Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka förekomsten av triple-net avtal i praktiken samt hur väl hyreslagen  är tillämplig på triple-net avtal. Metoden för denna studie är av både en kvantitativ och en kvalitativ karaktär. Den kvantitativa undersökningen syftar till att kartlägga var triple-net avtal används i praktiken medan den kvalitativa intervjustudien, genom semistrukturerade intervjuer, syftar till att ge en djupare förståelse om triple-net i verksamheter.  En slutsatsen av studien är att då triple-net endast är benämningen,  är avtalsformen svårlokaliserad. Genom detta är det svårt att veta exakt hur vanligt förkommande formen är. Studien visar att triple-net är vanligast i logistik och lager segmentet samt vid sale and leaseback-affärer. Hyreslagen har tydligt visat sig inte vara skriven för triple-net avtal och är i den meningen ej tillämplig på avtalsformen. Aktörer på marknaden ser inga problem i den utsträckning parterna litar på varandra och hyresgästen inte åberopar tvingande lag. / This essay aims to investigate the existence of triple-net agreements on the market and how well the Swedish rental regulations is applicable to triple-net agreements. The method of this study is both of quantitative and qualitative nature. A quantitative survey aims to locate triple-net agreements while the qualitative case study, through interviews, aims to provide a deeper understanding of how triple-net works in the businesses. One conclusion of the study is that since triple-net is not defined by law, the contractual form has been showed difficult to locate. Because of this, it is difficult to know exactly how commonly triple-net is used on the market. However, the study has shown that triple-net agreements are most common in the logistics and storage industry segment as well as at sale and leaseback-agreements. The rental regulations have clearly been found not to be written for triple-net agreements and in that sense it is not applicable on this contractual form. Companies on the market do not see any problems to the extent that the parties trust each other and the tenant does not rely on compelling law.

These studies deal with lifetime profit analyses for individual cows, and using these estimates to determine the economic value of genetic changes in traits for which genetic evaluations (predicted transmitting ability, PTA) are currently available. Data were collected from six states processed by Dairy Records Management Systems (DRMS) from herds on continuous test for at least 10 yr. The purpose of the first study was to determine how well estimators of lifetime net income based on 305-d lactation yields and a 10-yr opportunity (RNI305.10) and based on complete lactation data but a 5-yr opportunity (RNIc.5) predict the estimate based on complete lactations and a 10-yr opportunity (RNIc.10). Records for 22,854 cows in Virginia herds born in 1988, 1990, and 1992 from the DRMS in Raleigh, NC were used. Each RNI was calculated using fluid (skim/fat) pricing and milk-fat-protein pricing. Regression analyses including herd and birth year were used in the model to estimate the regression of RNIc.10 on RNIc.5, and RNIc.10 on RNI305.10. The resulting regression coefficients for fluid (skim/fat) pricing were $1.53 and $1.12 explaining 67 and 97% of the variation of RNIc.10, respectively. The corresponding results for milk-fat-protein pricing were $1.52 and $1.14 explaining 68 and 96% of the variation of RNIc.10, respectively. Using RNIc.10 as the measure to estimate lifetime profit is strongly recommended over the two alternatives tested. In the second study, the economic impacts of a unit change in PTA of daughter pregnancy rate (DPR) and other PTA in the merit indexes on lifetime profit estimates of a bull's daughters were estimated to determine an economic weight for the PTADPR and other PTA in economic indexes. Records for 71,094 cows born in 1988, 1990, and 1992 from six states processed at DRMS were used: Florida [10,940 cows], Indiana [8,231 cows], North Carolina [12,280 cows], Texas [4,786 cows], Virginia [20,341 cows], and Vermont [14,516 cows]. The basic RNI function consisted of [total milk, fat, and protein income ?feed cost for production] (yield income, YI) + [net value of calves + net salvage value] (non yield income, NYI) ?rearing cost (RC) ?[(daily cost for labor, maintenance feed, supplies, and fixed expenses) x days in herd] (daily cost, DC). Some of the economic impacts of PTA described for the merit indexes were not included in the basic RNI. These were added to RNI by multiplying the respective sire PTA by the economic impact. These included -165*PTASCS (M); 33*udder composite + 15*feet and legs composite -14.86*body size composite (T); and 8.064*PTA for daughter pregnancy rate -4.80*PTA for daughter calving ease (PRCE). Each ARNI was calculated using all production records initiated prior to the cow's tenth birthday with three milk pricing systems comparable to the prices in USDA three merit indexes: fluid (skim/fat) pricing (FARNI), milk-fat-protein pricing (NMARNI), and cheese pricing (CARNI). Two levels of prices for rearing cost per day and daily cost were used for calculating FARNI, NMARNI, and CARNI. Regression analyses including herd and birth year in the model were used to estimate the simple and partial regressions of ARNI or partitioned ARNI on sire PTA. Partial regression included all PTA in Net Merit, except service sire calving ease. Ignoring other PTA, one unit increase in PTADPR increased 476.25kg of lifetime total milk or 18 days of total DIM. One unit decrease in PTASCS increased 4372.50kg of lifetime total milk. With low daily and rearing costs, each 1% change in PTADPR increased ARNI by $59.31 to $55.82 depending on the milk pricing systems. The corresponding results with high daily and rearing costs were $27.50 to $24.01. Standardized multiple regression enabled the comparison of the economic weights of this study with those of USDA. The PTA for productive life (PL) in all three USDA merit index was emphasized less than the results from this study; however, PTADPR in USDA indexes was emphasized more than this study. In this study, the economic weight of PTADPR was negative within the low daily and rearing costs, but it was positive in the high daily and rearing costs. / Master of Science

Petrinetze werden in vielen Bereichen als Modellierungstechnik verwendet. Die verschiedenen Einsatzgebiete und Modellierungsziele erfordern dabei unterschiedliche Typen von Petrinetzen. Einen Petrinetz-Typ kennzeichnen -- neben den üblichen Stellen, Transitionen und Kanten -- eine Menge zusätzlicher, spezifischer Elemente, sowie eine spezifische Schaltregel. In der Literatur findet man zahlreiche verschiedene Petrinetz-Typen. Diese Vielfalt an Petrinetz-Typen lässt sich nicht ohne weiteres überblicken. Deshalb fehlt es auch nicht an Versuchen, allgemeine Petrinetz-Typen oder Klassifikationen -- auch einzelner Aspekte -- zu etablieren. Allerdings erfassen die bisherigen Ansätze nur einen kleinen Teil aller Petrinetz-Typen. Unser semantisch orientierter Klassifizierungsansatz des Petrinetz-Hyperwürfels umfasst deutlich mehr Petrinetz-Typen und erhebt den Anspruch, universell zu sein. Der Petrinetz-Hyperwürfel hat einen syntaktisch orientierten Klassifizierungsansatz als Grundlage. Dieser Ansatz führt einerseits zum Vorschlag der Petri Net Markup Language. Damit können Petrinetze aller Typen einheitlich beschrieben werden. Andererseits führt derselbe Ansatz zu einer Basis für Petrinetz-Werkzeuge, in der die einzelnen Teile eines Petrinetz-Typs unabhängig voneinander implementiert werden. Der Petrinetz-Kern ist eine derartige Basis mit dessen Hilfe Petrinetz-Werkzeuge gebaut werden. Er implementiert Konzepte, die allen Petrinetzen gemein sind, unabhängig von konkreten Petrinetz-Typen. Gemeinsam mit dem Petrinetz-Hyperwürfel bildet der Petrinetz-Kern ein weiteres Basiswerkzeug für einen parametrisierten Petrinetz-Typ mit einer parametrisierten Schaltregel. Die Petri Net Markup Language und der Petrinetz-Kern sind die wesentlichen Beiträge der vorliegenden Arbeit. Gemeinsam bilden sie ein mächtiges Grundgerüst für Petrinetz-Werkzeuge beliebiger Petrinetz-Typen. / Petri nets are widely used for modelling systems. The different areas and goals require different types of Petri nets. Each Petri net contains beside places, transitions, and arcs several further specific elements. Furthermore, a Petri net type defines a specific firing rule. There are many different Petri net types. It is not easy to have a general view on this bulk of Petri net types. Thus, there are attempts to establish general Petri net types or classifications of Petri net types (even of particular aspects). But, current approaches include only a few of all Petri net types. Our approach is a classification by semantics of Petri nets. We call this classification Petri Net Hypercube. It is meant to be universal for all Petri net types. A syntactical classification approach is the base of the Petri Net Hypercube. This approach leads on the one hand to the proposal of the Petri Net Markup Language. This language describes Petri nets of all types. On the other hand, the same approach leads to a base of Petri net tools. The parts of a Petri net type are implemented in this base independently of each other. The Petri Net Kernel is such a base for building Petri net tools. It implements those concepts which are general concepts of each Petri net. The Petri Net Kernel forms together with the Petri Net Hypercube a further basic Petri net tool for a parameterized Petri net type with a parameterized firing rule. The Petri Net Markup Language and the Petri Net Kernel are the main contributions of this thesis. Together, they are a powerful base for Petri net tools of each Petri net type.

CML Data AB is a small IT-company that offers complete IT-solutions adjusted to the needs of the customers. It is hard for the employees to bring all necessary papers, files and software when visiting a customer. They also have difficulties planning their daily work and to keep track of each other, because of the lack of a shared calendar. The purpose of this report is to answer the following questions: - How do you develop a centralized information system for CML Data AB where it is possible for the employees to gain access to files, plan their days and where the customers can get access to relevant information? - How do you develop an information system that is easy to manage? - How do you make it easier for the employees at CML Data AB to update their homepage? We discussed the problems and the future information system with the employees and were able to establish a set of needs and requirements which we then used as a foundation during the software development. We used user centered system design during the whole process and focused a lot on usability and interaction design. The project resulted in a stylistically pure and user friendly portal. The portal can be used to access and upload files and plan the daily work. It can also be used for administration of the homepage and the portal users. / CML Data AB är ett teknikintensivt och renodlat IT-företag som skräddarsyr helhetslösningar anpassade efter kundens behov. CML Data AB kan sägas fungera som en extern IT-avdelning för företag. Mycket av arbetet sköts ute hos kunder och man får ofta åka ut på uppdrag med kort varsel. Det är då svårt att få med sig de nödvändiga filer, dokument och programvaror som krävs. Företaget saknar även en gemensam kalender där det dagliga arbetet kan planeras. För att få en bättre inblick i företagets verksamhet och för att få fram de förändringsbehov som fanns gjordes en FA/SIMM-analys. Denna analys visade att CML Data AB var i behov av ett centraliserat informationssystem med möjlighet att ladda upp och hämta filer, samt en kalender för att underlätta planeringen av det dagliga arbetet. Det kunde också konstateras att företagets hemsida behövde förnyas och göras lättare att uppdatera och förändra. Examensarbetets frågeställningar fastställdes till följande: - Hur utvecklar man ett centraliserat informationssystem åt CML Data AB där det går att planera sitt arbete, få åtkomst till filer och där kunder kan komma åt relevant information? - Hur utvecklar man ett centraliserat informationssystem åt CML Data AB som är enkelt och smidigt att administrera? - Hur gör man det lättare och mindre tidskrävande för de anställda på CML Data AB att uppdatera hemsidan? Tillsammans med de anställda på företaget togs de krav och behov fram som fanns på informationssystemet. Utvecklingsarbetet skedde med stöd av användarcentrerad systemdesign och fokuserade mycket på användarvänlighet och interaktionsdesign. Innan programmeringen tog vid framställdes ett antal prototyper som de anställda fick ha synpunkter på. Ett par av dessa prototyper godkändes och låg som grund för det fortsatta utvecklingsarbetet. En accessdatabas ligger till grunden för informationssystemet som utvecklats i Visual Studio .NET med hjälp av programmeringsspråket Visual Basic .NET och serverspråket ASP .NET. Arbetet resulterade i en portal med ett stilrent och användarvänligt gränssnitt. Från portalen går det att hämta och ladda upp filer, det går även att planera arbetsveckan och få information om vart de anställda befinner sig genom den gemensamma kalendern. Portalen har även en enkel och lättnavigerad administrationsdel där det går att uppdatera, ta bort och förändra den information som finns i portalen. Från administrationsdelen kan man också uppdatera och förändra den nydesignade hemsidan. Genom ett enkelt WYSIWYG-gränssnitt kan man lätt uppdatera och lägga till bilder och texter på hemsidan. Det finns också funktioner för att lägga till helt nya sidor och för att lägga till nyheter på hemsidan.

This thesis deals with the problem of priority network switch, the model of which was developed in the C++ language. The traffic optimization task is solved by the use of several artificial neural networks, which are described, compared to each other and then evaluated which of them is more suitable for this task. The result of this work is a model of network switch and a comparison of computational time complexity of solving the optimization problem using the artificial neural network. The thesis was developed in research project MSM 0021630529 Intelligent Systems in Automation.

ITC/USA 2007 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Third Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 22-25, 2007 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / Migrating analog architectures and equipments to network architectures is underway all across the globe. There is no doubt, a modern instrument must fit the network environment or simply will not be procured. Yet, funding constraints temper wholesale changes to net-centric technologies. The last analog stronghold in our data center is the oscillograph. Over 50 Gould TA 6000 Oscillographs reside at White Sands Missile Range. These are digital implementations of analog recorders, hence require analog signaling. Digital telemetry data (most common format) must be converted to analog to drive an oscillograph that converts analog back to digital to plot the data. The oscillograph’s interface board may be “hacked” by removing the Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) gaining direct access to the digital signal path. This idea was worth attempting as the prospect of replacing that many recorders with the newer network driven oscillographs is costly hence remote. This paper’s topic is the conversion of the hardware and a discussion on software issues. Though not pretty, it does preserve the large recorder investment for the time being. Issues with analog signaling, such as noise, drift and ground loops are gone. A commercial ethernet to digital adapter drives the new digital interface and transforms the recorder into an net-centric instrument.

Economic growth in China is attributed by many people to the reforms initiated in 1978. Some individuals, who were previously agents of the state, party cadres, or peasants, have become High Net Worth Individuals (HNWIs) within a relatively short period in the wake of certain institutional changes. Before economic reform, China’s political elites seized administrative controls and material privileges and yet were relatively restricted in money income and private wealth; however, the market transition and privatization added additional value into those controls and privileges and created unique opportunities for those political elites. These political elites retain intact power and privilege regardless of market reforms or regime change. During the transformation, redistributive mechanisms are shaped by these elites, who discriminate in favour of themselves, their families, and like individuals; subsequently, some of those from the political elites migrate into HNWIs, and unjust wealth re-distribution is created accordingly. Development and the changing role of elites in transitional China, like all societies, is constrained and shaped by heritage (resources, pre-existing institutions, geography, culture, etc.); these constraints maybe stronger in transitional societies than in open market economies and enhance the importance for transitional society elites to maintain their footholds of power in state and regulatory institutions. Therefore, these elites exert influence to maintain their existing privileges for accumulating wealth from competition. This research adapts institutional change theory to incorporate the concept of resource dependences in order to give practical expression to an analysis of how the transition between these roles is played out during the institutional changes and to explore the relations between the leading social actors and their institutional environment. It draws on the example of the housing market to illustrate that there is a trade-off between conformity to external institutional pressure and exercising influence over external resources whilst pursuing stability and legitimacy in China’s reforms.

Nearly all modern software applications, from the simplest website user account system to the most complex, enterprise-level, completely-integrated infrastructure, utilize some sort of backend data storage and business logic that interacts with the backend. The ubiquitous nature of this backend/business dichotomy makes sense as the need to both store and manipulate data can be traced as far back as the Turing Machine in Computer Science. The most commonly used technologies for these two aspects are Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS) for backend and Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) for business logic. However, these two methodologies are not immediately compatible and the inherent differences between data represented in RDBMS and data represented in OOP are not trivial. Taking a .NET developer’s perspective, this report aims to explore the RDBMS/OO dichotomy and its inherent issues. Schema management theory and algebra are discussed to gain better perspective of the domain and a survey of existing solutions for the .NET environment is explored. Additionally, methods outside the mainstream are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of each are weighed and presented to the reader to help aid in design implementations in the future. / text

<p>In this report we compare the two programming languages PHP and C# in .Net. They are both used to create dynamic websites and on the web there's a debate going on about which of these languages you're recommended to use. With this report we want to make ourselves a more scientific base of which of these languages that is the most used language and which languages that are the most suitable for creating dynamic websites. We have two purposes with this report:</p><p>1. To compare the usage of the programming languages C# in .Net and PHP at web agencies, advertising agencies and combinded agencies in Sweden today.</p><p>2. To get a better insight in the languages partly theoretical and partly through making a practical comparison of how you program in those languages.</p><p>We have chosen to use four methods to reach our purposes; interviews, survey, lite-rature study and practical work. To among else find out which of PHP and C# in .Net that are the most common language, at web agencies, advertising agencies and combined agencies in Sweden today, we created a survey which we sent out to 100 companies in five counties. The interviews were done before the survey was designed since they were the foundation for the questions in the survey. All theoretical background is built on our literature study but we also got a little help from our literature study during our practical work. During our practical work we created two similar websites, one in each language to practically to be able to compare how the both codes are written and to make ourselves an opinion about how it feels to program in the both languages.</p><p>From the survey we found out that PHP is the most common language at the different types of agencies that we studied. We also found out that the companies who answered the survey believes that PHP still will be the most common language in Sweden in year 2015 of the two studied languages PHP and C# in .Net.</p><p>The survey also showed that good qualities in PHP are among others the simplicity, open source and platform independent. Worse qualities in PHP are that it lacks in troubleshooting, has low performance and too many versions.</p><p>We think that PHP overall is the easier language to program in, in comparison with C# in .Net since the way you write the code in PHP feels more understandable and logical. Many of the advantages and disadvantages we experienced consists with the agencies opinions regarding PHP, but also with the opinions regarding C# in .Net since it's fast, compiled and a well structured language. Worse qualities in C# in .Net we experienced are that it's own by Microsoft, less spread and has complicated code.</p><p>The conclusions of this study is that PHP is the most used programming language at the web agencies, advertising agencies and the combined agencies that this study included, that the both programming languages differ from eachother more than we predicted both theoretical and programmatically and PHP is better suited for less com-plicated programming while C# in .Net is more suited for advanced programming.</p>

The aim of this thesis is to take a broad conceptual overview of the global energy system and investigate what the aims of sustainability might entail for such a system. The work presented uses a biophysical economic approach in that the dynamics of the global economy are investigated using the tool box of the physical sciences, including the laws of thermodynamics and the methods of energy analysis. Modern society currently uses approximately 500 exajoules (EJ = 10^18 J) of total primary energy supply (TPES) each year. This energy consumption has been increasing at roughly 2% per year for the past two hundred years. TPES is currently dominated by three non-renewable energy sources: coal, oil and gas which, together with energy from nuclear fission of uranium, make up around 85% of the energy market. Consumption of finite resources at a continuously growing rate is not sustainable in the long-term. A trend in policy direction is to seek a transition to renewable sources of energy. This thesis seeks to explore two questions: are the technical potentials of renewable energy sources enough to supply the current and/or projected demand for energy and what would be the effect on the physical resource economy of a transition to an energy supply system run entirely on renewable energy sources? The Global Energy Model using a Biophysical Approach (GEMBA) methodology developed here is compared and contrasted with other approaches that are used to study the global energy-economy system, including the standard neoclassical economic approach used in such models as MESSAGE and MARKAL. A number of meta-analyses have been conducted in support of the GEMBA model. These include: meta-analysis of historic energy production from all energy sources; meta-analysis of global energy resources for all energy sources; meta-analysis of energy-return-on-investment (EROI) for all energy sources. The GEMBA methodology uses a systems dynamic modelling approach utilising stocks and flows, feedback loops and time delays to capture the behaviour of the global energy-economy system. The system is decomposed into elements with simple behaviour that is known through energy analysis. The interaction of these elements is captured mathematically and run numerically via the systems dynamics software package, VenSim. Calibration of the model has been achieved using historic energy production data from 1800 to 2005. The core of the GEMBA methodology constitutes the description of a dynamic EROI function over the whole production cycle of an energy resource from initial development, through maturation to decline in production, in the case of non-renewable resources, or to the technical potential in the case of renewable resources. Using the GEMBA methodology, the global energy-economy system is identified as a self-regulating system. The self-regulating behaviour acts to constrain the amount of total primary energy supply that the system can produce under a renewable-only regime. A number of analyses are conducted to test the sensitivity of the system to such changes as: an increase of the technical potential of renewable resources; technological breakthroughs which would significantly increase the EROI of renewable resources; a decrease in the capital intensity of renewable resources and; an increase in the energy intensity of the economy, A statistical analysis reflecting the wide range of values of both the estimates of EROI and technical potentials of renewable energy sources has also been undertaken using a Monte Carlo approach. The results from the modelling suggest that not all levels of energy demand projected by the WEA can be supplied by an energy system running solely on renewable energy. The Monte Carlo analyses suggest that reduction in total energy yield over current (2010) levels might occur with a 20-30% possibility. The middle and high growth scenarios from the WEA are greater than 95% of all scenarios modelled, hence seem unlikely to be sustained by an energy system running solely on renewable energy. This finding has implications for the future direction of both engineering and technology research as well as for energy policy. These implications are discussed.