Le recyclage des enrobés bitumineux fabriqués selon un procédé tiède répond aux exigences du développement durable: il limite l'apport de matériaux neufs, permet la gestion des déchets et réduit la consommation d'énergie. Le recyclage des enrobés date des années 70 ; ce qui a changé depuis, c'est la volonté de pérenniser le recyclage à fort taux, définit ici à plus de 25% d'agrégats d'enrobés (AE). Les AE contiennent une part de bitume qui est valorisable pour ses propriétés viscoélastiques de liant hydrocarboné. Il est ainsi recherché une mobilisation de ce liant vieilli dans le processus de recyclage. L'un des problèmes suspectés lors du couplage recyclage/procédé tiède est le phénomène de double enrobage pouvant impacter la rhéologie du nouveau matériau: le liant de l'AE et le liant d'apport ne se mélangeraient pas totalement du fait de l'abaissement des températures de fabrication et formeraient des couches superposées. Ce phénomène serait la cause de dysfonctionnements mécaniques au niveau de l'enrobé. Il se pose donc la question de la qualité de l'enrobage de surfaces granulaires déjà enrobées et du manque de moyens de caractérisation pour l'observation in situ de l'interface. Dans ce travail de thèse, la qualité d'enrobage des agrégats d'enrobés par un liant d'apport a été évaluée à l'échelle microscopique et macroscopique. Au niveau microscopique, il a été proposé d'utiliser un outil de micro-spectroscopie infrarouge pour évaluer in situ la qualité d'interface entre l'AE et le liant d'apport et suivre la répartition spatiale de ces deux composants au sein d'enrobés de laboratoire. Cela a nécessité un important développement expérimental afin de pouvoir appliquer un accessoire d'imagerie infrarouge aux mélanges complexes que sont les formules d'enrobés bitumineux constitués de différentes fractions granulaires et de liant bitumineux. Il a ainsi été possible, grâce à l'identification préalable de traceurs internes, de suivre la remobilisation partielle du liant vieilli de l'AE. En parallèle, au niveau macroscopique, un protocole d'essai a été développé afin d'évaluer la durabilité des enrobés contenant des forts taux d'AE (50%), notamment des enrobés fabriqués selon un procédé tiède. L'essai actuel de fatigue est l'un des essais qui permet le mieux d'évaluer la durée de vie d'une couche de chaussée. Mais cet essai accéléré est biaisé car le bitume des échantillons testés n'a pas eu le temps de vieillir comme c'est le cas sur une vraie chaussée. Dans ce travail, il a donc été proposé d'ajouter une étape de vieillissement du matériau avant les essais de fatigue, d'orniérage, de tenue à l'eau et de module complexe. Il est supposé que le comportement réel du matériau se situerait entre celui du matériau non vieilli et celui du matériau vieilli. Les principaux résultats obtenus montrent qu'un enrobé tiède contenant un taux élevé d'AE présente de bonnes performances mécaniques excepté qu'il a tendance à être plus sensible à la fatigue qu'une même formulation de matériau fabriqué à chaud ou selon un procédé tiède mais sans ajout AE. / The recycling of asphalt mixtures manufactured with a warm process meets the requirements of sustainable development: it limits the use of new materials, allows waste management and reduces energy consumption. The recycling of asphalt mixtures dates from the 70's. What has changed since that is the will to sustain high rate recycling, defined here by more than 25% of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP). RAP contains a part of bitumen that is recoverable for its viscoelastic properties of asphalt binder. It is thus desired to mobilize this aged binder in the recycling process. One of the suspected problems when coupling recycling and warm process is the phenomenon of double coating that could affect rheological properties of the new material: the RAP binder and the new binder do not would mix completely due to the reduction of processing temperatures and would form superimposed layers. This phenomenon would cause mechanical dysfunctions in the asphalt mixture. This raises the question of the quality of the coating of granular surfaces, previously coated, and lack of characterization tools for in situ observation of the interface. In this thesis work, the quality of coating of RAP by a new binder has been evaluated at the microscopic and macroscopic scales. At the microscopic level, it has been proposed to use infrared micro-spectroscopy tool to evaluate the quality of interface between the RAP and the new binder and to follow the spatial distribution of these two components within mixtures produced in laboratory. To do that, it has been necessary to carry out an important experimental development in order to apply an infrared imaging accessory to complex mixtures that are the bituminous mixtures made of different granular fractions and bituminous binder. It was then possible, based on previous identification of internal tracers, to follow the partial remobilization of RAP aging binder. In parallel, at the macroscopic level, a testing protocol has been developed to evaluate the durability of high rate recycled asphalt mixtures (50% of RAP), including mixes produced in a warm process. The current fatigue test is one of the tests that best evaluate the lifetime of a pavement layer. But this accelerated test is biased because the bitumen of the mixtures tested did not have time to aged, as occurs in the case on a real road. In this work, it was proposed to add an aging step of the material before fatigue test, rutting test, modulus test and moisture damage test. It is assumed that the real behavior of the material would range between that of the unaged material and that of aged material. The main obtained results show that warm mixture asphalt containing high rate of RAP exhibit good mechanical performance, with a trend to be more susceptible to fatigue than a similar hot mixture or a warm mixture without added RAP.

When analyzing the road network of the country, it is noticed that the extension of paved roads is very small. This fact is mainly due to reduced public resources and the high costs of traditional materials utilized in the paving of roads. Increasingly performing pavements requires the utilization of local materials, which do not always have the technical properties that meet the valid standards. Thus, it is necessary the search for products or mechanisms that improve these features and that make possible the utilization of local materials to replace conventional materials. The use of cement has been, long-standing, a good additive to improve the properties of soils. This dissertation presents the results of a saprolite soil of volcanic rock, improved with cement, located in the city of Silveira Martins-RS, for application as base layer in roads of low traffic volume. The analysis seeks to avail of the concepts of Soil Mechanics along with knowledge of the Mechanical Pavement. In this research were performed, among others, characterization tests, soil classification, determination of the California Bearing Ratio (CBR), Compressive Strenght (CS), Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) and triaxial tests of repeated loads to determine the Resilient Modulus (RM). With the results of the tests cited, it was held the mechanistic analysis, through the SisPav program in order to analyze the potential use of improved soil with cement in substitution of a conventional material. The results demonstrate that the use of these studied soils meet the normative specifications and have great potential for utilization as bases of pavement on highways with low traffic volume. / Ao analisar a malha rodoviária do país, percebe-se que a extensão de rodovias pavimentadas é muito pequena. Este fato deve-se, principalmente, aos reduzidos recursos públicos e aos altos custos dos materiais tradicionais empregados na pavimentação de rodovias. Cada vez mais a execução de pavimentos necessita da utilização de materiais locais, que nem sempre apresentam as propriedades técnicas que atendam as normas vigentes. Sendo assim, faz-se necessário a busca de produtos ou mecanismos que melhorem essas características e que tornem viável a utilização dos materiais locais em substituição aos materiais convencionais. A utilização de cimento já é de longa data, um bom aditivo para melhorar as propriedades de solos. Esta dissertação apresenta os estudos de um solo saprolítico de rocha vulcânica, melhorado com cimento, localizado na cidade de Silveira Martins-RS, para sua aplicação como camada de base em rodovias de baixo volume de tráfego, valendo-se dos conceitos da Mecânica dos Pavimentos Nesta pesquisa foram realizados, entre outros, ensaios de caracterização, classificação do solo, determinação do Índice de Suporte Califórnia (ISC), Resistência à Compressão Simples (RCS), Resistência à Compressão Diametral (RCD) e ensaios triaxiais de cargas repetidas para determinação do Módulo de Resiliência (MR). Com os resultados dos ensaios citados realizou-se a análise mecanicista, através do programa SisPav, a fim de investigar o potencial emprego do solo melhorado com cimento em substituição a um material convencional. Os resultados demonstram que a utilização do solo estudado atende as especificações normativas e apresenta grande potencialidade para utilização como base de pavimento em rodovias com baixo volume de tráfego.

The deployment of a modern road system, with all necessary infrastructure needed for users to travel in safety and comfort, requires high levels of financial investments. The expenses with substantial maintenance and early reconstruction of our tracks are unacceptable, as we have field and laboratory equipment that allows us for a better understanding of materials and design methods. Thus, this research had as general objectives structuring a database with materials and typical elastic parameters of flexible pavements of Rio Grande do Sul roads, through the process of modulus backcalculation, and determine the best structural options regarding the cost-benefit relationship, making flexible pavement project engineers job easier. There were got the resilient modules of five federal highways located in our state (BR 158, BR 285, BR 287, BR 290 e BR 392), through backcalculated deflectometric basins collected with FWD equipment, provided by DNIT. After the application of a statistical filter based on the coefficient of variation percentage, in order to eliminate the spurious data, a typical module database of the resilient materials evaluated was generated. Based on the data and on the literature, there were defined structural groups based on different structural assemblies through different combinations between resilient modules and thicknesses of layers commonly used in flexible pavements. Using mechanistic analysis concepts, it was evaluated by the AEMC software, specific tensile strains in lower fiber coating (t), and subgrade top compression (c), which, later subsidize the implementation of performance models for fatigue and permanent deformation consolidated in the literature, enabling obtaining the N number of standard axles for each structural assembly set. At the same time, using DNIT road cost system (SICRO II), pavement services were budget, determining the cost per km for the structures previously defined. Comparing the cost/km and critical N data (evaluated from the comparison of results obtained by the models of performance) there was obtained the cost/benefit ratio for all data sets. Evaluating the 100 most economic positions, it is observed that 100% of structural assemblies have the highest arbitrated asphalt concrete thicknesses (12.5 cm). It is also evident, the influence that the asphalt concrete has, as 88% of occurrences among the top 100 positions have the highest resilient arbitrated module. Thus, it is concluded that the variables that produce the best cost/benefit relationship are the modulus and the thickness of the asphalt concrete layer. / A implantação de sistemas viários modernos, com toda infraestrutura necessária para que o usuário trafegue com segurança e conforto, requer elevados níveis de investimentos financeiros. Os gastos substanciais com manutenção e reconstrução precoce de nossos pavimentos são inaceitáveis, uma vez que dispomos de equipamentos de campo e laboratório que permitam melhor entendimento acerca dos materiais e métodos de projeto. Desta forma, esta pesquisa teve como objetivos gerais estruturar-se um banco de dados com materiais e parâmetros elásticos típicos de pavimentos flexíveis do Rio Grande do Sul, através do processo de retroanálise, determinando-se as melhores opções estruturais com vistas à relação custo-benefício, facilitando o trabalho de engenheiros em projetos de pavimentos flexíveis. Foram obtidos os módulos resilientes de cinco rodovias federais localizadas no estado (BR 158, BR 285, BR 287, BR 290 e BR 392), através de retroanálise das bacias deflectométricas coletadas com o equipamento FWD, disponibilizadas pelo DNIT. Após a aplicação de um filtro estatístico baseado no coeficiente de variação percentual, no intuito de eliminarem-se os dados espúrios, gerou-se um banco de dados de módulos resilientes típicos dos materiais avaliados. A partir do banco de dados e de consulta bibliográfica, definiram-se conjuntos estruturais por meio de diferentes combinações entre módulos resilientes e espessuras de camadas comumente utilizadas em pavimentos flexíveis. Utilizando-se os conceitos de análise mecanicista, avaliou-se através do software AEMC, as deformações específicas de tração na fibra inferior do revestimento (t), e de compressão no topo do subleito (c), as quais, posteriormente, subsidiaram a aplicação de modelos de desempenho para fadiga e deformação permanente consolidados na literatura, permitindo a obtenção do número N de eixos padrões para cada conjunto estrutural definido. Em paralelo, empregando-se o sistema de custos rodoviários (SICRO II) do DNIT, orçaram-se os serviços de pavimentação, determinando-se o custo/km para as estruturas previamente definidas. Cruzando-se os dados de custo/km e N crítico (avaliado a partir da comparação dos resultados obtidos pelos modelos de desempenho), obteve-se a relação custo/benefício para todos os conjuntos de dados. Avaliando-se as 100 posições mais econômicas, observa-se que 100% dos conjuntos estruturais possuem as maiores espessuras de concreto asfáltico arbitradas (12,5 cm). Percebese também, a influência do módulo do concreto asfáltico, onde, 88 % das ocorrências entre as 100 primeiras posições possuem o maior módulo resiliente arbitrado. Desta forma, conclui-se que as variáveis que produzem as melhores relações custo/benefício são o módulo e a espessura da camada de concreto asfáltico.

The recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) extracted from recovery distresses in highways does not receive the attention and importance it deserves in Brazil. The reuse of this material, which presents as good properties as the virgin aggregate, when applied correctly in the composition of new pavement layers or rehabilitations, is a widely used in European and United States. Besides solving the environmental liabilities of pavement, the reuse of milled material in asphalt mixtures is a sustainable alternative, which decreases consumption of asphalt and virgin aggregate, milled material transportation and allocation costs. This study seeks an alternative to the use of RAP as the base layer in the implementation of new pavements.For this paper, cold recycled mixtures were studied, wich are composed of RAP (granulometrically stabilized with fine aggregate) and RL-1C asphalt emulsion, a bituminous binder that contains added Portland Cement (CP V ARI) in the proportions of 2% to 5% for emulsion and from 0% to 1% of cement, in weight. The proposed mixtures were evaluate through mechanical resistance to single compression (RCS), indirect tensile strength (RT), resilient modulus tests (RM), Complex Modulus (E* and Ф) and Flow Number (FN). After performing these tests, it was observed that the values obtained reveal that the mixtures with proportions varying from 50% to 75% of emulsion, compared to the cement used in the mixtures, show better results. Moreover, the mixtures present resilient modulus results ranging from 1500 MPa to 3000 MPa (excellent values for base layers). The FN test shows that by adding cement to the mixture, the results improved in the form of an increment in the number of cycles, which performed at its best with samples that had 2% and 3% of emulsion. The uniaxial Complex Modulus test allowed access the viscoelastic behavior and the 2S2P1D modeling was used too. It´s possible to confirm that this technique is viable pavement maintenance. / O material fresado extraído de trechos em recuperação não recebe a atenção e importância que merece no Brasil. O reaproveitamento desse material, que apresenta comportamento tão bom quanto os agregados virgens, quando empregado de maneira correta na composição de camadas de pavimentos novos ou restaurações, é uma prática largamente utilizada em países europeus e nos Estados Unidos. Além de resolver o passivo ambiental das empresas, o reemprego do fresado em misturas asfálticas, é uma alternativa sustentável que diminui o consumo de agregados virgens e custos com transporte de fresado e alocação do mesmo. Este trabalho busca uma alternativa para emprego do material fresado como camada de base na execução de pavimentos novos. Foram estudadas misturas recicladas a frio compostas de fresado estabilizado granulometricamente com pó-de-pedra e tendo como ligante betuminoso emulsão asfáltica RL-1C nas proporções de 2% a 5% e de ligante hidráulico CP V ARI de 0% a 1% de cimento. As misturas propostas foram avaliadas por meio de ensaios de resistência à compressão simples (RCS), ruptura por tração por compressão diametral (RT), módulo de resiliência (MR), módulo complexo (IE*I) e FlowNumber (FN). Após a realização dos ensaios, observou-se que os valores obtidos demonstram que as misturas com proporção variando de 50% a 75% de emulsão, em relação ao cimento empregado nas misturas, apresentam melhores resultados. Além disso, as mesmas misturas apresentam valores de módulo resiliente variando entre 1500 MPa e 3000 MPa (valores excelentes para camadas de base). O ensaio de FN mostrou que a adição de cimento na mistura melhora os resultados aumentando o número de ciclos, apresentando como melhores as amostras com 2% e 3% de emulsão. Através do ensaio de módulo dinâmico obteve-se a curva mestra das misturas utilizando a modelo 2S2P1D. Acredita-se que esta será uma alternativa técnica e economicamente viável para destinação do material fresado gerado em abundância pelas obras rodoviárias.

The Brazil as a country road, which needs much its highways, however, currently the country uses for PAVEMENT scaling of a method developed in 1966 and updated in 1981 by Murilo Souza Engineer extinct DEER. The method that your main idea it is sizing foundation which is in the CBR, based on the empirical method. This way , along the growing fleet of the country and the emergence of some works of mechanistic-empirical nature, this work aims to make the analysis of a pavement through DNIT method and software use SisPavBR developed by Felipe Franco in their studies that began in 2007 in his thesis, making the adjustment and calibration of some performance prediction models .Similarly, We also did the use the AASHTOWare Pavement software developed by AASHTO as well as determining the thickness of the coating layer required to meet the demands imposed on the floor by means of mechanistic and empirical methods. For this, was then done using vehicle counting performed to BR116, however, they were necessary to create traffic volume of tracks (N) due DNIT method does not consider the arrangement of axes that SisPavBR and AASHTO are in their reviews .It was also conducted a survey of the executive cost km deck sized for each method, and statistical analysis was performed by AASHTO with variations in thickness of the coating base, subbase, base resilience modules, sub-base, subgrade and the volume of traffic to determine which of these variables cause greater interference on performance criteria. Thus, it was found that the surface scaled by DNIT need a coating thickness of 12.5 cm, the need SisPavBR 19.5 cm and 40 cm AASHTO needed, as the cost of the pavement was more higher for the dimensioning and AASHTO DNIT and SisPavBR had closest costs. The life time of DNIT pavement scaling was well below expectations in both analyzes, arriving in a case last only two months. Statistical analysis determined five equations to determine the deterioration mechanisms with R² above 0.85; it was determined that the major variables that affect the performance of flexible pavements are traffic volume and thickness of the coating. / O Brasil como um país rodoviário, necessita muito de suas rodovias, no entanto, atualmente o país faz uso para dimensionamento de pavimentos de um método desenvolvido em 1966 e atualizado em 1981, pelo Engenheiro Murilo Souza do extinto DNER. Método este que seu principal fundamento de dimensionamento está no CBR, baseando-se no método empírico. Desta forma, juntamente à crescente frota do país e com o surgimento de alguns trabalhos de cunho mecanístico-empírico, este trabalho tem como objetivos, fazer a análise de um pavimento por meio do Método do DNIT e do uso do software SisPavBR desenvolvido por Felipe Franco em seus estudos que iniciaram em 2007 em sua tese, realizando o ajuste e calibração de alguns modelos de previsão de desempenho. Da mesma forma, foi utilizado também o software AASHTOWare Pavement desenvolvido pela AASHTO, bem como a determinação da espessura da camada de revestimento necessária para atender as solicitações impostas aos pavimentos por meio dos métodos mecanísticos-empíricos. Para isto, foi então feito uso da contagem de veículos realizados para BR116, no entanto, foi necessário criar faixas de volume de tráfego (N), devido o método do DNIT não considerar o arranjo dos eixos que o SisPavBR e AASHTO fazem em suas avaliações. Foi realizado também o levantamento do custo executivo do km de pavimento dimensionado por cada método, e uma análise estatística foi realizada por meio da AASHTO com variações nas espessuras do revestimento, base, sub-base, módulos de resiliência da base, sub-base, subleito e o volume de tráfego, para determinar quais destas variáveis causam maior interferência nos critérios de desempenho. Desta maneira, verificou-se que o pavimento dimensionado pelo DNIT necessita de uma espessura de revestimento de 12,5 cm, o SisPavBR necessita de 19,5 cm e a AASHTO precisou de 40 cm, da mesma forma que o custo do pavimento foi mais elevado para o dimensionamento da AASHTO e o DNIT e SisPavBR tiveram custos mais próximos. A vida de projeto do pavimento do DNIT ficou bem abaixo do esperado em ambas as análises, chegando em um caso durar apenas 2 meses. A análise estatística determinou 5 equações para determinação dos mecanismos de deterioração com R² acima de 0,85; foi possível determinar que as principais variáveis que influenciam no desempenho dos pavimentos flexíveis são o volume de tráfego e a espessura do revestimento.

Le processus d'érosion éolienne peut entraîner plusieurs conséquences environnementales: la désertification, la dégradation des sols, la pollution de l'air, etc. Cette dernière est liée aux émissions de particules de matériaux granulaires couramment trouvés sur des sites industriels tels que le minerai et le charbon. La distribution granulométrique de ces matériaux consiste habituellement en un mélange d'une large gamme de diamètres, qui comprennent des particules plus grosses qui ne sont pas érodables même avec de fortes rafales de vent. Les particules non érodables jouent un rôle protecteur pour les particules érodables, en recouvrant la surface et en réduisant ses émissions. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'estimer plus précisément les émissions dues à l'érosion éolienne compte tenu de l'influence du pavage causée par des particules non érodables. Un modèle analytique a été proposé pour quantifier les émissions des lits de particules et des tas de stockage avec une large distribution granulométrique. Les effets du processus de pavage sont incorporés dans le modèle par la diminution de la vitesse de frottement moyenne sur la surface érodable puisque les particules non érodables s'accumulent. Des travaux antérieurs ont défini une relation mathématique entre l'évolution de la vitesse de frottement sur la surface érodable et la géométrie des éléments de rugosité. Néanmoins, l’equation n'est valable que pour des taux de couverture de particules non érodables limités. Des simulations numériques ont été effectuées dans ce travail pour étendre cette relation afin d'inclure d'autres cas rencontrés dans des situations réelles (avec de plus grandes quantités de particules non érodables). Le modèle d'émission proposé décrit la relation entre la valeur minimale de la vitesse de frottement (à laquelle les émissions cessent), en tirant parti des résultats numériques, et la profondeur finale érodée du lit, qui fournit à son tour la masse émise. Des expériences en soufflerie ont été réalisées afin de mieux comprendre le phénomène de pavage et estimer les émissions d'un lit de particules contenant une distribution de taille bimodale. Les résultats expérimentaux ont également été utilisés pour valider la modélisation, y compris la masse émise globale et les caractéristiques finales de la surface du lit. Un bon accord a été trouvé entre les résultats expérimentaux et modélisés pour les émissions globales et la profondeur de lit érodé. Le modèle d'érosion a été étendu pour l'application dans les tas de stockage. Dans ce cas, l'érodabilité des particules est plus complexe, puisque la vitesse de frottement et les conditions de seuil ne sont pas spatialement homogènes. L'idée du modèle était de subdiviser le tas en isosurfaces dans lesquelles les conditions de seuil et la vitesse de frottement sont constantes, et traiter chacune de ces zones comme une source différente où le modèle d'émission peut être appliqué. Des expériences en soufflerie ont été réalisées afin d'estimer les émissions d'un tas de sable contenant une distribution de taille bimodale. Les résultats modélisés et expérimentaux ont été comparés pour la configuration d'un tas isolé et un bon accord a été trouvé entre la masse émise estimée et mesurée. L'impact de la présence d'un bâtiment et d'un tas de stockage parallèle successif sur l'émission globale de particules a également été évalué. Des expériences en soufflerie et des simulations numériques ont été effectuées pour plusieurs configurations, en évaluant les effets de: (i) l'orientation du vent, (ii) la vitesse du vent, (iii) la distance entre l'obstacles et (iv) la quantité de particules non érodables. Il a été constaté que les interférences de l'écoulement entre les obstacles augmentent les émissions. Par conséquent, toutes les perturbations du vent ont un impact significatif et doivent être prises en compte dans l'estimation et la modélisation des émissions de poussières. / Wind erosion process can lead to several environmental consequences: desertification, land degradation, air pollution, etc. This last one is related to particulate matter emissions from granular materials commonly found on industrial sites, such as ore and coal. The particle size distribution of these granular materials usually consist of a mixture of a wide range of diameters, which include larger particles that are non-erodible even with strong gusts of wind. The non-erodible particles play a protective role for erodible particles, paving the surface and reducing emissions. The main objective of this thesis is to estimate more accurately emissions due to wind erosion considering the influence of the pavement caused by non-erodible particles. An analytical model was proposed to quantify emissions from particle beds and stockpiles with a wide size distribution. The effects of pavement process are incorporated in the model through the decrease of the mean friction velocity on the erodible surface as the non-erodible particles accumulate. Previous works have defined a mathematical relation between the evolution of the friction velocity over the erodible surface and the geometry of the roughness elements. Nonetheless, the formulation was only valid to limited cover rates of non-erodible particles. Numerical simulations were carried out in this work to extend the formulation in order to include other cases encountered in real situations (with larger amounts of non-erodible particles). The proposed emission model describes the relationship between the minimum value of friction velocity (at which emissions cease), taking advantage of the numerical findings, and the final eroded depth of the bed, which in turn, provides the emitted mass. Wind tunnel experiments were carried out in order to better understand the pavement phenomenon and estimate emissions from a bed of particles containing a bimodal size distribution. The experimental results were also used to validate the modeling, including the global emitted mass and the final characteristics of the bed surface. A good agreement was found between experimental and modeled results for the global emissions and the bed eroded depth. The erosion model was extended for application in stockpiles. In this case, the erodibility of the particles is more complex as the friction velocity and the threshold conditions are not spatially homogeneous. The idea of the model was to subdivide the pile in isosurfaces in which the threshold conditions and the friction velocity are constant and then treat each one of these areas as a different source where the emission model can be applied. Wind tunnel experiments were carried out in order to estimate emissions from a sand pile containing a bimodal size distribution. The modeled and the experimental results were compared for the configuration of an isolated stockpile and a good agreement was found between the estimated and the measured emitted mass. The impact of the presence of a building and a successive parallel stockpiles on the overall particles emission was also evaluated. Wind tunnel experiments and numerical simulations were carried out for several configurations evaluating the effects of: (i) main wind flow orientation, (ii) wind flow velocity, (iii) gap between the obstacle and (iv) amount of non-erodible particles. It was found that the flow interferences between the obstacles increase emissions. Therefore, all wind perturbations have a significant impact and have to be accounted in dust emission estimation and modeling. / O processo de erosão eólica pode levar a várias consequências ambientais: desertificação, degradação da terra, poluição do ar, etc. Esta última está relacionada com as emissões de partículas provenientes de materiais granulares comumente encontrados em indústrias, como minério e carvão. A distribuição granulométrica destes materiais normalmente consiste em uma mistura com uma ampla gama de tamanhos, incluindo partículas maiores que não são erodíveis mesmo com fortes rajadas de vento. As partículas não erodíveis desempenham um papel protetor para as partículas erodíveis, pavimentando a superfície e reduzindo as emissões. O objetivo principal desta tese é estimar com maior acurácia as emissões devidas à erosão eólica considerando a influência da pavimentação causada pelas partículas não-erodíveis. Um modelo analítico foi proposto para quantificar as emissões de leitos de partículas e pilhas com ampla distribuição granulométrica. Os efeitos do processo da pavimentação são incorporados no modelo por meio da diminuição da velocidade de fricção média na superfície erodível à medida que as partículas nãoerodíveis se acumulam. Trabalhos anteriores definiram uma relação matemática entre a evolução da velocidade de fricção na superfície erodível e a geometria dos elementos rugosos. No entanto, a formulação é válida apenas para limitadas taxas de cobertura de partículas não-erodíveis (< 12%). Simulações numéricas foram realizadas neste trabalho para estender a formulação de modo a incluir outros casos encontrados em situações reais (com maiores quantidades de partículas nãoerodíveis). O modelo de emissão proposto descreve a relação entre o valor mínimo da velocidade de fricção (para qual as emissões cessam), utilizando os resultados numéricos, e a profundidade final erodida do leito, que, por sua vez, fornece a massa emitida. Experimentos em túnel de vento foram realizados para melhor compreender o fenômeno da pavimentação e estimar as emissões de um leito de partículas contendo uma distribuição granulométrica bimodal. Os resultados experimentais foram também utilizados para validar a modelagem, incluindo a massa global emitida e as características finais da superfície do leito. Uma boa concordância foi encontrada entre os resultados experimentais e modelados para as emissões globais e a profundidade erodida do leito. O modelo de erosão foi estendido para aplicação em pilhas de estocagem. Neste caso, a erodibilidade das partículas é mais complexa, uma vez que a velocidade de fricção e as condições de limiar não são espacialmente homogêneas. A ideia do modelo é subdividir a pilha em isosuperfícies em que as condições de limiar e a velocidade de fricção são constantes e, em seguida, tratar cada uma dessas áreas como uma fonte diferente onde o modelo de emissão pode ser aplicado. Foram realizados ensaios experimentais em túnel de vento para estimar as emissões de uma pilha de areia contendo uma distribuição de tamanho bimodal. Os resultados experimentais e modelados foram comparados para a configuração de uma pilha isolada (orientada 60 e 90° em relação a direção do escoamento) e uma boa concordância foi encontrada entre a massa estimada e a emitida. O impacto na emissão da presença de um edifício e de uma pilha de estocagem sucessiva também foi avaliado. Experimentos em túnel de vento e simulações numéricas foram realizados para várias configurações avaliando os efeitos de: (i) orientação do vento, (ii) velocidade do vento, (iii) espaçamento entre os obstáculos e (iv) quantidade de partículas não erodíveis. Verificou-se que as interferências do escoamento entre os obstáculos aumentam as emissões. Portanto, todas as perturbações no escoamento têm um impacto significativo e devem ser contabilizadas na estimativa e modelagem de emissões de partículas.

Pavement layers are constructed using a combination of materials, of which rock aggregates constitute a larger proportion. Current understanding is that the performance of pavements is dependent on the aggregate shape properties which include form, angularity and surface texture. However, direct and accurate measurements of aggregate shape properties remain a challenge. The current standard test methods used to evaluate aggregate shape properties cannot measure these properties accurately. Among the reasons contributing to the difficulties in the determination of aggregate shape properties is irregular shapes of aggregate particles. Therefore, current research efforts focus on developing accurate, reliable and innovative techniques for evaluation of aggregate shape properties. The work presented in this dissertation contributes to the current innovative research at the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in South Africa, to automate the measurement of aggregate shape properties. The CSIR’s present research is aimed at improving pavement performance through better materials characterisation, using laser scanning and advanced modelling techniques. The objective of this study was to investigate improved techniques for the determination of aggregate shape properties using analytical and laser scanning techniques. A three-dimensional (3-D) laser scanning device was used for scanning six types of aggregate samples commonly used for construction of pavements in South Africa. The laser scan data were processed to reconstruct 3-D models of the aggregate particles. The models were further analysed to determine the shape properties of the aggregates. Two analysis approaches were used in this study. The first approach used the aggregate’s physical properties (surface area, volume and orthogonal dimensions) measured by using laser scanning technique to compute three different indices to describe the form of aggregates. The computed indices were the sphericity computed by using surface area and volume of an aggregate particle, the sphericity computed by using orthogonal dimensions of an aggregate particle, and the flat and elongated ratio computed by using longest and smallest dimensions of an aggregate particle. The second approach employed a spherical harmonic analysis technique to analyse the aggregate laser scan data to determine aggregate form, angularity and surface texture indices. A MATLABTM code was developed for analysis of laser scan data, using the spherical harmonic analysis technique. The analyses contained in this dissertation indicate that the laser-based aggregate shape indices were able to describe the shape properties of the aggregates studied. Furthermore, good correlations were observed between the spherical harmonic form indices and the form indices determined by using the aggregate’s physical properties. This shows that aggregate laser scanning is a versatile technique for the determination of various indices to describe aggregate shape properties. Further validation of the laser-based technique was achieved by correlating the laser-based aggregate form indices with the results from two current standard tests; the flakiness index and the flat and elongated particles ratio tests. The laser-based form indices correlated linearly with both, the flakiness index and the flat and elongated particles ratio test results. The observed correlations provide an indication of the validity of laser-based aggregate shape indices. It is concluded that the laser based scanning technique could be employed for direct and accurate determination of aggregate shape properties. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2013 / Civil Engineering / Unrestricted

Diffuse water pollution in urban areas is growing due to polluted runoffs. Therefore, there is a need to treat this kind of pollution. Different structural treatment practices can be used for these purposes. However, little is known about their environmental, economic and social impacts. Therefore, the aim of this study has been to develop an integrated methodology for sustainability evaluation of structural treatment practices, considering environmental, economic and social aspects. Both environmental and economic evaluations have been carried out on a life cycle basis, using life cycle assessment and life cycle costing, respectively. For social evaluation, a number of social indicators, identified and developed in this research, have been used. The methodology has been applied to the case of the Magdalena river catchment in Mexico City. Three structural treatment practices have been analysed: bio-retention unit, infiltration trench and porous pavement. Based on the assumptions and the results from this work, the bio-retention unit appears to be environmentally the most sustainable option for treatment of diffuse water pollution. It is also the second-best option for social sustainability, slightly behind the porous pavement. However, if the costs of treatment are the priority, then the porous pavement would be the cheapest option. If all the sustainability aspects evaluated here are considered of equal importance, then the bio-retention unit is the most sustainable option. Therefore, trade-offs between the different sustainability aspects are important and should be considered carefully before any decisions are made on diffuse water pollution treatment. This also includes the trade-offs with the additional life cycle impacts generated by the treatment options compared to the impacts from the untreated runoff. The decisions can only be made by the appropriate stakeholders; however, some recommendations are given, based on the outcomes of this research.

O objetivo dessa dissertação é analisar o comportamento de um pavimento com base em solo estabilizado com cal e cinza volante (base pozolânica). O pavimento foi construído em 1985, aproveitando solos próximos à rodovia. Os materiais pozolânicos utilizados foram cinzas volantes originadas na queima do carvão mineral na petroquímica de Triunfo – Rio Grande do Sul - RS, misturadas com cales dolomíticas produzidas à época no Rio Grande do Sul. Na fase inicial da pesquisa a seguir relatada, analisaram-se informações sobre os materiais, estudos das misturas, métodos de dimensionamento bem como das especificações construtivas. O projeto do pavimento foi elaborado e supervisionado pela Fundação de Ciência e Tecnologia – CIENTEC - RS, utilizando um método de dimensionamento baseado na teoria da elasticidade e um método de elementos finitos. Na parte experimental do trabalho, analisaram-se a condição superficial e estrutural do pavimento submetido ao tráfego e as condições ambientais durante 27 anos, através de levantamentos de campo (defeitos superficiais, com cálculo do IGG, e deflexões) e de retiradas de amostras para ensaios laboratoriais de módulo de resiliência e resistência à tração na compressão diametral. Também se realizaram ensaios de difração de raios-X de amostras coletadas no pavimento, visando identificar a formação de produtos cimentantes. De posse dos módulos de resiliência das amostras de campo, calcularam-se as respostas estruturais do pavimento (tensões, deformações e deslocamentos) com as quais se realizaram análises de fadiga da camada estabilizada e de capacidade estrutural do pavimento (resistência a elevadas tensões de tração). Complementarmente, elaboraram-se traços de outras misturas com solo semelhante e cinza volante, empregando cales disponíveis atualmente no mercado, sem obter-se, contudo, as elevadas resistências e módulos das amostras de campo. Globalmente, conclui-se que a estabilização alcalina, com utilização dos solos locais e o aproveitamento de cinza volante e acréscimo de cal hidratada, é uma técnica apropriada dos pontos de vista técnico (pavimento de longa durabilidade), econômico (redução de custos de conservação e de custo com transporte de materiais) e ambiental (preservação de jazidas de agregados, aproveitamento de materiais locais e, especialmente, de resíduos abundantes). / This dissertation analyzes the behavior of a pavement with soil-lime-fly ash stabilized base course (pozzolanic base). The pavement was built in Rio Grande do Sul state (RS), southern Brazil, in 1985, with use of local soils. Fly ashes resulting from coal burning in a petrochemical unit were used as pozzolanic materials, mixed to dolomitic limes produced at that time in the state. In the initial stage of the research here reported, data related to materials, stabilized mixes, design methods and construction specifications were analyzed. The pavement was designed and supervised by the State Science and Technology Foundation (CIENTEC – RS), using a design method based on the elasticity theory and the finite element method. In the experimental part of the research, the pavement structural and functional conditions were analyzed, taking into account that it had been loaded by traffic and submitted to environmental changes along 27 years. Field surveys were carried out; surface distresses survey to allow computing a Brazilian Distress Gravity Index (IGG), and surface deflections to evaluate the pavement bearing capacity. Samples were cored from the asphalt mixture wearing course and form the soil-lime-fly ash base course to measure resilient modulus and split tensile strength in laboratory. Besides, X-ray diffraction tests were carried out aiming at identifying new stabilizing compounds in samples of the stabilized base. Using the measured resilient moduli, the pavement structural answers (stresses, strains and deflections) were computed. Both the fatigue life of the pozzolanic base and the pavement bearing capacity (capacity of resisting high tensile stresses) were analyzed. In addition, new soil-lime-fly ash mixtures were designed using limes presently available in the state and elsewhere; however the achieved strength and modulus values were quite lower than those measured in field samples. All in all it is concluded that the alkaline stabilization, using local soils and fly ashes and hydrated lime , is a satisfactory technique form technical (long-lasting pavement), economical (reducing both the costs of material transportation and pavement maintenance) and environmental (use of local materials, especially abundant wastes and preservation of non-renewable aggregates sources) points-of-view.

Weather conditions have significant impact on road safety and roadway maintenance operations. Road Weather Information Systems (RWIS) play a significant role in providing weather and surface conditions to transportation agencies to monitor weather events. Fixed installations of RWIS are used for weather and pavement surface monitoring. However, permanent fixture installations may not be feasible due to reasons such as cost, accessibility to the site, siting concerns, and terrain. Portable RWIS provide a cost-effective solution in areas where permanent weather station installation is not possible. This study discusses use and benefits of the portable RWIS and outlines the issues involved in building them. This thesis presents the system design for building prototypes of two portable RWIS systems to be used by Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT). Portable RWIS consist of weather sensors and pavement sensors installed on a trailer-based platform and operate on solar power. The RWIS equipment mounted on trailers consists of non-invasive pavement sensors, wind sensor, precipitation sensor, atmospheric pressure sensor, humidity and dew point sensor and data logger to transmit data from the sensors to a central server. RWIS equipment from two different manufacturers have been selected. The two systems have been evaluated for their cost, operability, ease- of-use and deployability. A field study of two portable RWIS has been conducted to test accuracy of the data collected by these systems and the results have been evaluated. Characterizing the issues involved in developing such portable systems provide insights into situations where these systems may be most applicable.