The technical and economic feasibility of an inverted pavement has been proven abroad and in Brazil, but there are still doubts relating to the parameters that may affect the performance of this type of pavement, particularly in Brazil. There is a lack of studies that identify and characterize the variables that are directly related to the structural behaviour of the cement-treated layer and the contribution of each layer (thickness and elastic modulus) to inverted pavement performance as a whole. Furthermore, the main Brazilian specifications allow designers to make most decisions based on their experience, often generating doubts and uncertainties ranging from the design of the structure to the execution of quality control, directly reflecting on the pavement’s service life. Two test sections designed as inverted pavements, which were evaluated in Brazil, are assessed to identify and characterize the variables directly related to the structural behaviour of inverted pavements. In addition, a comparative analysis of the design, materials, construction, and quality control methods for Brazilian and South African inverted pavements is assessed. Both test sections were built based on the same design principles, but have been presented through different structural performances since their implementation in 2001. Each test section was monitored with deflection measurements between 2003 and 2016. In 2017, two inspection pits were opened in each test section. Samples were collected from all layers, and sent to the laboratory. Additionally, the tests carried out in the laboratory and in-situ in both sections during their construction in 2001, requested in the quality control, were also analysed in this study. The test results from the quality control and the test results obtained exclusively for this study (alongside the available literature) were compared and analysed against each other. Based on the analyses and discussions carried out throughout this research, it is possible to conclude that both the thickness and elastic modulus variables of the unbound base and the cement-treated layer played the most important roles in the behaviour of the inverted pavement, besides the support provided to the cement-treated layer by the underlying layer. Furthermore, the difference in the behaviour of both test sections can be linked to these three variables in addition to the constructive techniques adopted. No direct correlations were found for obtaining resilient modulus through CBR, and obtaining CBR values through DCP tests may vary according to the type of soil. The back-calculated modulus are good and reliable indicators of resistance, however, it is essential to apply adjustment factors. Furthermore, it was possible to identify a linear function with R² = 0.845, where ITS varies as a function of USC, according to the tests result carried out in 2001. However, unfortunately, no satisfactory correlations were found between UCS and ITS, UCS and ft, and ITS and ft from the results obtained in 2017. It is possible that these results are due to the specimens being damaged. / Dissertation (MSc (Transportation Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2021. / Civil Engineering / MSc (Transportation Engineering) / Unrestricted

<p>There are significant problems during construction to establish an adequate foundation for fills and/or subgrade for pavements when the natural ground has low-bearing soils. Geosynthetics such as geogrids, geotextiles and/or geocells could provide an alternative, less costly in time and money, to establish an adequate foundation for the fill and/or subgrade. There is extensive evidence in the literature and on DOTs practices about the suitability of using geotextiles in pavements as separators. Previous studies have also shown that the use of geogrids in flexible pavements as a reinforcing mechanism could decrease the thickness of the base layer and/or increase the life of the pavement. In this study, analyses of selected pavement designs using Pavement ME, while considering geogrid-enhanced base or subgrade resilient modulus values, showed that geogrid-reinforcement, when placed at the interface between subgrade and base, did not produce significant benefits, as only a modest increase in pavement life was predicted. In addition, parametric finite element analyses were carried out to investigate the potential benefits of placing a geogrid at the base of a fill over a localized weak foundation zone. The analyses showed that the use of geogrids is beneficial only when: (a) the stiffness of the weak foundation soil is about an order of magnitude smaller than the rest of the foundation soil; and (b) the horizontal extent of the weak foundation soil is at least 30% of the base of the embankment foundation. The largest decrease in differential settlements at the surface of the fill, resulting from geogrid-reinforcement, was less than 20% and, therefore, it is unlikely that the sole use of geogrids would be sufficient to mitigate differential settlements. Based on previous studies, a geocell mattress, which is a three-dimensional geosynthetic filled with different types of materials, could act as a stiff platform at the base of an embankment and bridge over weak zones in the foundation. However, given the limited experience on the use of geocells, further research is required to demonstrate that geocells can be effectively used instead of other reinforcement methods.</p>

Non-exhaust PM10 is an issue in the urban environment linked to health issues. Emissions of non-exhaust PM10 is relatable to pavement properties. Also of importance is resuspension of road dust stored from surfaces. This depends on the traffic and metrological conditions. Given this, the purpose of the thesis was to give an overview limited to Sweden and the Nordic countries regarding non-exhaust PM10 emissions and road dust. The overview includes how particles are related to human health. Also included is the principle of how particles are emitted from road surface and tyre interaction, both directly and through resuspension of road dust. This thesis also includes an overview of how the use of studded tyres impact on asphalt surfacings and how the properties of the materials used impact on the abrasion wear. This is then linked to the emissions of non-exhaust particles. Further described is how measurements can be done of ambient particles and road dust, followed on two major models for road abrasion wear and non-exhaust PM prediction. Also included is how road operation, e.g. traction sanding and dust binding, influence the particle emissions together with other options to reduce the emissions through, e.g. limiting the use of studded tyres. One special issue discussed in this thesis is the lack of holistic view regarding the environmental problems in the urban environment with focus on particle emissions and road noise emissions, both from the road surface and tyre interaction. Currently the most problematic issue is prioritized and the resulting solution to that specific problem might increase other problems. This thesis shows that much knowledge is available regarding non-exhaust PM10 emissions and road dust, but also that several knowledge gaps exists. Several suggestions on further studies is given together with a brief overview on the continued work forward from this thesis. / Icke-avgasemissioner av PM10 är ett problem i urbana miljöer länkat till flera hälsoaspekter. Dessa emissioner kan relateras till beläggningars egenskaper. Även resuspension av vägdamm från ytor är av betydelse och beror på både trafiken och meterologin. Baserat på detta är syftet med denna avhandling att ge en översikt kring icke-avgas PM10 emissioner och vägdamm, begränsat till Sverige och de övriga nordiska länderna. Denna översikt inkluderar hur partiklar relaterar till människans hälsa. Annat som inkluderas är hur partiklarna emitteras från vägyta-däckinteraktionen, både direkt och genom resuspension av vägdamm. Avhandlingen inkluderar även en översikt kring hur användandet av dubbdäck inverkar på vägbeläggningar och hur dess egenskaper inverkar på nötningsslitage. Detta länkas därefter till partikelemissioner. Vidare beskrivs även hur mätningar kan genomföras av partiklar samt vägdamm vilket följs upp av beskrivningar kring två större modeller kring prediktion av nötningsslitage och prediktion av icke-avgasemissioner. Även hur driftåtgärder inverkar på emissionerna tillsammans med alternativ för att minska emissionerna tas upp. Ett särskilt problem som tas upp i avhandlingen är bristen på helhetssyn beträffande miljöproblem i den urbana miljön med fokus på partikel- och bulleremissioner från vägyta-däckinteraktionen. För närvarande brukar det värsta problemet prioriteras och lösningen till det detta problem kan i sin tur medföra att andra miljöproblem istället förvärras. Denna avhandling visar på att mycket kunskap existerar kring icke-avgasemissioner av PM10 och kring vägdamm, men även att flertalet kunskapsluckor existerar. Flertalet förslag på vidare studier ges tillsammans med en överblick kring det fortsatta arbetet.

The issue of this diploma thesis is measurement of pavement roughness with an alternative means of data acquisition and evaluation by geodetic methods. In the beginning there is an overview of current state of actual roughness measurement methods. The main work is concerned with data acquisition with passive reflection of the laser rangefinder and laser scanner and standard deviations that arise in measuring on asphalt and concrete road surfaces. The aim of the work is to formulate the process of data acquisition, specification of standard deviations in the process of measuring, evaluation of pavement roughness according to ČSN 73 6175 standard, and their applicable graphic interpretation. Based on the analysis of accuracy of the methods applied, their usefulness is evaluated in comparison with the straightedge test.

Recently, adding more lanes becomes less and less feasible, which is no longer an applicable solution for the traffic congestion problem due to the increment of vehicles. Using the existing infrastructure more efficiently with better traffic control and management is the realistic solution. An effective traffic management requires the use of monitoring technologies to extract traffic parameters that describe the characteristics of vehicles and their movement on the road. A three-dimension glass fiber-reinforced polymer packaged fiber Bragg grating sensor (3D GFRP-FBG) is introduced for the traffic monitoring system. The proposed sensor network was installed for validation at the Cold Weather Road Research Facility in Minnesota (MnROAD) facility of Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT) in MN. A vehicle classification system based on the proposed sensor network has been validated. The vehicle classification system uses support vector machine (SVM), Neural Network (NN), and K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN) learning algorithms to classify vehicles into categories ranging from small vehicles to combination trucks. The field-testing results from real traffic show that the developed system can accurately estimate the vehicle classifications with 98.5 % of accuracy. Also, the proposed sensor network has been validated for low-speed and high-speed WIM measurements in flexible pavement. Field testing validated that the longitudinal component of the sensor has a measurement accuracy of 86.3% and 89.5% at 5 mph and 45 mph vehicle speed, respectively. A performed parametric study on the stability of the WIM system shows that the loading position is the most significant parameter affecting the WIM measurements accuracy compared to the vehicle speed and pavement temperature. Also the system shows the capability to estimate the location of the loading position to enhance the system accuracy.

Design of reconstruction the damaged streambed Rusava in the village Rusava The task of this thesis is to evaluate the existing capacity of the streambed and design the reconstruction of Rusava river km 26,000 to 28,230. Rusava watercourse takes place in urban area of village Rusava in Zlín region. Channel revetment was badly damaged by floods in July 2011. The assessment of the current state of the watercourse was based on personal visit of the place and taken photos. Current state was modeled in HEC – RAS 3.1.3 software. The reconstruction is designed according to the assessment of the current river channel condition and also contains proposals for new buildings on the river.

abstract: Bio-modification of asphalt binder brings significant benefits in terms of increasing sustainable and environmental practices, stabilizing prices, and decreasing costs. However, bio-modified asphalt binders have shown varying performance regarding susceptibility to moisture damage; some bio-oil modifiers significantly increase asphalt binder's susceptibility to moisture damage. This variability in performance is largely due to the large number of bio-masses available for use as sources of bio-oil, as well as the type of processing procedure followed in converting the bio-mass into a bio-oil for modifying asphalt binder. Therefore, there is a need for a method of properly evaluating the potential impact of a bio-oil modifier for asphalt binder on the overall performance of asphalt pavement, in order to properly distinguish whether a particular bio-oil modifier increases or decreases the moisture susceptibility of asphalt binder. Therefore, the goal of this study is a multi-scale investigation of bio-oils with known chemical compositions to determine if there is a correlation between a fundamental property of a bio-oil and the resulting increase or decrease in moisture susceptibility of a binder when it is modified with the bio-oil. For instance, it was found that polarizability of asphalt constituents can be a promising indicator of moisture susceptibility of bitumen. This study will also evaluate the linkage of the fundamental property to newly developed binder-level test methods. It was found that moisture-induced shear thinning of bitumen containing glass beads can differentiate moisture susceptible bitumen samples. Based on the knowledge determined, alternative methods of reducing the moisture susceptibility of asphalt pavement will also be evaluated. It was shown that accumulation of acidic compounds at the interface of bitumen and aggregate could promote moisture damage. It was further found that detracting acidic compounds from the interface could be done by either of neutralizing active site of stone aggregate to reduce affinity for acids or by arresting acidic compounds using active mineral filler. The study results showed there is a strong relation between composition of bitumen and its susceptibility to moisture. This in turn emphasize the importance of integrating knowledge of surface chemistry and bitumen composition into the pavement design and evaluation. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering 2020

The growing interest in pavement management systems (PMSs), both in South Mrica and internationally, has been in response to a shift in importance from the construction of new roads to the maintenance of the existing paved network coupled with increasingly restrictive road funding. In order to develop a balanced expenditure programme for the national roads of South Africa there is a need to predict the rate of deterioration of a pavement and the nature of the changes in its condition so that the timing, type and cost of maintenance needs could be estimated. Internationally these expected changes in pavement condition are predicted by pavement deterioration models, which normally are algorithms developed mathematically or from a study of pavement deterioration. Since no usable pavement deterioration models existed locally, it was necessary to evaluate overseas literature on pavement deterioration prediction models with the aim of identifying models possibly applicable to the national roads of South Africa. Only deterioration models developed from the deterioration results of inservice pavements under a normal traffic spectrum were evaluated. Models developed from accelerated testing were avoided since these models virtually eliminated long·term effects (these are primarily environmental but also include effects of the rest periods between loads), and that the unrepresentative traffic loading regimes can distort the behaviour of the pavement materials, which is often stress dependent. Models developed from the following studies were evaluated: • AASHO Road Test • The Kenya study • Brazil-UNDP study (HDM-ill models) • Texas study Of all the above models studied that were developed from major studies it was concluded that the incremental models developed during the Brazil study, were the most appropriate for further evaluation under South African conditions. A sensitivity analysis was conducted on the HDM-III models to evaluate their sensitivity to changes in the different parameters comprising each model. The results obtained from the sensitivity analysis indicate that the incremental roughness prediction model incorporated into the HDM-III model tends to be insensitive to changes in most parameters. Accuracy ranges for input data were, however, also identified for parameters which indicated an increase in sensitivity in certain ranges. The local applicability of the HDM-III deterioration models were finally evaluated by comparing HDM-III model predictions with the actually observed deterioration values of a selected number of national road pavement sections. To enable the above comparison, a validation procedure had to be developed according to which the format of existing data could be transformed to that required by the HDM-ill model, as well as additional information be calculated. From the comparison it was concluded that the HDM-III models are capable of accurately predicting the observed deterioration on South African national roads, but that for most models calibration is needed for local conditions. Guidelines regarding recommended calibration factor ranges for the different HDM-ill models are given. Finally it is recommended that the HDM-III models should be considered for incorporation into a balanced expenditure programme for the national roads of South Africa. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 1993. / gm2014 / Civil Engineering / MEng / Unrestricted

Les performances des matériaux routiers se dégradent dans le temps sous l’effet des sollicitations mécaniques et environnementales. Parmi les facteurs influents, l’eau apparait comme l’un des éléments principaux impliqués dans les mécanismes de dégradation en provoquant une décohésion progressive du matériau. Les essais normalisés disponibles en France et à l’International permettant d’évaluer en laboratoire le comportement du mélange en présence d’eau peinent à prédire son comportement sur site. Il apparait donc nécessaire de comprendre plus fondamentalement l’évolution du matériau en présence d’eau pour prédire et prévenir de l’action de l’eau. A l’inverse du mouillage, le démouillage est défini comme le retrait du film de bitume à la surface du granulat. Il pourrait être à l’origine de la dégradation des matériaux routiers en présence d’eau. Une méthodologie expérimentale a été développée pour caractériser le phénomène de démouillage à partir d’un système modèle bitume/granulat. De plus, des essais normalisés ont été réalisés sur des mélanges foisonnés et compactés. Les protocoles expérimentaux des essais se différencient par le mode de conditionnement et le type de sollicitation mécanique. Les avantages et les limites des différents essais sont exposés. Les différents modes de dégradation identifiés ont été interprétés à la lumière des connaissances acquises lors de l’étude du démouillage de systèmes modèles. Ce travail a également permis de définir le pouvoir discriminant des essais et de sélectionner les plus pertinents pour évaluer l’impact de différents paramètres de formulation sur la durabilité des enrobés bitumineux en présence d’eau et notamment l’additivation chimique du bitume. / Performance of asphalts pavement are lowered under mechanical and environmental loadings. Among influent factors, water appears to be one of the major element leading to deterioration of the material cohesion. Numerous test in the world are available to evaluate moisture damage in laboratory. However, most of them show poor correlation with field performances. A fundamental understanding is still needed to predict and prevent its effects.Contrary to wetting, stripping is defined as the shrinkage of the bitumen on aggregate surface. It could be one of the road pavement materials moisture damage mechanisms in presence of water. An experimental method was used to characterize the stripping kinetic using a model bitumen/aggregate interface. Additionally, standardized laboratory tests were carried out on loose and compacted mixes. Experimental procedures vary from one to another regarding conditioning process and mechanical loading types. Advantages and limits of these test methods are exposed. Different moisture damage mechanism have been identified using the acquired knowledge from the stripping evaluation on model system. This work also allow to evaluate the discriminating power of test methods. It allows to select the most relevant one able to evaluate several parameter influences on material durability in presence of water,in particular the chemical additivation of bitumen.

Die Dimensionierung einer Betonfahrbahn zielt darauf ab, den Anteil der im Nutzungszeitraum versagenden Platten auf ein akzeptables Maß zu begrenzen. Der Anteil ausgefallener Platten entspricht der Versagenswahrscheinlichkeit der einzelnen Platte. Damit ergibt sich die Notwendigkeit, die Versagenswahrscheinlichkeit zu berechnen. Innerhalb der vorliegenden Arbeit werden grundlegende Methoden und Verfahrensweisen zur Lösung dieser Aufgabe entwickelt. Es wird gezeigt, wie die für die Quantifizierung der Versagenswahrscheinlichkeit entscheidenden Streuungen der Einflussgrößen mathematisch beschrieben und im Dimensionierungsverfahren berücksichtigt werden können. Dabei wird regelmäßig Bezug genommen auf das in Deutschland eingeführte Dimensionierungsmodell der RDO Beton [2]. Die Grundlage für die Berechnung der Versagenswahrscheinlichkeit liefern die Methoden der Statistik und Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung, sowie der Zuverlässigkeitstheorie. Es wird gezeigt, dass sowohl die mathematisch exakte Lösung, wie auch verschiedene Näherungsverfahren für die Problematik der Betonfahrbahnen anwendbar sind. Näher untersucht werden die Zuverlässigkeitstheorie 1. Ordnung (FORM) sowie die Monte-Carlo-Methode. Die jeweiligen Vor- und Nachteile werden analysiert. Es zeigt sich, dass für die Anwendung des FORM-Algorithmus das Berechnungsmodell der RDO Beton modifiziert werden muss. Der zeitliche Bezug der Berechnung kann über die Benutzung von Extremwertverteilungen, die Modellierung stochastischer Prozesse oder die Einführung einer Schadensakkumulationshypothese hergestellt werden. Besondere praktische Bedeutung hat die Berechnung der Versagenswahrscheinlichkeit für den Nutzungszeitraum mit zeitlich varianten Bedingungen. Für diesen Fall werden vier verschiedene Lösungsansätze aufgezeigt. Um die teilweise sehr hohen Rechenzeiten zu minimieren, werden Näherungslösungen entwickelt. Die praktische Eignung wird mit beispielhaften Berechnungen demonstriert. Es zeigt sich, dass die Berechnungsergebnisse stark davon abhängen, wie sich die Werte einzelner Parameter über den Nutzungszeitraum entwickeln. Die betreffenden zeitlichen Verlaufsfunktionen sind gegenwärtig nur unzureichend bekannt. Um eine hinreichend verlässliche Prognose zu berechnen, sind alle Berechnungsverfahren möglichst objektbezogen zu kalibrieren. / The dimensioning of a concrete pavements aims to limit the percentage of failing slabs to an acceptable level. The proportion of failed slabs corresponds to the probability of failure of each slab. This results in the need to calculate the probability of failure. Within the present work, basic methods and procedures for solving this problem are being developed. It is shown how the variations of parameters can be mathematically described and considered in the dimensioning process. Reference is frequently made to the model of RDO Beton [2]. The methods of statistics and probability theory, and reliability theory provide the basis for calculating the probability of failure. It is shown that both the mathematically exact solution and various approximation methods as well are applicable to the problem of concrete pavements. Be examined more closely the reliability theory 1st order (FORM) and Monte Carlo method. The respective advantages and disadvantages are analyzed. It turns out that the calculation model of the RDO concrete has to be modified for the use of FORM algorithm. The temporal relation of the calculation can be made on the use of extreme value distributions, modeling of a stochastic process or the introduction of a damage accumulation hypothesis. Particular practical significance has to calculate the probability of failure for the period of use with time-variant conditions. In this case, four different approaches are discussed. Approximate solutions to minimize the sometimes very high computation times has been developed. The practical suitability is demonstrated by exemplary calculations. It turns out that the calculation results depend strongly on how to develop the values of individual parameters over the period of use. These time course functions are insufficiently known at present. To calculate a sufficiently reliable forecast, all calculation methods are possible to calibrate object-related.