sendo, todavia, observado alteração do imunoconteúdo da enzima. Adicionalmente, com o objetivo de elucidar as possíveis causas da diminuição da atividade da Na+, K+-ATPase,medimos diversos parâmetros de estresse oxidativo, porém não obtivemos qualquer diferença significativa nessas medidas, capaz de explicar, ao menos em parte, uma possível causa dessa diminuição da Na+, K+-ATPase na amígdala dos ratos estressados cronicamente. No segundo trabalho, somente o UCMS foi capaz de induzir comportamento do tipo- depressivo, verificado pelo aumento no tempo de imobilidade no teste do nado forçado. Este comportamento tem sido interpretado como desamparo aprendido. Desse modo, utilizamos somente o UCMS como variável para o consumo de solução de sacarose 1%. Este consumo foi monitorado semanalmente, durante oito semanas. De fato, UCMS foi capaz de induzir diminuição no consumo de solução de sacarose, comportamento entendido como anedonia, perda de motivação em situações prazerosas. Uma vez estabelecidas as diferenças comportamentais entre CRS e UCMS, verificamos alterações no sisterma adenosinérgico ao analisarmos os A1Rs e os A2ARs. Demonstramos uma similaridade no binding de A1Rs, aumentando Bmax com aumento do imunoconteúdo dos A1Rs tanto no CRS quanto no UCMS. Interessantemente, quanto ao binding de A2ARs, o grupo UCMS mostrou-se diferente do CRS, com aumento de Bmax para A2AR. Em suma, concluímos que os dois modelos de estresse crônico causaram alterações similares na atividade da Na+, K+-ATPase na amígdala de ratos, e ambos os grupos estressados aumentaram o comportamento do tipo- ansioso e sensibilização (up-regulation) de A1Rs no hipocampo. Por outro lado, somente UCMS foi capaz de induzir desamparo aprendido, anedonia e aumento no binding de A2ARs no estriado. Enfim, acreditamos que estas alterações neuroquímicas e comportamentais expostas na presente tese possam servir no refinamento do conhecimento básico para posteriores interesses no melhoramento de terapias farmacológicas sobre psicopatologias. / The aim of this dissertation was to study the effects of Chronic Restraint Stress (CRS) and Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress (UCMS) upon anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors in order to establish possible behavioral differences between CRS and UCMS. In addition, we aimed to verify effects of both stress models upon biochemical parameters such as Na+, K+-ATPase activity and binding of the A1 (A1Rs) e A2A (A2ARs) adenosine receptors in hippocampus and striatum, respectively, in adult male Wistar rats. In all studies, the animals were submitted to CRS and UCMS during 40 days; the control group was no submitted to any kind of stress, and subsequently all groups were submitted to behavioral tasks to evaluate anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors. The first paper demonstrated that both stress models (CRS and UCMS) were able to increase anxiety-like behavior evaluated as the time in the central area of the open field task. Additionally, there was decreased Na+, K+-ATPase activity in amygdala of stressed rats. Besides that, there were no alterations in α 3 subunit immuncontent. We tried next to elucidate possible causes for the decreased Na+, K+-ATPase activity, and we measured several oxidative stress parameters, however no important differences were detected in this analysis, that could explain, at least in part, the possible causes of a decrease in Na+, K+-ATPase activity in amygdala of chronically stressed rats. On the other hand, only the UCMS group was able to induce depressive-like behavior, displayed by increased immobility time on the forced swimming test, which has been interpreted as learning helplessness. Therefore, we next studied if UCMS could lead to altered consumption of sucrose 1%, and this consumption was monitored weekly during eight weeks. Indeed, UCMS was able to induce decreased consumption of sucrose solution, a response that was considered as anhedonia, lost of motivation for pleasant situations. Once these behavioral differences between CRS and UCMS were detected, we studied possible alterations on the adenosinergic system, analyzing A1Rs e A2ARs We showed similarities on the effects of both types of chronic stress on A1Rs binding, since both increased Bmax as well as A1Rs immunocontent. Interestingly, when we analyzed A2ARs binding, only UCMS increased A2ARs Bmax. Finally, we concluded that CRS and UCMS were capable of inducing similar alterations in Na+, K+-ATPase activity in amygdala of rats. Additionally, both stressed groups increased anxiety-like behavior and showed up-regulation in hippocampal A1Rs. Besides, UCMS was able to induce learned helplessness, anhedonia and up-regulation in striatal A2ARs. It is expected that the behavioral and biochemical changes presented in this dissertation could refine the basic knowledge in this area, improving pharmacological therapies to treat psychopathologies.

A hipermetioninemia ocorre em muitas doenças metabólicas, dentre elas, na deficiência da enzima metionina adenosiltransferase e na homocistinúria. Pacientes afetados por essas doenças podem apresentar alterações neurológicas e hepáticas; entretanto, os mecanismos responsáveis por essas manifestações não estão totalmente elucidados. No presente trabalho inicialmente avaliamos o efeito in vitro da metionina sobre a atividade da Na+,K+-ATPase e sobre alguns parâmetros de estresse oxidativo em hipocampo de ratos. Resultados mostraram que a pré-incubação de homogeneizados de hipocampo com metionina diminuiu a atividade da Na+,K+-ATPase e que antioxidantes (glutationa e trolox) preveniram esse efeito. Verificou-se também que a metionina diminuiu o potencial antioxidante total não enzimático (TRAP), aumentou a lipoperoxidação (medida pela quantidade de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico – TBARS e pela quimiluminescência) e não alterou a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes catalase (CAT), glutationa peroxidase (GSH-Px) e superóxido dismutase (SOD). A seguir, desenvolvemos um modelo químico experimental de hipermetioninemia em ratos, a fim de estudar e melhor compreender os mecanismos fisiopatológicos dessa doença. Utilizando esse modelo, verificamos diversos parâmetros bioquímicos cerebrais, como a atividade da Na+,K+-ATPase e da acetilcolinesterase, alguns parâmetros de estresse oxidativo, o conteúdo lipídico total, bem como o aprendizado e a memória em ratos submetidos à tarefa do labirinto aquático de Morris. Também avaliamos parâmetros de estresse oxidativo em fígado de ratos hipermetioninêmicos. O modelo crônico de hipermetioninemia foi realizado do 6o ao 28o dia de vida e as doses de metionina administradas variaram de 1,34 a 2,68 mmol/g de peso corporal. Os ratos controles receberam solução salina no mesmo volume. As concentrações plasmáticas obtidas foram de 2 mmol/L, similares àquelas encontradas no plasma de pacientes hipermetioninêmicos. Os níveis cerebrais de metionina foram de aproximadamente 1 mmol/g de tecido. No tratamento agudo, ratos de 29 dias receberam uma injeção de metionina, na dose VIII de 2,68 mmol/g de peso corporal. Os resultados mostraram que a hipermetioninemia aguda e crônica aumentou o TBARS e reduziu a Na+,K+- ATPase em cérebro de ratos. A hipermetioninemia crônica reduziu o conteúdo total de gangliosídios, fosfolipídios e colesterol, e não alterou a CAT e o conteúdo tiólico total em cérebro de ratos. Também observamos que a administração crônica de metionina provocou um déficit na memória de trabalho e um aumento na atividade da acetilcolinesterase cerebral. Por outro lado, a administração aguda de metionina não alterou a atividade dessa enzima em cérebro de ratos. Por fim, demonstramos que a hipermetioninemia crônica aumentou a quimiluminescência, o conteúdo de carbonilas e a atividade da GSH-Px, e diminuiu o TRAP e a atividade da CAT em fígados de ratos. Em contraste, não houve alteração nos níveis de TBARS, TAR, conteúdo tiólico total e na atividade da SOD em fígado de ratos. Nossos achados, em conjunto, poderão auxiliar na compreensão das alterações neurológicas e hepáticas observadas em pacientes hipermetioninêmicos. / Hypermethioninemia is the biochemical hallmark of many metabolic disorders, such as methionine adenosyltransferase activity deficiency and homocystinuria. Affected patients can present neurological and hepatic alterations, whose underlying mechanisms are not yet fully established. In the present work, we evaluated the in vitro effect of methionine on Na+,K+-ATPase activity and some parameters of oxidative stress in hippocampus of rats. Results showed that incubation of homogenates of hippocampus with methionine diminished Na+,K+- ATPase activity and that simultaneous incubation with some antioxidants, such as glutathione and trolox prevented this effect. We also demonstrated that methionine decreased total radical antioxidant potential (TRAP), increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) e chemiluminescence (both are markers of lipid peroxidation), but did not alter the activities of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in hippocampus of rats. Afterwards, considering that animal models are useful to better understand the physiopathology of human diseases, we developed a chemically induced experimental model of hypermethioninemia in rats. By using this model, we verified many biochemical parameters, as Na+,K+-ATPase and acetylcholinesterase activities, some oxidative stress parameters, total lipid content, as well as learning and memory in rats on Morris water maze task. We also determined the effect chronic hypermethioninemia on some parameters of oxidative stress in liver of rats. Chronic hypermethioninemia was performed from the 6th to the 28th day of life and methionine doses administered (1.34–2.68 mmol/g of body weight) were chosen in order to induce plasma levels similar to those described in hypermethioninemic patients (around to 2 mmol/L). By this treatment, we also produced high levels of methionine (approximately 1 mmol/g wet tissue) in brain of rats. Control rats received saline in the same volumes. In acute treatment, 29-day-old rats received one single injection of methionine (2.68 mmol/g of body weight). Results showed that acute and chronic administration of methionine X enhanced TBARS levels and decreased Na+,K+-ATPase activity in brain of rats. Chronic hypermethioninemia reduced total content of gangliosides, phospholipids and cholesterol, but did not change CAT activity and total thiol content brain of rats. We also observed that methionine-treated rats presented impaired performance on working memory task and an increase in brain acetylcholinesterase activity. On the other hand, acute administration did not alter this enzyme activity. Finally, we demonstrated that chronic hypermethioninemia increased chemiluminescence, protein carbonyl content and GSH-Px activity, and decreased TRAP and CAT activity in liver of rats. In contrast, TBARS, TAR, total thiol content and SOD activity were not affected by methionine administration in liver of rats. Altogether, our findings may be helpful in the understanding of the neurological and hepatic alterations observed in hypermethioninemic patients.

A deficiência de sulfito oxidase é uma doença autossômica recessiva que afeta o metabolismo da metionina e cisteína. Os indivíduos afetados comumente apresentam, no período neonatal, convulsões refratárias, retardo mental e desordens do movimento cuja fisiopatologia é desconhecida. Os distúrbios no desenvolvimento e o dano cerebral podem ocorrer como resultado do acúmulo tecidual de sulfito no cérebro. Os objetivos deste estudo foram verificar os efeitos in vitro e in vivo do sulfito sobre alguns parâmetros de estresse oxidativo (avaliação de lipoperoxidação e capacidade antioxidante tecidual) e sobre a atividade da Na+, K+-ATPase em córtex cerebral, estriado e hipocampo de ratos. Primeiramente, verificamos o efeito in vitro do sulfito sobre o estresse oxidativo e a Na+, K+-ATPase em cérebro de ratos de 10 e 60 dias. Posteriormente, nos estudos in vivo, investigamos o efeito da administração intracerebroventricular de sulfito sobre os parâmetros estudados in vitro. Os estudos in vitro demonstraram uma ação direta do sulfito (500μM) na indução de estresse oxidativo verificada pela redução na atividade da catalase e aumento da peroxidação lipídica, enquanto que nos estudos in vivo o sulfito não alterou a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes, TRAP ou TBARS. Tanto nos estudos in vitro como in vivo, o sulfito mostrou-se incapaz de alterar a atividade da Na+,K+-ATPase. Nossos resultados, em conjunto, não excluem o potencial efeito neurotóxico do sulfito na fisiopatologia da doença. O conhecimento dos níveis deste composto no cérebro pode evidenciar além da condição de estresse oxidativo, o comprometimento de outras vias metabólicas importantes no funcionamento cerebral e podem apontar estratégias terapêuticas na prevenção dos efeitos neurológicos da deficiência de sulfito oxidase. / The sulfite oxidase deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder affecting the metabolism of methionine and cysteine. Affected individuals commonly present in the neonatal period intractable seizures, mental retardation and movement disorder which the physiopathology is unknown. The disturbed development and damage to the brain might occur as a result of tissue accumulation of sulfite in the cerebro. The objectives of this study was to investigate the in vitro and in vivo effects of sulfite on some parameters of oxidative stress (lipoperoxidation and antioxidant capacity) and on Na+, K+-ATPase activity in cerebral cortex, striatum and hippocampus from rats. Firstly, we verified the in vitro effects of sulfite on oxidative stress and Na+, K+- ATPase in brains from 10 and 60 days old rats. In the subsequent events, in the in vitro studies, we investigated the effect of intracerebroventricular injection of sulfite on the same parameters studied in vitro. The in vitro studies showed a direct action of sulfite (500 μM) in the induction of oxidative stress through the decrease of catalase activity and increase of peroxidation lipid, while the in vivo studies didn’t alter the antioxidants enzyme activity, TRAP or TBARS. Both in vitro and in vivo studies, showed that sulfite was incapable to disturb the Na+,K+-ATPase activity. Our results, together, don’t exclude the potencial neurotoxic effect of sulfite in the physiopathology of disease. The kwonledge of levels from this compound in the brain can show over there the oxidative stress, the compromise of others metabolic patways important to the brain function and can to lead to strategies therapeutics in the prevention of neurologic effects on sulfite oxidase deficiency.

In heart, Ca2+ plays an important role in maintenance of normal cardiac functions. Regulation of Ca2+ is mainly through L-type Ca2+ channel (LTCC), Ryanodine receptor (RyR) and sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase pump (SERCA) on sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), Na+-Ca2+ exchanger (NCX), plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA). It has been well-accepted that PMCA plays a minor contribution to elevation of Ca2+ compared to SERCA and NCX and in regulation of cytosolic Ca2+ homeostasis. There are four isoforms of PMCA, PMCA1-4, and PMCA1 is a house-keeping gene, and abundantly distributed in heart. However, the role of PMCA1 in the murine heart has not been fully explored. With a cardiac specific knockout mouse model, the electrophysiological characteristics of PMCA1 in murine hearts, particularly in atria under normal physiological and stress conditions ([Ca2+]o overload and pacing conditions) are investigated. Firstly the complete deletion of PMCA1 in the atria in PMCA1cko mice was confirmed by Western blotting and immunostaining, also the membrane localisation of PMCA1 in the atria in PMCA1loxP/loxP mice was demonstrated. Then the phenotypes of ex vivo whole hearts between PMCA1loxP/loxP and PMCA1cko mice under physiological conditions and [Ca2+]o overload condition and with different frequencies by programmed electrical stimulation (PES) were explored. Further more, the Ca2+ handling process in single atrial myocytes between the PMCA1 deletion mice and control mice under normal physiological conditions and [Ca2+]o overload condition and stimulation with different frequencies was investigated. Finally the Ca2+ handling process in single ventricular myocytes between the PMCA1 deletion mice and control mice under normal physiological condition was investigated. At the whole heart level, the PMCA1cko hearts became more susceptible to arrhythmias with PES under physiological conditions compared with the PMCA1loxP/loxP hearts, and such arrhythmic events occurred more often and had longer pacing durations under Ca2+ overload conditions and higher frequency of pacing. At the single cellular level, the NCX current decay was significantly prolonged in PMCA1cko atrial myocytes under physiological conditions. This was further increased under Ca2+ overload conditions. With frequency-dependent stimulation, the PMCA1cko atrial myocytes showed few EAD- or DAD-type APs under physiological conditions in contrast to PMCA1loxP/loxP atrial myocytes that showed no arrhythmic events. The occurrence increased significantly under Ca2+ overload condition and/or at higher frequency of stimulation. Similar findings were observed in isolated ventricular myocytes. To conclude, the role of PMCA1 in maintaining Ca2+ homeostasis and electrical function in atrial myocytes under physiological conditions is minor. ii) PMCA1 has a critical role in maintaining Ca2+ homeostasis and electrical function in the atrium under stress conditions. This is particularly important during fast efflux of Ca2+ which is required under stress conditions.

Cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure are affecting almost one million people in the UK alone. The available therapies of cardiac hypertrophy are for symptomatic treatment. Recently attention has been moved towards identification of novel drugs which intervene with signalling pathways involved in hypertrophy. To achieve this goal it was important to understand the role of genes involved in the development of cardiac hypertrophy. One of such genes is plasma membrane calcium ATPase isoform 4 (PMCA4). Although several studies which used genetically modified animal models suggested the involvement of PMCA4 during the development of cardiac hypertrophy, the actual role of PMCA4 is still unclear. In this study, we will clarify the role of PMCA4 during the development of cardiac hypertrophy using a novel PMCA4 specific inhibitor. Until now there is no known PMCA4 specific inhibitor so a library of 1280 medically optimised compounds was screened using a novel in vitro assay which measures the ATPase activity of PMCA4. The compound aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) was identified, which inhibited PMCA4 ATPase activity with higher affinity (IC50= 100 nM) compared with related ATPases. In isolated neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, ATA showed dose dependent inhibition of phenylephrine-induced hypertrophy. In vivo studies showed that ATA (5mg/kg body weight/day IP) significantly reduced the development of pressure-overload induced hypertrophy in wild type mice following two weeks transverse aortic constriction (TAC). Echocardiography and haemodynamic analyses showed that ATA treatment significantly reduced the abnormal left ventricular remodelling after TAC compared with vehicle treatment. ATA treated TAC mice showed a significant reduction in the enlargement of heart weight/tibia length ratio as well as cardiomyocyte cross sectional surface area compared with vehicle treated TAC mice. A significant reduction in the expression of the hypertrophic markers ANP and BNP and, importantly, in the percentage of fibrosis was observed in ATA treated TAC mice compared with vehicle treated TAC mice. In addition, ATA treatment significantly reversed the already established pressure overload induced hypertrophy following three weeks TAC. ATA treatment to TAC mice led to a significant reduction in the expression of the bona fide calcineurin target MCIP1 and a reduction in NFAT phosphorylation level in vivo and NFAT transcriptional activity in vitro. ATA did not show a direct inhibition to the active form of calcineurin nor to the phosphatase activity of full length calcineurin.In conclusion, we have identified ATA as a novel and specific inhibitor to PMCA4 ATPase activity. Pharmacological inhibition of PMCA4 significantly reduces the hypertrophic response to pressure overload likely through inhibition of calcineurin/NFAT signalling.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第22887号 / 医博第4681号 / 新制||医||1048(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 武藤 学, 教授 小川 誠司, 教授 藤田 恭之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

The laboratory strains of yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae form colonies which can differentiate into two main cell subpopulations. U and L cells demonstrate different morphology, metabolism and stress-resistance. It was also proved that some of metabolic pathways in U cells are a similar to ones in tumor cells. The unique metabolism is activated in U cells; the TORC1 is active in these cells together with autophagy and glycogen accumulation, which are characteristic for cells with inactivated TORC1. CORVET and HOPS complexes together with vacuolar ATPase are involved in processes related to vacuolar fusion and trafficking. Also, these complexes contribute to the regulation of TORC1 activity. Vam6p is a subunit of HOPS complex and it is also involved in regulation of TORC1 acting as GEF for Gtr1p GTPase, which activates TORC1. The aim of this study was to outline whether selected subunits of mentioned complexes affect TORC1 activity in U cells. Further aim was to confirm the effect of Vam6p on selected proteins production. These proteins were chosen based on results of proteomic analysis performed in our laboratory. In order to investigate possible effects of proteins of interest absence on colonies' morphology, strains deleted in selected genes were prepared (VPS3, VPS8, VPS33, VPS41, VPH2, VAC7 a...

Properties of the regulatory nucleotide binding site of the Ca²⁺-ATPase of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum have been investigated. Previously, several lines of evidence have indicated the existence of both catalytic and regulatory nucleotide binding sites on the same polypeptide species. The present study concentrates on the interaction of the ATP analogue, 2'-3'-0-(2,4,6-trinitrocyclohexadienylidine) adenosine 5'-triphosphate, (TNP-ATP), with sites on the non-phosphorylated and phosphorylated enzyme. In particular those conformational transitions linking TNP-ATP fluorescence to the phosphoenzyme subspecies have been sought. Previous studies have demonstrated a close relationship between TNP-ATP fluorescence and phosphoenzyme formed from ATP plus Ca²⁺, or from inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the absence of Ca²⁺, in the reverse direction of the cycle. However, the precise relationship of TNP-ATP fluorescence to the energy transducing conformations of the ATPase is controversial. TNP-ATP binding was investigated by spectrophotometric methods and by the synthesis of [ ¹⁴C] TNP-ATP. [ ¹⁴C] TNP-ATP bound to the ATPase site with high affinity ([TNP-ATP] 0. 5 = 0.12 uM), and · a stoichiometry of 5.4 nmol/mg. [ ¹⁴C] ATP binding stoichiometry was 6.1 nmol/mg, demonstrating that TNP-ATP binds to a single family of sites. The nature of the phosphoenzyme intermediate species that results in enhanced TNP-ATP fluorescence was investigated. NEM derivitization, Sr²⁺-transport and Ca²⁺-oxalate uptake have previously been found to alter the distribution or relative levels of phosphoenzyme intermediates. Modification of thiol groups responsible for phosphoenzyme decomposition (SHd), using N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) (0.4 mM) with 50 uM Ca²⁺, 1 mM AMP-PNP at pH 7.0, resulted in a 50% decrease in Ca²⁺-uptake, Ca²⁺-ATPase activity and ADP-insensitive E-P (E₂-P), while total EP (E₁-P + E₂-P = 3.2 nmol/mg), remained unaltered. ATP-dependent TNP-ATP enhanced fluorescence decreased by 50% under these conditions. Ca²⁺-oxalate induced turnover has previously been shown to decrease steady-state E₂-P levels by prevention of Ca²⁺ gradient formation. Oxalate (5 mM) caused a 40% decrease in ATP-induced TNP-ATP fluorescence levels while total EP levels remained relatively unaltered. Previous studies have shown that Sr²⁺-induced turnover favours higher levels of E₂-P by inhibiting the reverse reaction from E₂-P to E₁-P. Strontium-induced turnover increased TNP-ATP fluorescence by 10% as compared to that of Ca²⁺, without affecting steady-state E-P levels, consistent with an E₂-P conformation relationship to enhanced TNP-ATP fluorescence. The binding site for TNP-ATP on the enzyme was investigated by chase studies using millimolar concentrations of nucleotides. ATP and ADP diminished TNP-ATP fluorescence competitively, with apparent Km values of 1.25 and 0.54 mM respectively, consistent with their affinities of binding to the regulatory site. The rates of decrease of fluorescence (25 and 34 sec⁻¹ at 5 ᵒC, respectively), were of the same order of magnitude as the derived "off" rate of TNP-ATP from the site of enhanced fluorescence (33 sec⁻¹), consistent with TNP-ATP being bound to the regulatory site of the enzyme. Enhanced TNP-ATP fluorescence has previously been related to decreased water activity of the probe site. Alteration of water activity by structure- forming (Deuterium oxide) and structure-breaking solutes (KSCN) in relation to fluorescence were explored. Replacement of H₂O by D₂O altered the fluorescence of unbound TNP-ATP. The apparent for TNP-ATP binding to the E₂-P conformation of the regulatory site. The regulatory site appears to be a modified form of the phosphorylated catalytic site. It is proposed that TNP-ATP fluorescence monitors an enzyme conformation related to Ca²⁺ binding to an inward oriented site of low affinity. The mechanism of K⁺ fluorescence quenching appears to be via an acceleration of dephosphorylation, as opposed to a change in affinity of the enzyme for TNP-ATP, as previously suggested. The K⁺ sensitivity of TNP-ATP fluorescence has proved useful in demonstrating a direct interaction of valinomycin with the enzyme through the monovalent cation binding site. Valinomycin appears to bind directly to the enzyme and to selectively accelerate the "off" rate of K⁺ from this site.