The main focus of this study is the patronage of the Templars and of the Order of St.Lazarus, two of the Holy Land orders who came to England in the twelfth century. They were thought to be connected, and afford interesting comparisons in terms of their size, function, importance and geographical distribution. Although this thesis considers the nature of the patronage and the patrons of both orders, the main aim is to assess the motivations behind the benefactions that they received during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. It is generally accepted that there was a basic spiritual motive behind the patronage of religious orders in the Middle Ages. Nevertheless, the motivations behind donations made to specific orders are not always clear. It is true that changing fashions in patronage towards particular types of order are of some importance. However, in order to explain the reasons why the Templars and Order of St.Lazarus specifically benefitted, it is necessary to consider factors relating to their own particular nature, as well as factors relating to the backgrounds of their patrons. The introductory part of the thesis considers the background of the two orders, their origins and development in the Holy Land, and their establishment in Europe and England. The rest of the thesis examines in detail the specific motivations of patrons. In this respect, the importance of the crusading background of the two orders is evaluated, and attention is paid to the numbers of patrons who went on crusade or who referred to the Holy Land in their charters of donation. In addition, the membership of both orders is considered in relation to the patronage of such members and their families. In particular, an assessment is made of the role of leper members of the Order of St.Lazarus, and lay associates of the Templars. In the final three chapters, the main concern is with the backgrounds of the orders' patrons. In this section a study is made of the patronage of large family grouping s for both orders. In addition, an examination of the significance of royal and baronial lordship on their patronage is carried out. Finally, the social and geographical associations of the patrons of both orders are considered, and particular note is made of the value of such ties for the Order of St.Lazarus in eastern Leicestershire. In conclusion, the various motivations to patronage for both the Templars and the Order of St.Lazarus are contrasted and evaluated.

This thesis sets out, firstly, to establish the relationship "between the known representatives of the textandmdash;the editio princeps of 1652 [1652], Trinity College, Cambridge MSS R.7. 32 and 33 [T], Shrewsbury Public Library MS 295 [S], and a manuscript in the possession of Dr. B.E. Juel-Jensen [J]; and, secondly, to provide, as far as is possible, a readable text of the latest state of revision of the work, and a critical apparatus setting out all the passages from the earlier states of the text that were either altered or omitted during the process of revision. The relationship of the four witnesses of the text, established on the basis of irreversible error and alterations that could only have been authorial, may be represented by the following schema, where X, T, and Z stand for three states of revision: [Diagram omitted from transcription] Readings in the present text have been taken from 1652 except where it is thought to be in error. Errors in 1652 have been corrected with readings from T or J and S, depending on where in the transmissional process error was introduced; in a few isolated cases I have emended the text. The accidental characteristics of none of the representatives of the text have been preserved. Spelling, typography and punctuation have all been brought into line with modern conventions, except insofar as this would involve the introduction of historical inaccuracies. The critical apparatus has been constructed so as to allow for an approximate reading of the early state of the text represented by J and S. I have included in the introduction a schematic representation of the transformations to which the work was subjected. This schema will help to locate the material of J and S as it may be found in 1652 and T. In the introduction I have argued that the commonly accepted title of the work should be replaced with that of the Trinity College, Cambridge manuscript: A Dedication to Sir Philip Sidney. This title is not only in accord with Greville's intentions, but it draws attention to the relationship between the work and Greville's other writings. The introduction also includes brief discussions of the literary traditions of the Dedication, of Greville's sources that have been identified, of the period of composition of the text from before March 1610 till the second half of 1614, and of the prose styles employed by Greville. In the notes, particular textual problems only mentioned in the introduction have been considered. I have also been able, in the limited time available to me, to collect about two-thirds of the material necessary for an adequate commentary on the text.

No description available.

Inaug.-diss.--Erlangen. / Lebenslauf. "Literatur und quellen": p. [vi]-vii.

With the arrival of the Spaniards in the New World, the way of living of the indigenous population who habited Mesoamerica was blended with the traditions and customs of the European settlers who arrived as conquerors, and the emigrants from Europe that arrivedlater searching for fortune or a better kind of life from the one they had left behind in their land of origin. This encounter of cultures gave rise also to a technical and cultural exchange, and in the case of Mexico, this clash of cultures and techniques is well represented by the printing press, which was established in 1539 with the specific aim of accelerating the evangelisation and education of the Indians. As a consequence of this development, Mexico was turned into a centre of innovation, with the first printing press using movable metal type to be set up outside Europe, and other trades that support printing, such as bookbinding, were also developed. This thesis investigates the influence of the Spanish and other European bookbinding practices on sixteenth-century Mexican limp, laced-case parchment bindings by the analysis of the features of the bindings of Mexican printed books from that period. In addition, by the analysis of the materials and techniques used to bind these books, as well as the specific structural characteristics of the bindings, the patterns of work that could be described as typically Mexican in the sixteenth-century, are also identified. The research is divided into two parts: the first, theoretical, explains the historical context of Mexico during the sixteenth century when the printing press and bookbinding were developed. The second part concerns the archaeological study of the books as artefacts. For this purpose, thirty-nine sixteenth-century Mexican printed books bound in limp, laced caseparchment covers were analysed. The analysis of the features of these bindings, which form the majority of the whole sample, made possible the identification of Mexican patterns of work in the sixteenth century. Given the lack of information and of complete studies of the craft of bookbinding in Mexico in the sixteenth century, this thesis aims to enhance our current knowledge of the historyof bookbinding as well as of the booktrade and the market for books in Mexico.

It is often noted that Deuteronomy 28 seems to parallel portions of a Neo-Assyrian treaty, 'The Succession Treaty of Esarhaddon', known as EST. However, while there are undeniably points of similarity between Deuteronomy 28 and EST, affinities to Deuteronomy 28 may also be found in curses from Old Aramaic epigraphs of the first-millennium. In this thesis I consider the relationship of Deuteronomy 28 to the curse traditions of the ancient Near East. I argue that the crux of the issue is the linguistic means of the transmission of these ancient Near Eastern curse traditions to Deuteronomy. Consideration of this is then the prerequisite to a study of the cultural means of transmission: treatments of this problem must encompass a far broader range of materials than hitherto considered, including the Old Aramaic inscriptions. My primary aim in this context is to ascertain whether we may characterize the relation of all these texts to Deuteronomy as one of influence or of intertextuality - terminological categories which I introduce in order to clarify the exact nature of the problem with more precision than that of previous studies. Ultimately it will be found that Deuteronomy 28 reflects a complex interplay between Mesopotamian and Levantine traditions, against previous interpreters who had referred Deuteronomy 28 to an exclusively Mesopotamian horizon. Nevertheless, we cannot consider this interplay to have stemmed from the influence of any one Old Aramaic or Mesopotamian text such as EST in terms of a direct literary connection. Rather, as putative Aramaic vectors of mediation must be posited between the Mesopotamian tradition and Deuteronomy due to the linguistic competence of Judaean scribes in the late monarchic period, this must be understood as a relationship of intertextuality. While the specific literary (or ritual) Vorlage is thus unreconstructable in terms of the documentary evidence, we can nevertheless hypothesize what the Northwest Semitic curse tradition from which this Vorlage was a part may have looked like, based upon the textual traditions to which we do have access - and this tradition is reflected in Deuteronomy 28.

Orientador: Claudinei Magno Magre Mendes / Banca: Nauk Maria de Jesus / Banca: Milton Carlos Costa / Resumo: Intentaremos avaliar, ao longo das seguintes páginas, o papel da metrópole no processo de incorporação da região das minas do Cuiabá aos seus domínios, expandindo dessa forma as fronteiras territoriais do Império Português no Ocidente. Neste sentido, buscaremos comprovar a existência de uma política metropolitana de ocupação territorial, elaborada pelo Conselho Ultramarino e posta em prática pelo capitão-general Rodrigo César de Menezes, durante seu governo na Capitania de São Paulo (1721 - 1728). Essa política, supostamente direcionada à região dos descobrimentos auríferos cuiabanos - realizados pelos sertanistas paulistas nos anos finais da segunda década do século XVIII -, será analisada quanto às suas diretrizes, objetivos e consequências, decorrentes da sua instrumentalização nos sertões da América. Assim, focalizaremos a análise sobre os três pilares que julgamos essenciais para a compreensão deste processo: a expansão da governabilidade metropolitana sobre os novos descobrimentos cuiabanos; a política de mercês, enquanto prática característica e estrutural do Império Português; e, por fim, a concessão de sesmarias, destinada à ocupação produtiva das terras americanas, para o abastecimento interno da região mineradora. Ademais, o ideal metropolitano de estabelecer sobre as recém-descobertas minas auríferas dos sertões do Cuiabá uma organização social produtiva, tributada e submissa, se deparou com alguns obstáculos que denominamos "resistências da sociedade colonial": o desvio dos quintos régios, as fugas de escravos, os desvios de comportamento, a belicosidade das sociedades indígenas nativas, os interesses particulares dos delegados régios e os poderes paralelos dos sertões são as principais manifestações de uma sociedade em formação que mostrava-se contumaz e irredutível às formatações impostas pela metrópole através do Conselho Ultramarino / Abstract: This work examines the importance of metropolitan action in the incorporation process of the newly discovered mines of Cuiabá to the Portuguese America, thereby expanding the territorial boundaries of the Portuguese Empire in the West. Thus, we will seek to prove the existence of a metropolitan policy of territorial occupation, prepared by the Overseas Council in Lisboa and practiced by the Captain General Rodrigo César de Menezes, during his government in the Captaincy of São Paulo (17211728). This policy, supposedly directed at the region of auriferous discoveries of Cuiabá - found by the "paulistas" frontiersmen, in the final years of the second decade of the eighteenth century - will be examined as to their guidelines, objectives and consequences, arising from its instrumentalization in the hinterlands of America. Therefore, we will focus the analysis on the three issues that we consider essential to understanding this process: the expansion of metropolitan governance on the new discoveries of Cuiabá; the policy of the gift, as a structural practice of the Portuguese Empire; and, finally, the provision of "sesmarias" or allotments, for the productive occupation of American soil and internal supply of the mining region. Moreover, the ideal of establishing on the newly discovered gold mines of Cuiabá one productive, taxed and submissive social organization, encountered some obstacles, which we call resistance of colonial society: diversion of royal taxes, escape of slaves, undesirable behaviors, the pugnacity of the native indigenous societies, private interests of state officials and the parallel powers of the hinterlands are the main manifestations of an emerging society that was shown to be stubborn and unyielding to the formatting imposed by the metropolis through the Overseas Council / Mestre

The Old French narrative lais offer an image of the individual in terms of both social and personal relationships. This study considers the extent to which it is possible to derive definitions of forms of social and personal fulfilment and non-fulfilment from these texts. As well as being presented in isolation, they are shown in interaction; there can never be a total divorce of the personal desires of the individual from his/her rights and obligations in society. These two aspects of human existence - love and society - appear in the lais in a state of balance or imbalance. Even in those lais in which the characters themselves do not achieve a balance of social and personal fulfilment, the image of the ideal emerges. Consummate fulfilment in a relationship - be it feudal, familial, sexual - necessarily involves a fusion of social suitability and personal commitment. In his/her aspirations to and/or success in fulfilment, the individual appears variously in these texts both as a pawn of the forces of society or destiny and as endowed with the power to earn his/her own happiness. The degree of importance that the interaction between love and society has in the lais is, in particular, indicated through the extent to which these patterns of interaction define the patterns of narrative structure. From this study, conclusions can be drawn as to the historical reality of the individual in twelfth-century noble society in France; the lais offering a reflection of that society, of which they are a product, and also an expression of its ideals, which allow for the very real obstacles to a fusion of social and personal fulfilment to be overcome.

Tesis

No description available.