Group B Streptococcus (GBS), in its transition from commensal to pathogen, will encounter diverse host environments and thus require coordinately controlling its transcriptional responses to these changes. This work was aimed at better understanding the role of two component signal transduction systems (TCS) in GBS pathophysiology through a systematic screening procedure. We first performed a complete inventory and sensory mechanism classification of all putative GBS TCS by genomic analysis. Five TCS were further investigated by the generation of knock-out strains, and in vitro transcriptome analysis identified genes regulated by these systems, ranging from 0.1-3% of the genome. Interestingly, two sugar phosphotransferase systems appeared differently regulated in the knock-out mutant of TCS-16, suggesting an involvement in monitoring carbon source availability. High throughput analysis of bacterial growth on different carbon sources showed that TCS-16 was necessary for growth of GBS on fructose-6-phosphate. Additional transcriptional analysis provided further evidence for a stimulus-response circuit where extracellular fructose-6-phosphate leads to autoinduction of TCS-16 with concomitant dramatic up-regulation of the adjacent operon encoding a phosphotransferase system. The TCS-16-deficient strain exhibited decreased persistence in a model of vaginal colonization and impaired growth/survival in the presence of vaginal mucoid components. All mutant strains were also characterized in a murine model of systemic infection, and inactivation of TCS-17 (also known as RgfAC) resulted in hypervirulence. Our data suggest a role for the previously unknown TCS-16, here named FspSR, in bacterial fitness and carbon metabolism during host colonization, and also provide experimental evidence for TCS-17/RgfAC involvement in virulence.

Aujourd’hui personne n’est capable de garantir le 100% de taux de lecture d’objets à identifier sous un portique, la tendance est d’augmenter la puissance d’émission pour être certains d’envoyer assez d’énergie pour téléalimenter tous les tags passant sous un portique. Cependant la puissance émise devient suffisante pour lire les tags du portique adjacent, c’est le phénomène de lectures croisées. Pour s’affranchir de ce problème nous avons développé une technique de synchronisation des lectures RFID visant à maximiser le taux de lecture et à corriger les lectures croisées. Dans le cadre de ma thèse je me suis orienté vers une architecture basée sur l’inventaire temps réel et couvrant toute la surface d’un entrepôt et non plus seulement les entrées et sorties. Pour mettre en place cette architecture il faut un maillage de lecteurs RFID et ceux-ci doivent être communicants. Nous réalisons donc un réseau de capteurs RFID qui permet une traçabilité plus fine, des inventaires temps réel et de nouveaux services tel que la localisation d’articles. Nous avons pu réaliser des prototypes fonctionnels de réseau de capteurs RFID dans la bande UHF (868MHz). Obtenir un taux de lecture à 100% est complexe à obtenir car les conditions d’environnements varient. De nombreux facteurs influent sur les performances. Un de ces facteurs est le phénomène d’évanouissements d’ondes sélectifs. D’où le besoin de développer des antennes qui modifient leur rayonnement afin de déplacer les évanouissements et ainsi s’assurer de couvrir 100% de l’espace en lecture RFID. / The rise of the internet of things will allow for the retail sector new opportunities of development. To access to this technology it remains a lot of technical challenges. Currently in the warehouses equipped with RFID there is a trade off between radiated power which determines the ability to read 100% of the targeted tag’s population and the quality of the information. To ensure a 100% of reading of this population the risk is to read others tags, in another tag population: the adjacent portal or in the warehouse stock. The RFID in warehouse has to improve the information quality to get a rise of deployment in industry. Our goal is to improve the efficiency in stock management for warehouses or retail stores by correcting the cross readings. We decided to consider the implementation of a RFID sensor network. This technology is based on a network of nodes in which each node collects data of its environment. By placing the nodes and meshing the surface it is now possible to cover a space. First we will explain the context and the standards of RFID for the retail. Then we will present a sensor network system design to make the inventory of items. Finally we will examine the optimization for the retail environment. The environment conditions impact on the reading rate, many parameters from the environment impact on the performance. The multi-path effect decreases the reading rate specialy in a RFID sensor network where all elements are static. The main solution is to use antenna array to get diversity in the radiation field and to get a high reading rate.

Cette thèse présente un récepteur IF vers DC basé sur le sous-échantillonnage pour applications à 60 GHz. Un arrangement particulier dans le plan de fréquence autorise l'intégration du filtrage canal directement à l'intérieur de l'échantillonneur. La conversion basse, le filtrage canal ainsi que la démodulation IQ sont rassemblés en une seule opération sans cout additionnel en termes de surface ou de puissance. L'étude théorique de l'échantillonneur et son intégration dans un récepteur complet à 60 GHz est détaillée dans cette thèse. Une étude avancée est faite pour les points critiques de l'architecture : la génération de la fenêtre d'intégration, de la démodulation IQ, du repliement de bruit ainsi que de l'effet de la gigue de l'horloge d'échantillonnage. L'architecture proposée est validée par des simulations et remplit les contraintes données par les standards définis pour les communications autour de 60 GHz. Le résultat de cette étude système est que le sous échantillonnage est une technique applicable pour les systèmes à large bande passante et à cadence de données élevé. Un prototype a été développé en technologie 28nm CMOS. Il montre que l'opération de sous-échantillonnage est fonctionnelle à la fréquence d'intérêt : échantillonnage à 7.04 GHz d'un signal RF autour de 21.12 GHz. Un flux de données BPSK ou QPSK à 1.76 GHz peut être décodé avec un taux d'erreur binaire inférieur à 10-3 pour des puissances d'entrée entre -10 et 5 dBm. Les mesures ont également montré que le système est capable de recevoir des canaux adjacents à une puissance équivalente à celle du canal d'intérêt avec un effet minimum sur le taux d'erreur binaire grâce aux échantillonneurs en courant. / This thesis presents an IF to DC receiver based on subsampling for 60 GHz applications. A particular arrangement of the frequency plan allows embedded anti-alias filtering. Down-conversion, channel filtering and IQ demodulation are merged into a unique operation at no extra cost in terms of area and power consumption. The theoretical analysis of the proposed charge-domain quadrature subsampler and its integration into a complete 60 GHz receiver is detailed in this thesis. Advanced analysis is made for critical points of the architecture: generation of the integration windows, IQ demodulation, noise folding and effect of clock jitter. The proposed architecture is validated by simulations and complies with the requirements of the standards for 60 GHz wireless communications. The result of this study shows that sub-sampling is suitable for high bandwidth and high data-rate receiver systems. The prototype has been designed in 28 nm CMOS technology. It shows that the subsampling operation is fully functional up to the frequency of interest : sampling at 7.04 GHz an RF signal around 21.12 GHz. Modulated BPSK and QPSK data streams at 1.76 GHz can be received with a BER below 10-3 for input powers from -10 dBm to 5 dBm. Measurements have also shown that adjacent channels at power equivalent to the channel of interest can be received with minimum decreasing of the bit error rate thanks to charge domain subsamplers.

Adenoviruses (Ad) are double-stranded (ds) DNA, non-enveloped viruses. There are seven species (A-G) of human Ads with 52 knownserotypes to date. Human Ads cause a broad range of pathologies, ranging from upper respiratory tract infections to persistent urinary tract infections. The main determinant for Ads tropism in vitro is the protruding, antenna-like, fiber protein. The fiberknob is responsible for the main interaction with the attachment receptor of the host cell. Most Ad species use the coxsackie- adenovirus receptor (CAR) as their main attachment receptor. Most species B Ads, however use CD46. CD46 is a cell surface complement regulatory protein, which is expressed on all nucleated cells in humans. Species B Ads exhibit a low seroprevalenc in the human population, making these Ads promising vector candidates for gene therapy. We have studied human Ad species B members, serotypes 7 and 11 (Ad7 and Ad11), as well as their interaction with CD46. Our first experiments showed that all species B Ads use CD46 as their main attachment receptor, with the exception of Ad3 and Ad7. Second, we performed mutational studies of recombinant Ad11p fiberknobs. These studies showed that arginine 279 in the Ad 11 fiberknob is necessary for CD46 binding. Finally we studied the effect of Ad11 binding to CD46. The results indicate that CD46 is rapidly downregulated on the cell surface after Ad11 binding. These results may provide a further understanding of the basic biology and pathology of species B Ads and may also be useful in construction of gene therapy vectors based on species B Ads.

My dissertation is the first empirically based study to closely examine the impacts of 9/11 on Canadian Muslim youth. It develops a critical analysis of how the general public supported by state practices, undermine the citizenship of Canadian Muslims, thereby impacting their identity formation. Conducting qualitative analysis, through the use of 50 in-depth interviews with Canadian Muslim men and women, aged 18 to 30, I have arrived at several important findings. These include findings related to citizenship, the racialization of gender identities and identity formation. First, despite having legal citizenship, Canadian Muslims often do not have access to substantive citizenship (the ability to exercise rights of legal citizenship), revealing the precarious nature of citizenship for minority groups in Canada. My research shows that the citizenship rights of Canadian Muslims may be undermined because they do not have access to allegiance and nationality, important facets of citizenship. Second, young Canadian Muslims are racialized and othered through increasingly stereotypical conceptions about their gender identities. Muslim men are perceived as barbaric and dangerous and Muslim women are imagined as passive and oppressed by their communities. As a result of these dominant conceptions, in their struggle against racism, young Canadian Muslims have to invest a great deal of time establishing themselves as thinking, rational, educated and peaceful persons. Third, to cope with their marginalization, many young Canadian Muslims have asserted their Muslim identities. In order to understand this social process, I extend the work done on ‘reactive ethnicity’ and theorize Muslim identity formation in a post 9/11 context, something not yet been done in academic literature. To do so, I coin the term ‘reactive identity formation,’ and illustrate that the formation of reactive identities is not limited to strengthening ethnic identity and that religious minority groups can experience a similar phenomenon. Furthermore, I find that while claiming their Muslim identity, most of my interviewees also retain their Canadian identity in order to resist the notion that they are not Canadian. By doing so, they attempt to redefine what it means to be Canadian.

My dissertation is the first empirically based study to closely examine the impacts of 9/11 on Canadian Muslim youth. It develops a critical analysis of how the general public supported by state practices, undermine the citizenship of Canadian Muslims, thereby impacting their identity formation. Conducting qualitative analysis, through the use of 50 in-depth interviews with Canadian Muslim men and women, aged 18 to 30, I have arrived at several important findings. These include findings related to citizenship, the racialization of gender identities and identity formation. First, despite having legal citizenship, Canadian Muslims often do not have access to substantive citizenship (the ability to exercise rights of legal citizenship), revealing the precarious nature of citizenship for minority groups in Canada. My research shows that the citizenship rights of Canadian Muslims may be undermined because they do not have access to allegiance and nationality, important facets of citizenship. Second, young Canadian Muslims are racialized and othered through increasingly stereotypical conceptions about their gender identities. Muslim men are perceived as barbaric and dangerous and Muslim women are imagined as passive and oppressed by their communities. As a result of these dominant conceptions, in their struggle against racism, young Canadian Muslims have to invest a great deal of time establishing themselves as thinking, rational, educated and peaceful persons. Third, to cope with their marginalization, many young Canadian Muslims have asserted their Muslim identities. In order to understand this social process, I extend the work done on ‘reactive ethnicity’ and theorize Muslim identity formation in a post 9/11 context, something not yet been done in academic literature. To do so, I coin the term ‘reactive identity formation,’ and illustrate that the formation of reactive identities is not limited to strengthening ethnic identity and that religious minority groups can experience a similar phenomenon. Furthermore, I find that while claiming their Muslim identity, most of my interviewees also retain their Canadian identity in order to resist the notion that they are not Canadian. By doing so, they attempt to redefine what it means to be Canadian.

Juan Mayorga signe le retour en force du verbe dans la dramaturgie espagnole contemporaine. Cette thèse pense son œuvre comme une « carte du monde » qui reflète et interroge certaines facettes de la réalité à travers le prisme du langage. L’étude des scènes de langage et du langage de la scène fait appel aux théories de pragmatique du discours. Ensuite, les analyses de la théâtralité de la parole (la manière dont les mots prennent corps et sens sur scène et dans le monde) montrent que chez ce dramaturge, la puissance imageante de la parole est étroitement liée à la « faille » du discours. La « faille », qui occupe une place centrale dans l’œuvre de Juan Mayorga, souligne et relaye les limites du langage, ouvrant sur une scène dialectique, d’où on peut (le) penser autrement. Entre les mots, dans les « failles » du discours logique, surgit l’ineffable, c’est-à-dire le Réel au sens lacanien. La question de l’aporie du voir et du dire révèle la part décisive de l’absence et du manque dans la représentation : celle-ci relève d’un engagement dramaturgique et esthétique, mais aussi éthique. Choisir de faire de la scène une cartographie des « failles » du discours, des silences de l’histoire, et des absences du monde, c’est le fruit d’un parti pris. À travers le prisme d’un verbe dont nous relevons le caractère fragmentaire, c’est une manière de penser et d’interroger le monde qui apparaît. Ce travail puise dans les courants philosophiques qui (sous-)tendent l’écriture de Juan Mayorga : les thèses de Walter Benjamin sur l’histoire, les écrits de Ludwig Wittgenstein, Theodor Adorno, Giorgio Agamben et Jean-Luc Nancy, portant sur la dicibilité ou la représentablité de l’indicible, mais aussi l’ontologie contemporaine, en particulier la pensée de Jacques Derrida et de Sören Kierkegaard, qui détournent la logique dichotomique propre à la dialectique hégélienne. Le langage lui-même est créateur de relations dialectiques indépassables que le dramaturge met en scène à partir de tensions qui peuvent se multiplier à l’infini dans une esthétique du discontinu (dire/taire, montrer/cacher, montrer/dire, etc.). Cette thèse les met en lumière et en interroge les enjeux. À cet effet, la notion de « rhizome » de Gilles Deleuze et Félix Guattari, ainsi que celle de « scène invisible » (issue de la « critique des dispositifs »), fournissent des éléments théoriques de réflexion qui débouchent sur un même constat : le sens réside dans l’interruption. La thèse est un cheminement à travers l’œuvre de Juan Mayorga, dont il s’agit de découvrir entrées et sorties, s’engouffrant dans ses « failles », pour enfin s’arrêter sur des bifurcations, ramifications, ou nœuds – car en eux se cristallise la « scène ». Au fil de son expérience théâtrale rhizhomatique et souterraine, le spectalecteur mayorguien est invité à être entre, à devenir animal (Deleuze et Guattari), et à interroger l’envers du décor. / In his plays, Juan Mayorga forcefully brings back the word in contemporary Spanish drama. This dissertation examines his works as a “world map” which mirrors and questions numerous aspects of reality through the prism of language. The study of language at play in the scenes and the dramatic language of the play appeals to the theories of pragmatic discourse. Analyses of the theatrical characteristics of the spoken word - the way words take shape and become meaningful on stage and in reality – show that, for this playwright, the image power of the spoken word is intrinsically connected to the language of the “fault”. The “fault” – which rests at the very core of Juan Mayorga’s works – underlines and prolongs the limits of language, unlocking a dialectical stage where it can be apprehended differently. Between the words, in the “faults” gical speech, the unuterrable arises, i.e. the Real in the Lacanian sense. The aporetic issue of seeing and telling unveils the decisive part of absence and want in the representation, which emanates from a theatrical, esthetic, but also ethical commitment. Choosing to study the stage as a map of the “faults” of discourse, the silence of history, and the absences of the world is a deliberate choice: analyzing the fragmentary characteristics of language is a way of thinking and questioning the world. This dissertation delves into the philosophical works which underlie Juan Mayorga's works: Walter Benjamin's thesis on history, the works of Ludwig Wittgenstein, Theodor Adorno, Giorgio Agamben, and Jean-Luc Nancy's works on the ability to utter and represent, as well as contemporaneous ontology - especially Jacques Derrida and Sören Kierkegaard´s theories, which divert the dichotomous logic that characterizes the Hegelian dialectics. Language itself weaves impassable dialectical relations which the playwright stages through tensions that can be multiplied indefinitely within aesthetics of discontinuity (keeping silent/telling; showing/hiding; showing/ telling, etc.). This dissertation draws attention to these tensions and questions their stakes. To that end, Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari's notions of “rhizome” and “the invisible scene” provide us with theoretical elements leading up to the same conclusion: meaning appears in interruptions. This dissertation is progressing through Juan Mayorga's plays to unveil its exits and entrances as they materialize the faults of language, so as to examine the junctions, ramifications, or entanglements where the stage crystallizes. In their rhizomatic and underground theatrical experience, Mayorga’s “specta-readers” are urged to be in-between, to become animal (Deleuze and GuattarI) and to question what is behind the scene.

La cerca d’objectes de text en imatges d’escena reals és un problema obert i una àrea de cerca molt activa la visió per computador. S’han proposat un gran nombre de mètodes basats en l’extensió dels mètodes des de l’anàlisi de documents o inspirat en mètodes de detecció d’objectes. No obstant això, el problema de la cerca d’objectes en imatges d’escena reals segueix sent un problema extremadament difícil a causa de la gran variabilitat en l’aparen¸ca dels objectes. Aquesta tesi es basa en els més recents troballes en la literatura de l’atenció visual, introduint un nou model computacional de visió guiada que apunta descriure la cerca de text en imatges d’escenes reals. En primer lloc es presenten els resultats més pertinents de la literatura científica en relació amb l’atenció visual, els moviments oculars i la cerca visual. Els més rellevants models d’atenció són discutits i integrats amb recents observacions sobre la funció dels anomenats ’top-down constraints’ i l’emergent necessitat d’un model estratificat d’atenció en què la saliència no és l’únic factor guia d’atenció. L’atenció visual s’explica per la interacció de diversos factors moduladors, com ara objectes, valor, plans i saliència. S’introdueix la nostra formulació probabilística dels mecanismes d’atenció en es- cenes reals per a la tasca de cerca d’objectes. El model es basa en l’argument que el desplegament d’atenció depèn de dos processos diferents però interactuants: un procés d’atenció que assigna valor a les fonts d’informació i un procés motor que uneix flexiblement informació amb l’acció. En aquest marc, l’elecció d’on buscar la propera tasca és dependent i orientada a les classes d’objectes incrustats en imatges d’escenes reals. La dependència de la tasca es té en compte en explotar el valor i la recompensa de contemplar certes parts o proto-objectes de la imatge que proporcionen una esclarissada representació dels objectes en l’escena. A la secció experimental prova el model en condicions de laboratori, comparant les simulacions del model amb dades d’experiments de eye tracking. La comparació és qualitativa en termes de trajectòries d’exploració i quantitativa, en termes de similitud estadística de l’amplitud de moviments oculars. Els experiments s’han realitzat amb dades de eye tracking tant d’un conjunt de dades públic de rostre humans i text, tant amb un nou conjunt de dades de eye tracking i d’imatges urbanes amb text. L’última part d’aquesta tesi es dedica a estudiar en quina mesura el model proposat pot respondre del desplegament d’atenció en un entorn complex. S’ha utilitzat un dispositiu mòbil de eye tracking i una metodologia desenvolupada específicament per comparar les dades simulades amb les dades gravades de eye tracking. Tal configuració permet posar a prova el model en la tasca de cerca de text molt semblant a una cerca real, en la condició d’informació visual incompleta. / La búsqueda de objetos de texto en imágenes de escena reales es un problema abierto y un área de investigación muy activa la visión por computador. Se han propuesto un gran número de métodos basados en la extensión de los métodos desde el análisis de documentos o inspirado en métodos de detección de objetos. Sin embargo, el problema de la búsqueda de objetos en imágenes de escena reales sigue siendo un problema extremadamente difícil debido a la gran variabilidad en la apariencia de los objetos. Esta tesis se basa en los más recientes hallazgos en la literatura de la atención visual, introduciendo un nuevo modelo computacional de visión guiada que apunta a describir la búsqueda de texto en imágenes de escenas reales. En primer lugar se presentan los resultados mas pertinentes de la literatura científica en relación con la atención visual, los movimientos oculares y la búsqueda visual. Los mas relevantes modelos de atención son discutidos e integrados con recientes obser- vaciones sobre la función de los denominados ’top-down constraints’ y la emergente necesidad de un modelo estratificado de atención en el que la saliencia no es el único factor guía de atención. La atención visual se explica por la interacción de varios factores moduladores, tales como objetos, valor, planes y saliencia. Se introduce nuestra formulación probabilística de los mecanismos de atención en escenas reales para la tarea de búsqueda de objetos. El modelo se basa en el argumento de que el despliegue de atención depende de dos procesos distintos pero interactuantes: un proceso de atención que asigna valor a las fuentes de información y un proceso motor que une flexiblemente información con la acción. En ese marco, la elección de dónde buscar la próxima tarea es dependiente y orientada a las clases de objetos incrustados en imágenes de escenas reales. La dependencia de la tarea se tiene en cuenta al explotar el valor y la recompensa de contemplar ciertas partes o proto-objetos de la imagen que proporcionan una rala representación de los objetos en la escena. En la sección experimental se prueba el modelo en condiciones de laboratorio, comparando las simulaciones del modelo con datos de experimentos de eye tracking. La comparación es cualitativa en términos de trayectorias de exploración y cuanti- tativa, en términos de similitud estadística de la amplitud de movimientos oculares. Los experimentos se han realizado con datos de eye tracking tanto de un conjunto de datos públicos de rostros humanos y texto, tanto con un nuevo conjunto de datos de eye tracking y de imágenes urbanas con texto. La última parte de esta tesis se dedica a estudiar en qué medida el modelo prop- uesto puede responder del despliegue de atención en un entorno complejo. Se ha utilizado un dispositivo móvil de eye tracking y una metodología desarrollada es- pecíficamente para comparar los datos simulados con los datos grabados de eye track- ing. Tal configuración permite poner a prueba el modelo en la tarea de búsqueda de texto muy parecida a una búsqueda real, en la condición de información visual incompleta. / Searching for text objects in real scene images is an open problem and a very ac- tive computer vision research area. A large number of methods have been proposed tackling the text search as extension of the ones from the document analysis field or inspired by general purpose object detection methods. However the general problem of object search in real scene images remains an extremely challenging problem due to the huge variability in object appearance. This thesis builds on top of the most recent findings in the visual attention literature presenting a novel computational model of eye guidance aiming to better describe text object search in real scene images. First are presented the relevant state-of-the-art results from the visual attention literature regarding eye movements and visual search. Relevant models of attention are discussed and integrated with recent observations on the role of top-down con- straints and the emerging need for a layered model of attention in which saliency is not the only factor guiding attention. Visual attention is then explained by the interaction of several modulating factors, such as objects, value, plans and saliency. Then we introduce our probabilistic formulation of attention deployment in real scene. The model is based on the rationale that oculomotor control depends on two interacting but distinct processes: an attentional process that assigns value to the sources of information and motor process that flexibly links information with action. In such framework, the choice of where to look next is task-dependent and oriented to classes of objects embedded within pictures of complex scenes. The dependence on task is taken into account by exploiting the value and the reward of gazing at certain image patches or proto-objects that provide a sparse representation of the scene objects. In the experimental section the model is tested in laboratory condition, compar- ing model simulations with data from eye tracking experiments. The comparison is qualitative in terms of observable scan paths and quantitative in terms of statisti- cal similarity of gaze shift amplitude. Experiments are performed using eye tracking data from both a publicly available dataset of face and text and from newly performed eye-tracking experiments on a dataset of street view pictures containing text. The last part of this thesis is dedicated to study the extent to which the proposed model can account for human eye movements in a low constrained setting. We used a mobile eye tracking device and an ad-hoc developed methodology to compare model simulated eye data with the human eye data from mobile eye tracking recordings. Such setting allow to test the model in an incomplete visual information condition, reproducing a close to real-life search task.

En esta tesis se estudia el acotamiento en los paraámetros cosmología al combinar observaciones en catálogos de galaxias espectroscópicas y fotométricos. Los catálogos fotométricos miden las distorsiones de lente gravitacional débil (WL), mientras que los catalogos espectroscópicos, con más alta precisión en la información de redshift (o corriento al rojo), son ideales para el estudio de distorsiones espaciales de redshift (RSD). El análisis combinado se realiza únicamente com funciones de correlación angular, lo que simplifica el estudio, en particular en lo que respecta a la inclusión de la covarianza entre observables. El primer capítulo presenta un nuevo algoritmo para el cálculo eficaz de las correlaciones cruzadas de varios marcadores, incluidos WL en correlaciones cruzadas con bines estrechos. Estimar la función de correlación angular es particularmente costoso dado que el número de correlaciones cruzadas aumenta como O(n^2), donde $n$ es el número de bines en redshift. Más adelante, el capítulo estudia el efecto de aproximación de Limber, y RSD en el modelado de correlaciones auto y cruzadas. Para bines de redshift delgados, la aproximación de Limber deja de funcionar y no permite incorporar las correlaciones cruzadas. Al disminuir el ancho de los bines en redshift, crece la amplitude de correlacion y el efecto de RSD, lo que redundará en beneficio del acotamiento de parametros cosmológicos. Una tendencia interesante es la contribución de las oscilaciones acústicas de bariones (BAO) en la correlacion cruzadas entre bines de distitnto redshift. La separacion en redshift entre dos bines reduce la amplitud de las correlaciones en escalas pequeñas, lo que aumenta el contraste en el BAO. También estudiamos la relación señal-ruido de diferentes correlaciones cruzadas. El segundo Capítulo presenta un pronóstico de cotas en la historia de la expansión y del crecimiento cósmico, usando un catalogo spectroscópico y otro fotométrico ficticios de 14000 grados cuadrados cada uno. Cuando estos catalogos se sobrelapan en la misma region del cielo, encontramos mejores cotas en los parametros cosmológicos. Esto es debido a las correlaciones cruzadas adicionales entre catálogos y la reducción de la varianza en el muestreo (debida a la covarianza entre trazadores). En primer lugar mostramos un estudio por separado de la dependencia en el ancho de bin en redshift, en RSD, en BAO y en WL. Encontramos ganancias equivalentes a tener el 30% mas de área en los catalogos cuando estos se superponen en el cielo. Por último, analizamos el origen de esta moderada ganancia en el contexto de la literatura existente. Diferentes grupos han reportado que al solapar los catalogos o bien no encuentran ningún beneficio o bien encuentran grandes beneficios. Nosotros sugerimos que la covarianza entre observables y el uso de diferentes observables puede explicar estas diferencias. El sesgo (bias) en galaxias, relaciona las sobredensidades de galaxias con las del campo de fluctuaciones de materia, de manera que la incertidumbre en el bias limita las predicciones. Por ello investigamos con detalle como las correlaciones cruzadas, RSD, BAO y WL afectan las medidas del bias en galaxias. En particular, cuando los catalogos sobrelapan disminuyen los errores en el bias para la muestras fotométrica. La última seccion cuantifica los beneficios de los "priors'' y los efectos de la estocasticidad en el bias. El impacto de las incertidumbres en las estocasticidad es menor cuando hay sobrelapamiento. / In this thesis we study constraining cosmology when combining spectroscopic and photometric galaxy survey. The photometric survey measures galaxy shape distortions from Weak Lensing (WL), while high precision redshift information makes spectroscopic surveys ideal for redshift space distortions (RSD). The combined analysis is performed entirely in angular-correlation functions, which simplifies the joined analysis, in particular the inclusion of covariance between then. The first chapter introduce a novel algorithm for efficiently calculating the cross-correlations of multiple tracers (i.e. galaxy types/luminosities) and including WL in narrow redshift bin cross-correlations. Estimating the angular-correlations function is in particular demanding since the number for cross-correlations increase O(n^2) with $n$ being the number of redshift bins. Later the chapter study the effect of Limber approximation and RSD on the modeling of auto- and cross-correlations. For thin redshift bins, the Limber approximation completely breaks down and does not allow cross-correlations between redshift bins. Decreasing the bin width increases the amplitude of the galaxy correlations and the effect of RSD, which will benefit the cosmological constraints. One interesting trend is the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) contribution in the cross-correlations of redshift bins. The redshift separations between two bins reduce small-scale clustering, hence increasing the BAO contrast. We also study the signal-to-noise of different cross-correlations. The second chapter forecast the constraints on the cosmic expansion and growth history, using two fiducial 14000 sq deg. spectroscopic and photometric galaxy surveys. Overlapping surveys (same sky) has improved constraints from additional cross-correlations and sample variance cancellations (covariance in multiple tracers). We study first separate how redshift bin width, RSD, BAO and WL affect the forecast. We find gains equivalent to 30\% larger areas when using overlapping surveys. Last, we discuss the origen of this moderate gain in the context of existing literature. Different groups reports either none or high benefits for overlapping galaxy surveys. We suggest the covariance between surveys and different same-sky definitions (i.e. different observables) can explain the differences. Galaxy bias relate the galaxy overdensities to the underlying matter fluctuations, and the uncertainty in galaxy bias strongly affects the forecast. We therefore investigate in detail how cross-correlations, RSD, BAO and WL affects constraints on galaxy bias. Overlapping surveys in particular increase constraint on the bias from the photometric sample. Last section quantify the benefit of priors and the effect of bias stochasticity. The impact of uncertainties in bias stochasticity is less for overlapping surveys.

La presente investigación gira en torno al pensamiento del filósofo francés Gilbert Simondon (1924-1989). En líneas generales, tratamos de desentrañar las consecuencias que presenta su filosofía de la individuación para la tradición metafísica occidental. Así, exploramos la posibilidad que abre Simondon para articular un monismo ontogenético con un pluralismo ontológico, esto es, la idea según la cual es posible apreciar una continuidad entre las diferentes dimensiones de lo real -física, biológica, psíquico-colectiva- sin negar por ello su pluralidad intrínseca. El cambio de perspectiva operado por Simondon desde los individuos ya constituidos hacia los procesos de individuación es lo que asegura, a nuestro juicio, dicha posibilidad. En la primera parte, realizamos un estudio de la relación entre materia inerte y seres vivos por medio del encuentro entre la filosofía simondoniana de la individuación y la termodinámica del no-equilibrio desarrollada por Ilya Prigogine. La concepción de Simondon, en la que la individuación biológica aparece como una ralentización de la individuación física, se muestra como una vía apropiada para superar la división ontológica entre materia y vida. Sin embargo, su focalización en la cristalización como ejemplo paradigmático de individuación física, y su intento de universalización de la noción de metaestabilidad, revelan ciertas limitaciones para llevar a cabo este proyecto, las cuales pueden ser superadas gracias al concepto de una auto-organización de la materia presente en la termodinámica del no-equilibrio. En la segunda parte, realizamos una interpretación de los principales puntos de la metafísica de Simondon. En primer lugar, seguimos la lectura deleuziana en la cual la filosofía de Simondon aparece como una transformación del concepto kantiano de lo trascendental. A continuación, defendemos una interpretación según la cual el pensamiento de Simondon constituye una forma de realismo procesual-relacional. Finalmente, realizamos una confrontación de la filosofía simondoniana con el giro especulativo de la filosofía actual, especialmente con el materialismo especulativo de Quentin Meillassoux y la filosofía orientada a los objetos de Graham Harman. / This research is focused on the thought of the French philosopher Gilbert Simondon (1924-1989). Generally, we try to shed light on the consequences that his philosophy of individuation presents for the Western metaphysical tradition. We explore the possibility opened by Simondon to articulate an ontogenetic monism with an ontological pluralism, that is, the idea that it is possible to appreciate a continuity between the different dimensions of the real -physical, biological, psycho-collective-without denying their intrinsic plurality. We argue that Simondon’s change of perspective from the already constituted individuals towards the process of individuation is what ensures such a possibility. In the first part, we study the relation between inert matter and living beings through the encounter between Simondon’s philosophy of individuation and Ilya Prigogine’s non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Simondon’s conception, in which biological individuation appears as a slowing down of physical individuation, is shown as a suitable way to overcome the ontological division between matter and life. However, his focus on crystallization as the paradigmatic example of physical individuation, and his attempt to universalize the notion of metastability, reveal certain limitations to carry out this project which can be overcome through the concept of self-organization of matter that we find in non-equilibrium thermodynamics. In the second part, we offer an interpretation of the main points of Simondon’s metaphysics. Firstly, we follow Deleuze's reading in which Simondon's philosophy appears as a transformation of Kant's concept of the transcendental. Then, we defend an interpretation according to which Simondon’s thought is a form of process-relational realism. Finally, we confront Simondonian philosophy with the speculative turn of contemporary philosophy, especially with Quentin Meillassoux’s speculative materialism and Graham Harman’s object-oriented philosophy.