Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) has recently (2005) become a sizzling topic for discussion (Lewis 2004). It is not only the subject of conversations among engineers but also the center of focus for venture capital investors and start-ups. However, behind these glamorous scenes, there are many failures in product launches, unsuccessful business operations, and worth thinking business opportunities. Is it our expectation for this revolutionary technology too high or the business strategy is fundamentally wrong? As with other emerging new technologies, adequate distribution channels are required to bring commercialized RFID products to people’s daily lives. However, as with different commercial products, dissimilar product nature and characteristics require different distribution channel strategy. / Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) has recently (2005) become a sizzling topic for discussion (Lewis 2004). It is not only the subject of conversations among engineers but also the center of focus for venture capital investors and start-ups. However, behind these glamorous scenes, there are many failures in product launches, unsuccessful business operations, and worth thinking business opportunities. Is it our expectation for this revolutionary technology too high or the business strategy is fundamentally wrong? As with other emerging new technologies, adequate distribution channels are required to bring commercialized RFID products to people’s daily lives. However, as with different commercial products, dissimilar product nature and characteristics require different distribution channel strategy.

The effect of HZSM-5 catalyst and NaOH pretreatment on the product distribution and bio oil properties from pyrolysis of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin model compounds was investigated at 450 °C. NaOH pretreated and untreated cellulose was pyrolyzed on sand and the HZSM-5 catalysts; VPISU001 HZSM-5, BASF HZSM-5, and Sud-Chemie HZSM-5. The pyrolysis of cellulose on BASF and Sud-Chemie HZSM-5 catalysts increased the yields of the organic liquid fraction, total liquid and char while decreasing the gas yields. However the catalyst decreased the organic and char yields while increasing the water yields but there was no change in gas yields. The NaOH treatment caused a decrease in the organic and total oil yields relative to the control but the char yield increased. The change in gas yields was not significant. The characterization of the oils using FTIR and ¹³C−nmr showed that, the VPISU001 HZSM-5 with and without NaOH pretreatment caused elimination of the levoglucosan fraction while increasing the aromatic fraction. The NaOH pretreated cellulose pyrolyzed on sand reduced the levoglucosan groups while increasing the aromatic fraction of the bio oil. In the hemicellulose studies, birchwood xylan and NaOH treated xylan samples were pyrolyzed on sand and VPISU001 HZSM-5 catalyst. The organic liquid yields were very low and ranged from 3.3 wt% to 7.2 wt%, the water yields ranged from 17.8-25.7 wt%, the char yield were 17.8-25 wt% and gas yield were 40.9-49.6 wt%. The HZSM-5 catalysts increased the water and gas yields and produced the lowest char yield. NaOH pretreatment produced the lowest water yield while the char yield was the highest. The combined effect of NaOH pretreatment and HZSM-5 produced the lowest organic yield and highest char yield. The FTIR and ¹³C-nmr analyses of the organic liquids showed that the HZSM-5 catalyst promoted the formation of aromatic products, while the NaOH pretreatment promoted the formation of aliphatic hydrocarbons. The combined effect of NaOH pretreatment and HZSM-5 catalyst seem to promote the formation of anhydrosugars. The main gases evolved were CO, CO₂ and low molecular weight hydrocarbons. The HZSM-5 catalyst promoted CO formation while NaOH pretreatment promoted CO₂. The HZSM-5 catalyst produced the highest yield of low molecular weight hydrocarbon gases. The lignin and model compounds studies involved using low molecular weight kraft lignin, guaiacol, and syringol which were pyrolyzed on sand and VPISU001 HZSM-5 catalyst at 450 °C. The kraft lignin pyrolysis produced low liquid and gas yields and high char yields. The HZSM-5 catalysts increased the water yield and decreased the organic liquid yield. NaOH pretreatment increased the char yield and decreased the liquid products. NaOH and the HZSM-5 catalyst together decreased the char and increased the gas yields. The ¹³C-nmr and FTIR analysis showed that NaOH pretreatment promoted the formation of mainly guaiacol while the HZSM-5 catalyst formed different aromatic components. NaOH pretreatment promoted the formation of more CO₂ than CO whilst HZSM-5 catalyst promoted the formation of more CO than CO₂. Methane formation was enhanced by NaOH pretreatment. Other hydrocarbon gases were however enhanced by the HZSM-5 catalysts. Pyrolysis of the model compounds on the HSZM-5 catalyst showed an increase in pyrolytic water. The HZSM-5 catalyst promoted demethylation in syringol pyrolysis as compared to guaiacol. / Master of Science

The goal of the thesis is to carry out the comparison of distribution chains in the chosen sheltered workshops with respect to the present system of distribution, the used distribution parts and setting of material and information flow in these workshops. The component goal of the thesis is to carry out the comparison of logistic activities realized in the distribution parts of the logistic chain in the researched sheltered workshops.

El presente proyecto profesional tiene como finalidad realizar una propuesta de arquitectura empresarial para una empresa comercial dedicada a la producción, venta y distribución de huevos de gallina. En efecto, se propone una solución que permita lograr una mejora substancial en el proceso de la planificación de entrega de productos a sus clientes finales, mejora que así mismo permitirá un proceso de distribución más eficiente, un manejo más eficiente de sus recursos, un mejor uso del tiempo de entrega y en consecuencia una mayor satisfacción del cliente final. Cambios que le permitirán continuar consolidándose como una de las principales empresas industriales avícolas. El objetivo general del presente proyecto es contribuir a lograr los objetivos estratégicos de la empresa referidos al mercado y gestión de ventas mediante el análisis de los principales pilares de la arquitectura empresarial como son los datos, procesos, aplicaciones y tecnología, aplicados a su área de entrega de productos. Así como también mediante la mejora de sus procesos relacionados y de esta manera poder obtener una mejora importante en la gestión de ventas. En el primer capítulo, se presenta información sobre el objeto de estudio, la misión, la visión y los objetivos estratégicos. En el segundo capítulo, se presenta información de la definición y obtención de los student outcomes en el presente proyecto. En el tercer capítulo, se presenta información sobre el marco teórico que nos ayuda a comprender los conceptos referidos al huevo como producto natural, a la arquitectura empresarial, modelos de referencia tecnológica y metodologías agiles que pueden utilizar. En el cuarto capítulo, se presenta información correspondiente al desarrollo del proyecto utilizando los marcos de trabajo ZACHMAN, TOGAF y el modelo arquitectural 4C. Finalmente, en el quinto capítulo se presenta información correspondiente al plan del proyecto. / Purpose of this professional project is to make a business architecture proposal for a marketing industrial company of production, sale and distribution of hen eggs. It is a proposal for achieve a substantial improvement in delivery planning of products to final customers. Improvement that will do efficient distribution process, efficient management of its resources, improvement in use of delivery time and consequently greater satisfaction of final customer. Changes that will consolidate to client as one of the main poultry industrials companies. The general objective of this project is to contribute to achieving the strategic objectives of the company related to the market and sales management through the analysis of the main pillars of business architecture such as data, processes, applications and technology, applied to its area of product delivery. As well as by improving its related processes and in this way being able to obtain a significant improvement in sales management. The first chapter presents information about the object of study, mission, vision and strategic objectives. In the second chapter, information about definition and obtaining of student outcomes. Third chapter is referred about the theoretical framework that helps us understand the concepts related to the egg as a natural product, to business architecture, technological reference models and agile methodologies. In the fourth chapter, information corresponding to the development of the project is presented, ZACHMAN, TOGAF frameworks and the 4C architectural model. Finally, in the fifth chapter, information corresponding to the project plan is presented. / Tesis

I den här rapporten utvärderas det nya konceptet Power & Biomass to Liquid (PBtL). PBtL är ett alternativ till den tidigare och mer etablerade Biomass to Liquid (BtL) processen. Med PBtL förbättras utbytet av kol jämfört med BtL genom att elektricitet läggs till i processen. Elektriciteten används för att producera H2, som används för att höja H2/CO förhållandet istället för att använda WGS som i vanlig BtL process. Rapporten är en del i ett större PBtL projekt som bedrivits vid Institutt for kjemisk prosessteknologi vid NTNU och på SINTEF. Utvärderingen utfördes genom flera simuleringar av lågtemperaturs Fischer-Tropsch reaktorer i simuleringsprogrammet Aspen Plus. Omvandling och katalytiska reaktorer utvecklades och togs fram i programmet. Produktfördelningen i omvandlingsreaktorn modellerades med ASF distribution theory tillsammans med en metod för sammanslagning av högre kolväten. Fördelningen av paraffiner, olefiner och oxygenater baserades på experimentella resultat från Shafer et al. som studerade en slurryreaktor under liknande förhållanden. Den kinetiska reaktorn modellerades med en variant av ASF fördelningsteori kallad ”consorted vinylene mechanism” från Rytter och Holmen. Reaktorerna adderades till förgasningsprocess, som utvecklats tidigare av PBtL gruppen, I förgasningsprocessen förgasas biomassa till syntesgas, dvs H2 och CO. För att möjliggöra en utvärdering av det efterföljande steget med separering av vax, mellandestillat och lättare kolväten så antogs en väl fungerande separation av Fischer-Tropsch produkterna. En enklare separation av med flash förångning gjordes också, dels för fortsättningen av PBtL processen och för att kunna studera tailgasrecirkulering. Ett mindre bidrag var studier av en torkningsprocess för biomassa innan inloppet till förgasningsprocessen. PBtL konceptet diskuterades även ur ett praktiskt perspektiv.  Resultaten visar att vid driftbetingelser på 210 °C, 25 bar och H2/CO = 1,95 så gav omvandlingsreaktorn en kolselektivitet för CH4 respektive C5+ på 14,77 respektive 75,40 mol% C. Högre temperatur, tryck och H2/CO förhållande i reaktorn resulterar i en högre kolselektivitet mot lägre kolväten. Vid samma driftbetingelser gav den katalysreaktorn en kolselektivitet för CH4 respektive C5+ på 7,612 respektive 86,00 mol% C. Resultaten visar att C8-C16 produktionen var högre än C17+ med avseende på molflöde men lägre beträffande massflöde för katalysreaktorn. Generellt så ökar kolselektiviteten med ökande kolnummer till ett maximum runt 13 för att sedan minska. / In this report, the new Power & Biomass to Liquid (PBtL) concept was evaluated. The PBtL concept is a new alternative to the more well-established Biomass to Liquid (BtL) concept where electricity is added to the process. The main purpose for developing the PBtL is that the BtL process exhibits poor carbon efficiency compared to the PBtL process. The electricity here is used to produce H2 in electrolysis. The report is part of a larger PBtL project pursued for several years at the Department of Chemical Engineering at NTNU and SINTEF. The evaluation was done by simulating different types of low temperature Fischer-Tropsch reactors in simulation software Aspen Plus. A conversion reactor and a kinetic reactor was developed. A conversion reactor based on the result from the kinetic reactor was also developed.  The conversion-based reactor was modeled with the ASF distribution theory which describes the distribution of products formed in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis along with a method of lumping higher hydrocarbons. The distribution between paraffins, olefins and oxygenates was based on experimental data from Shafer et al. with similar operating condition with a Slurry reactor. The kinetic-based reactor was modeled with ASF distribution theory with a consorted vinylene mechanism previously described in Rytter and Holmen. The reactors were added to a process for which the biomass gasification section had previously been developed by the PBtL group. The Fischer-Tropsch products were as well separated in order to evaluate the subsequent step of separation of waxes, middle distillate and lighter hydrocarbons. This enabled the option of recycling of tail gas to the Fischer-Tropsch reactor to be evaluated. A smaller contribution included addition of a biomass dryer prior the biomass gasification section. The PBtL concept is also shortly discussed from a practical point-of-view.  It was found that for the operating condition of 210 °C, 25 bar and H2/CO = 1.95 for the conversion-based reactor yielded a carbon selectivity towards CH4 and C5+ of 14.77 and 75.40 mol C% respectively. For the same operating condition, the kinetic-based reactor yield a carbon selectivity towards CH4 and C5+ of 7.612 and 86.00 mol C% respectively. It could be seen from the conversion-based reactor that elevating temperature, pressure and H2/CO (to a certain extent) results in higher carbon selectivity towards lower hydrocarbons. From the product separation with the kinetic reactor, it was observed that C8-C16 production was higher than the C17+ production in terms of mole flow but lower in terms of mass flow. For both models, carbon selectivity increases with carbon number and peaks around carbon number 13 and then starts to decrease.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2017-03-24T19:39:36Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tesis Doutorado Yaicel 2016.pdf: 2623082 bytes, checksum: cafc3dec5768c69da2e77ed04124e96b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-24T19:39:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tesis Doutorado Yaicel 2016.pdf: 2623082 bytes, checksum: cafc3dec5768c69da2e77ed04124e96b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-07 / Facepe / O mecanismo de várias reações químicas bimoleculares em fase gasosa foi analisado e interpretado usando a energética dos perfis de energia potencial combinado com a teoria estatística (RRKM) e a simulação de trajetórias quaseclássicas via dinâmica molecular de Born-Oppenheimer. Primeiramente, foi testado o desempenho de vários métodos da DFT (do inglês, density funcional theory) em relação ao método CCSD(T)/CBS na descrição tanto do perfil energético quanto da distribuição relativa de produtos iônicos para as reações X– + CH3ONO2 (X = F, OH e NCCH2) em fase gasosa. Na comparação, além dos critérios habituais baseados em desvios absolutos e relativos, foram usados critérios mais rigorosos como o intervalo de confiança estatístico e a capacidade dos funcionais em descrever as alturas de barreira relativas. Os funcionais duplo-híbridos (B2PLYP e B2GPPLYP) são os mais apropriados para estudos cinéticos e de seletividade. Em segundo lugar, foi discutido o mecanismo SN2 das reações HX– + CH3Y (X = O, S; Y = F, Cl, Br) em fase gasosa do ponto de vista dinâmico. As trajetórias de dinâmica quaseclássicas revelaram um forte comportamento não-estatístico para estas reações, em que o caminho de reação preferido não foi aquele sugerido pela coordenada intrínseca de reação (IRC, do inglês intrinsic reaction coordinate), ou seja, os complexos CH3XH⋯Y– (via ligação de hidrogênio) não foram observados. A análise dos perfis de energia potencial após o estado de transição não fornece uma racionalização que permita compreender o comportamento não-estatístico. No entanto, a análise do fluxo energético durante a dinâmica mostrou que as trajetórias quaseclássicas apresentam uma bifurcação em relação à energia rotacional e que a incapacidade de seguir o caminho da IRC surge dos períodos vibracionais para a flexão do modo X−CY serem longos, implicando em pouca energia rotacional nos fragmentos HXCH3. Por fim, o mecanismo e a seletividade das reações X– + CH3ONO2 (X = NCCH2, CH3COCH2 e PhCH2) em fase gasosa foram estudados para os canais ECO2, SN2@C e SN2@N. A concordância entre as distribuições relativas de produtos iônicos calculadas e experimentais foi quase perfeita, o que indicou a aplicabilidade das aproximações estatísticas tanto quanto a importância de considerar a regioseletividade dos nucleófilos ambidentados e a exploração detalhada da superfície de energia potencial na determinação de intermediários. / The mechanism of several bimolecular chemical reactions in the gas phase has been analyzed and interpreted by using the potential energy profiles along with the RRKM statistical theory and the simulation of quasiclassical trajectories via Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics. Firstly, the accuracy and robustness of several DFT (density functional theory) methods in describing the potential energy profiles and the ionic product distributions of the X– + CH3ONO2 (X = F, OH and NCCH2) gas phase reactions were compared to that of the CCSD(T)/CBS level of theory. In addition to the usual mean signed and unsigned deviations, this study used tighter criteria such as the statistical confidence interval and the consistency of the functionals to describe the relative barrier heights. The double-hybrid functionals (B2PLYP and B2GPPLYP) performed better for kinetics and selectivity. Secondly, the SN2 mechanism for the HX– + CH3Y (X = O, S; Y = F, Cl, Br) gas phase reactions is discussed from a dynamical point of view. The quasiclassical trajectories revealed a strong non-statistical behavior for these reactions, where the preferred reaction pathways did not follow the intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC), i.e., the hydrogen bonded CH3XH⋯Y– postreaction complexes were not observed. The analysis of the potential energy profiles after the transition state does not provide a rationalization that allows us to understand the non-statistical behavior. However, the analysis of the energy flow during the dynamics showed that the quasiclassical trajectories cross a dynamical bifurcation related to the rotational energy on the system and that the inability to follow the IRC pathway arises from the long vibrational periods of the X−CY bending mode, implying a low fraction of rotational energy in the HXCH3 fragments. Finally, the ECO2, SN2@N and SN2@N mechanisms and selectivity of the X– + CH3ONO2 (X = NCCH2, CH3COCH2 e PhCH2) gas phase reactions have been investigated. The agreement between the calculated and experimental ionic products ratios was almost perfect, and indicated the reliability of the statistical approaches as well as the importance of considering the regioselectivity of ambidented nucleophiles and the detailed investigation of the potential energy surface to determine intermediates.

Одним из важнейших направлений деятельности предприятия и необходимым условием успешных продаж производимой продукции/услуг, обеспечения его конкурентоспособности является формирование эффективно функционирующих каналов распределения продукции и услуг предприятия. Цель работы состоит в разработке методического инструментария формирования каналов распределения продукции промышленного предприятия с учетом территориального аспекта доведения продукции до потребителей. Научная новизна результатов исследования: разработан методический подход к формированию каналов распределения продукции промышленного предприятия, основанный на предложенном алгоритме принятия решений о конфигурации каналов распределения по территориям, методике выбора мест расположения звеньев распределительной системы с учетом уточненного состава определяющих выбор факторов, проработке организационно-экономических аспектов размещения и функционирования, что позволяет повысить эффективность распределительной деятельности предприятия. Практическая значимость состоит в том, что разработанный методический подход способствует повышению эффективности распределительно-сбытовой деятельности предприятия. Экономическая эффективность разработанного методического подхода заключается в увеличении таких показателей, как прибыль, выручка, рентабельность продукции, что продемонстрировано апробацией в рамках процесса формирования региональной сети сервисных центров АО «АВТОВАЗ». / One of the most important areas of the enterprise and the conditions for successful sales of products / services. The purpose of the work is to develop a methodological tool for the distribution of products of an industrial enterprise, taking into account the territorial aspect of bringing products to consumers. Scientific novelty of the research results: a methodological approach to the formation of distribution channels for the products of an industrial enterprise was developed, based on the proposed algorithm for making decisions on the configuration of distribution channels by territories, the methodology for choosing the locations of the links of the distribution system, taking into account the clarified composition of the factors determining the choice, working out the organizational and economic aspects of placement and functioning, which makes it possible to increase the efficiency of the distribution activities of the enterprise. The practical significance lies in the fact that the developed methodological approach helps to increase the efficiency of the distribution and marketing activities of the enterprise. The economic efficiency of the developed methodological approach is to increase such indicators as profit, revenue, product profitability, which is demonstrated by testing as part of the process of forming a regional network of service centers of JSC AVTOVAZ.