Various chemical properties can be used to characterise dissolving pulp. The quality of the pulp must be carefully controlled to ensure that it meets the requirements for its intended use and the further processes to be applied. If it is to be used to prepare viscose, or other cellulose derivatives, the key prop-erties of the pulp are its accessibility and reactivity. The studies described in this thesis investigated the potential utility of multivariate analysis of chemi-cal and spectral data for determining the properties of dissolving pulp. Dis-solving pulps produced by a two-stage sulfite process, both in the laboratory and a factory were produced pulps for this purpose. The analyses showed that pulp with high reactivity had short cellulose chains, low molecular weight, low polydispersity, low hemicellulose content, high content of ace-tone-extractable compounds, and high surface charge compared to pulp with low reactivity. Important chemical properties of the pulp, such as viscosity and alkali resistance, were successfully predicted from near infrared spectra. Predicting the reactivity, or the viscose filterability, of the pulp was more complex. Several chemical methods for analyzing the reactivity of the pulp were examined. The influence of the cellulose structure at the supermolecu-lar level on the reactivity of the pulp was explored by multivariate analysis of solid state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. Structural variables considered included: differences in hydrogen bonding, contents of hemicel-lulose, amorphous cellulose and crystalline cellulose I and II. Pulps with high reactivity have higher contents of cellulose I and amorphous cellulose than pulps with low reactivity, which have higher contents of cellulose II and hemicellulose.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(工学) / 乙第12199号 / 論工博第3988号 / 新制||工||1438(附属図書館) / 26271 / UT51-2008-C969 / (主査)教授 堀井 文敬, 教授 渡辺 宏, 教授 金谷 利治 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当

O presente trabalho mostra a utilização de métodos computacionais e os resultados obtidos na determinação estrutural de produtos naturais, neste caso sesquiterpenos lactonizados. Nosso grupo de pesquisa tem desenvolvido nos últimos anos o projeto denominado SISTEMAT para a determinação estrutural de produtos naturais. Este sistema é composto de programas utilizados para a construção de bancos de dados capazes de armazenar qualquer tipo de informação referente a substâncias orgânicas, e programas que permitem a recuperação e análise das informações contidas nos bancos de dados (programas aplicativos). Foi também construído um programa para a previsão de espectros de RMN 13C utilizando modelos tridimensionais para a representação das moléculas. O programa considera cada carbono e sua vizinhança química em três dimensões como uma subestrutura. Para encontrar o deslocamento químico equivalente a uma nova subestrutura, ele procura no banco de dados um carbono com uma vizinhança equivalente. O banco de dados criado para o SISTEMAT contém 1300 espectros de RMN 13C de sesquiterpenos lactonizados, enquanto que o utilizado para o programa simulador de espectros de RMN 13C possui 1600 substâncias codificadas. / This work shows the use of computational methods and the results obtained in the structure determination of sesquiterpene lactones. Our research group have developed in the last years the expert system named SISTEMAT, to structure determination of natural products. This system have programs used to construct a database able to store any kind of information about the compounds and programs used to retrieve and analyse informations obtained in the database. It was also planned a program to make predictions of 13C NMR spectra of sesquiterpene lactones. It uses a codification working with tridimensional substructures. The program treats each carbon atom and its neighbouring as a substructure. It can scan all the database for other equal or similar chemical shift values that can be used to predict the 13C NMR spectrum for a new compound. The current database contains about 1300 13C NMR spectra of sesquiterpene lactones. The other database used in the program for 13C NMR prediction has 1600 compounds.

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The effect of HZSM-5 catalyst and NaOH pretreatment on the product distribution and bio oil properties from pyrolysis of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin model compounds was investigated at 450 °C. NaOH pretreated and untreated cellulose was pyrolyzed on sand and the HZSM-5 catalysts; VPISU001 HZSM-5, BASF HZSM-5, and Sud-Chemie HZSM-5. The pyrolysis of cellulose on BASF and Sud-Chemie HZSM-5 catalysts increased the yields of the organic liquid fraction, total liquid and char while decreasing the gas yields. However the catalyst decreased the organic and char yields while increasing the water yields but there was no change in gas yields. The NaOH treatment caused a decrease in the organic and total oil yields relative to the control but the char yield increased. The change in gas yields was not significant. The characterization of the oils using FTIR and ¹³C−nmr showed that, the VPISU001 HZSM-5 with and without NaOH pretreatment caused elimination of the levoglucosan fraction while increasing the aromatic fraction. The NaOH pretreated cellulose pyrolyzed on sand reduced the levoglucosan groups while increasing the aromatic fraction of the bio oil. In the hemicellulose studies, birchwood xylan and NaOH treated xylan samples were pyrolyzed on sand and VPISU001 HZSM-5 catalyst. The organic liquid yields were very low and ranged from 3.3 wt% to 7.2 wt%, the water yields ranged from 17.8-25.7 wt%, the char yield were 17.8-25 wt% and gas yield were 40.9-49.6 wt%. The HZSM-5 catalysts increased the water and gas yields and produced the lowest char yield. NaOH pretreatment produced the lowest water yield while the char yield was the highest. The combined effect of NaOH pretreatment and HZSM-5 produced the lowest organic yield and highest char yield. The FTIR and ¹³C-nmr analyses of the organic liquids showed that the HZSM-5 catalyst promoted the formation of aromatic products, while the NaOH pretreatment promoted the formation of aliphatic hydrocarbons. The combined effect of NaOH pretreatment and HZSM-5 catalyst seem to promote the formation of anhydrosugars. The main gases evolved were CO, CO₂ and low molecular weight hydrocarbons. The HZSM-5 catalyst promoted CO formation while NaOH pretreatment promoted CO₂. The HZSM-5 catalyst produced the highest yield of low molecular weight hydrocarbon gases. The lignin and model compounds studies involved using low molecular weight kraft lignin, guaiacol, and syringol which were pyrolyzed on sand and VPISU001 HZSM-5 catalyst at 450 °C. The kraft lignin pyrolysis produced low liquid and gas yields and high char yields. The HZSM-5 catalysts increased the water yield and decreased the organic liquid yield. NaOH pretreatment increased the char yield and decreased the liquid products. NaOH and the HZSM-5 catalyst together decreased the char and increased the gas yields. The ¹³C-nmr and FTIR analysis showed that NaOH pretreatment promoted the formation of mainly guaiacol while the HZSM-5 catalyst formed different aromatic components. NaOH pretreatment promoted the formation of more CO₂ than CO whilst HZSM-5 catalyst promoted the formation of more CO than CO₂. Methane formation was enhanced by NaOH pretreatment. Other hydrocarbon gases were however enhanced by the HZSM-5 catalysts. Pyrolysis of the model compounds on the HSZM-5 catalyst showed an increase in pyrolytic water. The HZSM-5 catalyst promoted demethylation in syringol pyrolysis as compared to guaiacol. / Master of Science

The effects of adding a biodegradable litter amendment (AmmoSoak), developed from steam exploded corncobs, to poultry litter prior to pyrolysis on the product yields and qualities were investigated. Mixtures of litter and AmmoSoak were pyrolyzed in a bench-scale fluidized bed reactor. The objective of the second phase was to start-up a pilot-scale fluidized bed reactor unit. The poultry litter had a lower higher heating value (HHV), higher moisture, ash, nitrogen, sulfur, and chlorine contents than AmmoSoak. Analysis of the poultry litter indicated a mixture of volatiles, hemicelluloses, cellulose, lignin, ash, and proteins. AmmoSoak had a simpler composition than the litter; mainly hemicelluloses, cellulose, and lignin. Bench-scale studies indicated that adding AmmoSoak affected the yields and characteristics of the products. Addition of Ammosoak increased the bio-oil and syngas yields and decreased char yields. Adding AmmoSoak to the feed decreased the pH, water contents, initial viscosity, and the rate at which the viscosity increased with time, while densities and HHVs increased. The addition of Ammosoak to poultry litter also increased the carbon and oxygen contents of the boi-oils while nitrogen, hydrogen, sulfur, chlorine and ash contents decreased. A pilot-scale fluidized bed reactor was designed, constructed, installed and investigated for the pyrolysis of poultry litter. Fluidization and thermal equilibrium of the reactor were successfully demonstrated. The reactor was heated by combustion of propane. To ensure complete combustion, the combustion water was collected and compared to the stoichiometric yield. Complete combustion was achieved. Bio-oil yields on the pilot scale were lower than those obtained on the bench-scale pyrolysis unit. The water soluble fractions of the bio-oils were rich in oxygen. Water insoluble fractions were rich in carbon and ash. / Master of Science

O sistema de plantio direto (SPD) é extensivamente utilizado no Brasil por tratar-se de prática conservacionista, capaz de melhorar a qualidade do solo e diminuir os custos da produção em relação ao plantio convencional. Neste sistema as condições edafoclimáticas distintas e a adoção de diferentes culturas na entressafra sugerem diferenças na distribuição e na qualidade da matéria orgânica de solos (MOS), devido ao tempo de resiliência da palha em cobertura. A interação entre a MOS e os pesticidas já foi bastante estudada, mas apenas parcialmente esclarecida uma vez que a maioria dos estudos considera a MOS como um compartimento homogêneo, ignorando o papel de seus diferentes componentes moleculares. Assim sendo, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é avaliar o efeito da composição, distribuição e interação com a fase mineral da MOS na sorção de herbicidas aplicados às culturas de soja e milho, sob sistema plantio direto em diferentes condições edafoclimáticas: tropical (Região Centro-Oeste) e subtropical (Região Sul). Os herbicidas alaclor, bentazon e imazetapir foram selecionados devido às suas importâncias junto a essas culturas e suas propriedades físico-químicas distintas. Para tal, soram amostrados 12 Latossolos, na camada de 0 a 5 cm excluindo a palha de superfície, sendo seis representativos do Estado do Paraná (clima subtropical) e seis representativos do Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul (clima tropical). A determinação dos atributos físico e químicos, formas de ferro e alumínio, estudo da qualidade da MOS por espectroscopia de Ressonância Nuclear Magnética do 13C e fracionamento físico dos solos foram os métodos utilizados. Foi observado maior acúmulo de carbono orgânico (C.O) nos solos subtropicais devido ao maior teor de óxidos de alumínio de baixa cristalinindade, além da maior precipitação. Para os solos de ambas as regiões, a estabilização da MOS ocorre através da formação de complexos nos agregados tamanho argila ( ~ 50% do teor de C.O). Em relação às interações com a fase mineral, observou-se que os óxidos de alumínio estão relacionados à proteção física da MOS enquanto que os óxidos de ferro parecem participar das reações de decomposição e humificação através da formação de complexos com grupos carboxílicos. Para o alaclor, a presença de formas de alumínio de baixa cristalinidade diminuiu a sua sorção a MOS, entretanto a sorção deste herbicida não foi correlacionada a nenhum grupo funcional. Para o bentazon, foi observada correlação positiva entre a sorção e materiais orgânicos mais decompostos e também, com o alumínio complexado a MOS. Para o imazetapir, houve correlações positivas com as formas de ferro e alumínio e o grupo funcional carboxil. Para os três herbicidas a maior sorção foi observada nos agregados de tamanho silte (53 a 2 ?m) e, de maneira geral, a sorção nos solos tropicais foi maior que nos subtropicais. O efeito da exposição de sítios de carga após o fracionamento físico dos solos foi evidente para o imazetapir incrementando sua sorção em comparação a sorção no solo inteiro o que evidencia a maior quantidade de sítios bloqueados nos solos tropicais. / No-tillage System (NT) is widely used in Brazil due to improve soil quality and reduce production costs compared to conventional tillage. Different climatic conditions and the adoption of different cultures in the offseason suggest differences in the distribution and quality of soil organic matter (SOM) due to the resilience time of straw in coverage in NT. Interactions between SOM and pesticides has been widely studied, but only partially elucidated. In most of studies, the MOS as a homogeneous compartment and there is not the knowledge about the role of its various molecular components. Therefore, the aim of this work is to evaluate the effect of the composition, distribution and interaction with the mineral phase of SOM on sorption of herbicides applied to soybean and corn under no-tillage in tropical (Central-west) and subtropical (South Region) soils. Alachlor, bentazon and imazethapyr herbicides were selected because of its large use in these cultures and different physicochemical properties. For this, it was sampled 12 soils at 0-5 cm layer excluding the straw surface, six representing the Paraná State (subtropical) and six representative of Mato Grosso de Sul State (tropical). Physical and chemical attributes, iron and aluminum forms, study of quality of SOM by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of 13C and soil physical fractionation methods were used for this purpose. Greater accumulation of organic carbon (OC) was observed in subtropical soils due to higher low crystalline aluminum oxides contents, in addition to lower temperatures and higher moisture in this region. For soils of both regions, the SOM stabilization occurs through the formation of complexes in the clay fraction (~ 50 % of the OC content). Regarding interactions with the mineral phase, it was observed that aluminum oxides are related to physical protection of SOM while iron oxides appear to participate in the decomposition and humification reactions by forming complexes with carboxylic groups. For alachlor, low crystallinity aluminum forms decreased its MOS sorption but sorption of this herbicide was not correlated with any functional group. For bentazon, positive correlation was observed between sorption and more decomposed organic material and with the complexed aluminum in MOS. For imazethapyr, there were positive correlations with iron and aluminum forms and carboxyl functional group. For the three herbicides better sorption was observed in the silt size fractions (53-2 ?m) and in general, sorption in tropical was higher than in subtropical soils. The effect of charge sites exposure after soil physical fractionation was evident for imazethapyr increasing its sorption compared to the whole soil which shows the greatest amount of blocked sites in tropical soils.

A series of bicyclic peptides have been designed and synthesized to provide ammonium ion complexation sites via hydrogen bonding in a tetrahedral geometry. Molecular modeling dynamics and electrostatics studies indicate that target compounds 1d-6d may provide better selectivity for ammonium ions over potassium ions than the ammonium ionophore currently used for blood analysis applications, nonactin. Attempts to synthesize 1d, cyclo(L-Glu1�D-Val2�L-Ala3�D-Lys4�D-Val5�L-Val6)-cyclo-(1ã-4å), were unsuccessful due to poor solubility of the synthetic intermediates. This led to the design of 2d-6d in which specific amino acid residues were chosen to provide higher solubility. Compound 2d, cyclo(L-Glu1�D-Ala2�D-Ala3�L-Lys4�D-Ala5�L-Ala6)-cyclo-(1ã-4å), was successfully synthesized, but was also too insoluble for characterization or testing in an ion selective electrode (ISE) sensor format. Compound 6d, cyclo(L-Glu1�D-Leu2�Aib3�L-Lys4�D-Leu5�D-Ala6)-cyclo-(1ã-4å), was successfully synthesized and characterized. When 6d was incorporated into an ISE sensor and tested as an ammonium ionophore, results indicated that the bicyclic peptide lacked solubility in the ISE membrane. A 13C-NMR study has been initiated in order to evaluate selectivity of 6d for ammonium over potassium and sodium cations in solution. Preliminary results with the potassium ionophore valinomycin as a control have been completed.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T18:53:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CarmenVoip.pdf: 1496510 bytes, checksum: 5fdc42288fa4dd847df1aba29e391681 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-29 / This work have studied the biofuel sinthesys by acid etanolic transesterification, by using frying oil as raw material. Biofuel quality was monitored by volumetrics and spectroscopic techniques. The results indicated that the best yield, 94,5, was obtained by using the following conditions: 75C, 60 minutes and 2 mL of sulfuric as catalyst. 1H NMR spectra allowed determine the fatty acids biofuel profile at any times of reaction, as well the ethyl esters molecular weight, iodine and saponification value, and reaction yield. The biofuel support thermal stress at 110C/8h. Good correlations were obtained between: 1H NMR iodine values and that determined by the AOCS method; 1H NMR saponification values and that determined by the AOCS method; 1H NMR molecular weight with saponification values as determined by the AOCS method and absorbances at 247nm with peroxid values as determined by AOCS method, whose regression coefficients ranged from 0,961 to 0,976. 13C NMR spectroscopy has discriminated the components presents in rude and distilled biofuel. The biofuel quality can be monitored efficiently by espectroscopics techniques as 1H, 13C NMR and UV-Vis. / Neste trabalho foram estudadas as sínteses de biocombustível por transesterificação etanólica ácida, utilizando óleo de fritura como matéria-prima. A qualidade do produto foi monitorada por técnicas volumétricas e espectroscópicas. Os resultados indicaram que o melhor rendimento, de 94,5, foi obtido utilizando-se temperatura de 75, tempo de 60 minutos e 2 mL do catalisador ácido sulfúrico concentrado. A espectrometria de RMN de 1H permitiu determinar o perfil de ácidos graxos do biocombustível em qualquer tempo de reação, peso molecular médio dos ésteres etílicos, índices de iodo e saponificação, e rendimento da reação. O biocombustível se manteve estável sob estresse térmico (110/8 h). Boas correlações foram obtidas entre: índice de iodo determinado por RMN de 1H e pelo método da AOCS; índice de saponificação determinado por RMN de 1H e pelo método da AOCS; peso molecular médio determinado por RMN de 1H e índice de saponificação pelo método da AOCS; e entre as absorbâncias em 247 nm e índice de peróxido pelo método da AOCS, cujos coeficientes de regressão variaram de 0,961 a 0,976. A espectrometria de RMN de 13C contribuiu para discriminar os componentes presentes no biocombustível bruto e destilado. A qualidade do biocombustível pode ser eficientemente monitorada por técnicas espectroscópicas como RMN de 1H, 13C e UV-Vis.