Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 24 janvier 2024) / La censure du théâtre en Iran, dans les années postrévolutionnaires (1979- ) touche violemment les artistes. Le régime islamique est directement impliqué dans la censure par le biais du Ministère de la Culture et de l'Orientation islamique. Sous la direction du ministère, le Bureau de la Censure exerce toutes formes de la censure au niveau de la production et de la représentation du théâtre. Ainsi les groupes religieux promettent la censure culturelle et soutiennent les propagandes islamiques. Cette thèse essaie de démontrer d'abord les conséquences négatives de la censure sur les gens de théâtre et le fait que la peur du censeur pousse l'artiste vers la pratique inconsciente de l'autocensure. De nombreux artistes qui ont ouvertement représenté des sujets controversés ont connu l'isolement, voire l'exil. Cependant, malgré l'existence de la censure et son hégémonie, les artistes cherchent des moyens de surmonter les limitations. Pour théoriser ma recherche, les conceptions de Gramsci (sur l'hégémonie et la contre-hégémonie, 1929) de Foucault (sur le pouvoir et les rapports de force, 1975) et de Bourdieu (sur les champs et l'habitus, 1972), sont appliquées au contexte iranien en examinant les résistances contre la censure du théâtre. À travers les analyses approfondies de la représentation, tant en termes de contenu que de choix esthétiques, de trois spectacles mis en scène dans les années 2000, je montre, ensuite, comment la censure et ses mécanismes fonctionnent dans le milieu théâtral de l'Iran. Les spectacles utilisent une gamme variée de stratégies de contournement, comme le symbolisme, des objets métaphoriques, de l'ironie et une forme de théâtre sous-terrain. Ainsi l'adaptation des pièces occidentales est une stratégie très courante dans le théâtre postrévolutionnaire iranien ; c'est pour cette raison que je choisis trois spectacles d'après Shakespeare ayant tous en commun la critique du pouvoir intouchable d'un tyran. Les praticiens de théâtre en Iran sont confrontés au défi de contourner la censure tout en transmettant leur messages sociocritiques du régime aux spectateurs. De nombreuses stratégies créatives décrites dans cette thèse, telles que l'utilisation du symbolisme ou l'adaptation des pièces occidentales, démontrent que même dans une situation sociopolitique hautement contrôlée, la résistance est possible. Or, malgré la censure, les artistes iraniens peuvent s'exprimer en abordant leur théâtre de manière innovante. / Theater censorship in the post-revolutionary years (1979- ) in Iran has violently affected artists. The Islamic regime is directly involved in censorship through the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance. Under the direction of the ministry, the Office of Censorship exercises all forms of censorship in the production and representation of the theatrical performance. Thus, religious groups promise cultural censorship and support Islamic propaganda. This thesis tries to demonstrate, first, the negative consequences of censorship on theater and then the fact that the fear of the censor pushes the artist towards the unconscious practice of self-censorship. Many artists who openly depicted controversial subjects experienced isolation or even exile. However, despite the existence of censorship and its hegemony, artists are looking for ways to overcome the limitations. The theories of Gramsci (l'hégémonie et la contre-hégémonie, 1929), Foucault (le pouvoir et les rapports de force, 1975) and Bourdieu (les champs et l'habitus, 1972) are applied to the Iranian context to examine the resistance against theater censorship. Through the in-depth analyzes of the representation, both in terms of meaning and aesthetic choices of three plays staged in the 2000s, I show how censorship and its mechanisms operate in the theatre milieux of Iran. The plays use a variety of circumvention strategies, such as symbolism, metaphorical objects, irony, and underground theatre. Thus, the adaptation of Western plays is a very common strategy in post-revolutionary Iranian theater; it is for this reason that I choose three adaptations of Shakespeare, all of which have in common the criticism of the untouchable power of a tyrant. Theater practitioners in Iran face the challenge of pivoting censors while conveying their message to audiences. Many creative strategies described in this thesis, such as the use of symbolism or the adaptation of Western plays, demonstrate that even in a highly controlled socio-political situation, resistance is possible; and despite censorship, Iranian artists can express themselves by approaching their theater in an innovative way.

This study of Shakespeare's treatment of source material in Julius Caesar covers sources and influences, plot and diction, the character of Caesar, and the character of Brutus.

The study adopts a theory of Descriptive Translation Studies to undertake a comparative analysis of stylistic devices in Shakespeare’s two plays, Julius Caesar and Macbeth and their Xitsonga translations. It contextualises its research aim and objectives after outlining a sequential account of theory development in the discipline of translation; and arrives at the desired and suitable tools for data collection and analysis.Through textual observation and notes of reading, the current study argues that researchers and scholars in the discipline converge when it comes to a dire need for translation strategies, but diverge in their classification and particular application for convenience in translating and translation. This study maintains that the translation strategies should be grouped into explicitation, normalisation and simplification, where each is assigned specific translation procedures. The study demonstrates that explicitation and normalisation translation strategies are best suited in dealing with translation constraints at a microtextual level. The sampled excerpts from both plays were examined on the preference for the analytical framework based on subjective sameness within a Skopos theory. The current study acknowledges that there is no single way of translating a play from one culture to the other. It also acknowledges that there appears to be no way the translator can refrain from the influence of the source text, as an inherent cultural feature that makes it unique. With no sure way of managing stylistic devices as translation constraints, translation as a problem-solving process requires creativity, a demonstration of mastery of language and style of the author of the source text, as well as a power drive characterised by the aspects of interlingual psychological balance of power and knowledge power. These aspects will help the translator to manage whatever translation brief(s) better, and arrive at a product that is accessible, accurate and acceptable to the target readership. They will also ensure that the translator maintains a balance between the two languages in contact, in order to guard against domination of one language over the other. The current study concludes that the Skopos theory has a larger influence in dealing with anticipating the context of the target readership as a factor that can introduce high risk when assessing the communicability conditions for the translated message. Contrariwise, when dealing with stylistic devices and employ literal translation as a translation procedure to simplification, the translator only aims at simplifying the language and making it accessible for the sake of ‘accessibility’ as it remains a product with communicative inadequacies. The study also concludes by maintaining that translation is not only transcoding, but the activity that calls for the translator’s creativity in order to identify and analyse the constraints encountered and decide on the corresponding translation strategies. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

Grace Chor Yi Wong. / Publication date from spine. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [131]-139). / Acknowledgments --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.0 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Scope of Study --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Translation vs. Adaptation --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Translating for the Stage --- p.7 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Translation of Titles --- p.11 / Chapter 2.0 --- Introduction --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1 --- Classification of Titles --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2 --- Translation of Titles of Six Shakespeare's Comedies --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3 --- Conclusion --- p.27 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Translation of Names of Characters --- p.29 / Chapter 3.0 --- Introduction --- p.29 / Chapter 3.1 --- Various Strategies at Work --- p.31 / Chapter 3.2 --- Names for Stage Performance --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3 --- Translation of Names of Characters in Six Comedies --- p.41 / Chapter 3.4 --- Conclusion --- p.51 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Translation of Songs --- p.53 / Chapter 4.0 --- Songs as a dramatic Device in Shakespeare's Comedies --- p.53 / Chapter 4.1 --- The Translation of Songs in Five Comedies --- p.56 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- The Two Gentlemen of Verona --- p.57 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- A Midsummer Night's Dream --- p.60 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- As You Like It --- p.68 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Twelfth Night --- p.78 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- The Tempest --- p.89 / Chapter 4.2 --- Conclusion --- p.97 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- Settings of the Six Comedies --- p.99 / Chapter 5.0 --- Introduction --- p.99 / Chapter 5.1 --- Settings and the Translation of Titles --- p.101 / Chapter 5.2 --- Settings and the Translation of Character Names --- p.104 / Chapter 5.3 --- Settings and the Translation of Songs --- p.105 / Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusion --- p.108 / Chapter Chapter 6. --- Translation of Puns --- p.109 / Chapter 6.0 --- Introduction --- p.109 / Chapter 6.1 --- Translation of Puns in Six Comedies --- p.111 / Chapter 6.2 --- Conclusion --- p.124 / Chapter Chapter 7. --- Conclusion --- p.127 / Bibliography --- p.131

The following study is an analysis of the initial steps of the process of characterization of Dorotea and Fortunata. This comparative study will illustrate the similarities in the techniques both Cervantes and Galdos employ to create two female characters who, although begin as irrelevant secondary characters, end as protagonists and heroines of their respective story. / The first chapter is dedicated to the two male characters, Cardenio and Juanito. Both authors begin each story with a male character and lead the reader to believe falsely that they will be the protagonists. We conclude that these false protagonists only serve as contrasts to the female characters they introduce. / The second and third chapters deal with the first appearance of Dorotea and Fortunata. We begin with a detailed description and analysis of their physical appearance and the literary techniques used. We discover that both authors achieve the same goal of creating a sensual scene in which they offer a minute description of the female characters in question. Finally, we come to know these two female characters through an analysis of their discourses and language. The characterization process is realized thanks to the interaction between characters and the thinking process. We come to the conclusion that, although separated by approximately three centuries, both authors employ similar techniques and succeed in creating two female characters that excel in their respective lives.

This dissertation analyses millennial film adaptations of five of Shakespeare's plays with a specific focus on a selection of different kinds of film. These are William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream (1999: Dir. Michael Hoffman), 10 Things I Hate About You (1999: Dir. Gil Junger), Hamlet (2000: Dir. Michael Almereyda), Titus (1999: Dir. Julie Taymor), and Scotland, PA (2001: Dir. Billy Morrissette). The films covered include both box office and independent, textually close to Shakespeare's words or not, all totally different from each other. This thesis contextualises these film adaptations within the realm of film studies, music theory, Shakespeare performance theory, critical theory and popular culture. Rather than analysing each Shakespearean film adaptation purely on an aesthetic level, my dissertation will identify and analyse each director's

Este estudo trata de uma análise de recortes discursivos dos capítulos II, III, IV, V e VII do tomo I da obra Dom Quixote de La Mancha de Miguel de Cervantes. A escolha desta obra se deu por ser a mais importante da literatura espanhola, e ademais, um importante livro de ficção da literatura mundial. Para tanto, fundamentamo-nos em vários estudiosos da obra de Cervantes; entre eles, Basanta, Rico e Riquer, por serem dirigentes das edições comemorativas dos 400 anos da obra em estudo. A ousadia deste trabalho é compreender a obra em questão, sob uma ótica da Análise do Discurso de linha francesa, teoria e dispositivo de análise do estudo. Salientamos que a teoria foi fundada por Michel Pêcheus, na França, em fins dos anos sessenta e desenvolvida no Brasil por Eni Orlandi e seguidores. Dessa forma, o trabalho pretende analisar segmentos discursivos específicos de alguns capítulos do tomo I da obra indicada acima. Especificamente, visa a identificar efeitos da interdiscursividade, formações discursivas, ideológicas e imaginárias nos recortes constituídos, bem como estabelecer uma aproximação entre Dom Quixote e a Análise do Discurso. As análises realizadas indicam que o discurso do cavaleiro Dom Quixote gera o efeito de combater as injustiças sociais e Cervantes trabalhou com as novelas de cavalaria em forma de humor, visando a passar, sem censura, pela Inquisição. Concluímos a dissertação afirmando que este trabalho não finaliza por aqui, devendo ser aprofundado em futuros estudos de doutorado e em artigos científicos. Da mesma forma, esperamos que seja um caminho para novas pesquisas, que associem a Análise do Discurso e a literatura. / This study is an analysis of discursive framings of Chapters II, III, IV, V and VII of Volume I of the work Don Quixote of La Mancha by Miguel de Cervantes. The choice of this work was given as the most important Spanish literature, and moreover, an important book fiction literature. Therefore, We base ourselves on the work of several scholars Cervantes, among them Basanta, Rico and Riquer, being leaders of commemorative editions of 400 years of work in the study. The boldness of this work is to understand the work in question, under an optical Discourse Analysis of French theory and analysis device of the study. We emphasize that the theory was founded by Michel Pêcheus in France in the late sixties and developed in Brazil by Eni Orlandi and followers. Thus, the paper discusses some specific segments discursive chapters of Volume I of the work indicated above. Specifically, it aims to identify effects of interdiscursivity, discursive, ideological and imaginary made ​​the cutouts, as well as establishing a closer relationship between Don Quixote and Discourse Analysis. The analyzes indicate that the speech of knight Don Quixote creates the effect of combating social injustice and Cervantes worked with the novels of chivalry in the form of humor, aiming to pass without censure, by the Inquisition. We conclude the thesis stating that this work does not end here, should be deepened in future doctoral studies and scientific articles. Likewise, we hope to be a path for further research, involving Discourse Analysis and literature.

In Brazil, since 1985 after the end of military dictatorship and the return to democratic freedoms - all segments of society have undergone significant changes, being observed also in artistic doings, especially in theater. If, before the productions turned their eyes mostly for the scenic composition of shows that prioritized issues related to engaging in an action against oppression established, now permeate the reflections by the trade issue, as well as the search for new conceptions of aesthetic languages .Within this perspective, the purpose of this study is the analysis of critical theatrical performances involving Macbeth (Fagundes Artistic Productions, directed by Ulysses Cruz) and Throne of Blood (Macunaíma Group, directed by Antunes Filho), both in 1992. Sought, therefore, raise discussions, within the historical perspective, allowing to understand the issues swathing the reception of the shows and their relationship to the contemporary theatrical scene. / No Brasil, a partir de 1985 após o fim da ditadura militar e o retorno às liberdades democráticas todos os segmentos sociais passaram por significativas mudanças, observadas também nos fazeres artísticos, em especial no teatro. Anteriormente grande parte as produções voltavam seus olhares majoritariamente para a composição cênica de espetáculos que priorizavam temáticas ligadas ao engajamento político. Tratava-se da ação contra a opressão estabelecida pela censura e perseguição política. Nesse novo momento que se estabelecia as reflexões perpassavam pela questão comercial assim como pela busca de novas concepções de linguagens estéticas. Dentro dessa perspectiva, a proposta deste trabalho é a análise das críticas teatrais envolvendo os espetáculos Macbeth (Fagundes Produções Artísticas, direção de Ulysses Cruz) e Trono de Sangue (Grupo Macunaíma, direção de Antunes Filho), ambas em 1992. Buscou-se, portanto, suscitar discussões que, dentro da perspectiva histórica, permitam a compreensão das questões envolvidas na recepção dos espetáculos e suas relações com a cena teatral contemporânea. / Mestre em História

Orientador: Suzi Frankl Sperber / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T08:54:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Closel_RegisAugustusBars_M.pdf: 2038312 bytes, checksum: 7c1b1af36416b37e4e7597571df3f57d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A presente dissertação tem por objetivo propor um diálogo entre duas obras dramáticas de grande significância, Ricardo III e As Troianas, no cânone de seus autores, respectivamente, William Shakespeare (1564 - 1616) e Lucius Annaeus Sêneca (4 a.C - 65 d.C). A premissa inicial é a relação tradicional entre ambos, que atribui ao tragediógrafo elisabetano uma influência textual, temática e estilística originária do filósofo e tragediógrafo latino. Para o estudo dessas relações, limitadas ao escopo de duas obras, o trabalho foi dividido em três partes. No primeiro capítulo é realizado um percurso sobre toda a historiografia da crítica da influência que Sêneca teria exercido sobre os dramaturgos que escreveram durante a segunda metade do século XVI, na Inglaterra. Observa-se, principalmente, como a visão e a metodologia de se tratar o tema da influência se altera, ao longo dos anos, chegando, por exemplo, a ser negada por alguns críticos durante certo tempo, além da observação do delineamento do próprio objeto. Toma-se o cuidado, durante todo o trabalho de não fazer opção a favor ou negar a presença de Sêneca para não incorrer em extremismos. No segundo capítulo, busca-se, com base nos resultados do primeiro capítulo, a leitura histórica dos elementos temáticos e estilísticos lidos como derivados de ou influenciados por Sêneca. Neste ponto o foco distancia-se do campo de discussão crítica do fenômeno para o campo de crítica histórico-literária e os objetos focados, agora, são exatamente aqueles que anteriormente foram levantados como ?"senequianos". No terceiro capítulo, conhecida a história da influência e tendo sido feita uma gama de opções e leituras sobre a época de Shakespeare, inicia-se a leitura das duas obras. Tal abordagem preambular se fez necessária para que houvesse um embasamento tanto da crítica da discussão da influência, como da leitura histórica da cultura que produziu Ricardo III. Foi feita a opção de seguir com a leitura de René Girard sobre os conceitos de Teoria Mimética e Crise de Diferenças, pois tocam em noções basilares do mundo Elisabetano, apresentando, portanto, uma atmosfera na qual os diálogos poderiam situar relações de aproximação e afastamento entre a dupla de obras escolhida. Observa-se uma leitura mítica, muito rica politicamente, ao trabalhar com a história/mito conhecidos por ambas as obras / Abstract: This dissertation aims to propose a dialogue between two dramatic works of great importance, Richard III and Trojan Women, both canonic for their authors, respectively, William Shakespeare (1564 - 1616) and Lucius Annaeus Seneca (4 BC - 65 AD). The initial premise is the traditional relationship between them, which presupposes that the Elizabethan tragedies have textual, thematic and stylistic influence of the Latin philosopher and tragedian. In order to study these relationships, restricted to the scope of the two referred plays, the dissertation was divided into three parts. The first chapter is about Seneca's influence on playwrights who wrote along the second half of the sixteenth century in England. It focuses mainly the vision and methodology used to study the issue of influence and changes of views over the years, reaching, for example, the fact that the influence was denied by some critics for some time. It also observes the outline of the object - the relation between plays - itself. Along these considerations, I was aware that I should not propose or deny the influence of Seneca in order not to incur in extremism. The second chapter, based on the results of the first chapter, seeks to read the historical interpretation of stylistic and thematic elements as derived from or influenced by Seneca. At this point, the analysis moves away from the critical discussion to approach the field of historical and literary criticism. The focused objects are exactly those that have previously been raised as "senequians", like the blank verse, the tyrant and the presence of ghosts. In the third chapter begins the interpretation of both tragedies. This preliminary approach was necessary in order to have a critical foundation for the discussion of influence, as that one produced by historical reading of Richard III. The mimetic theory of René Girard and the Crisis of Differences offered fundamental notions for the Elizabethan world, which presented interlocution between both tragedies, so that it was possible to examine approaches and distances between the two chosen plays. It was observed a very rich mythical and political relation among the plays using the known versions of history/myth / Mestrado / Teoria e Critica Literaria / Mestre em Teoria e História Literária

In act I, scene 2 of Shakespeare's Hamlet, one of the key themes presented is the theme of order versus disorder. Gertrude's hasty marriage to Claudius and their lack of grief over the recent death of King Hamlet violate Hamlet's sense of order and are the cause of Hamlet's anger and despair in 1.2. Rather than contrast Hamlet with his uncle and mother, Olivier constructs an Oedipal relationship between Hamlet and Gertrude--unsupported by the text--that undermine's the characterization of Hamlet as a man of order. In contrast, Tony Richardson presents Claudius' and Gertrude's actions as a violation of the order in which Hamlet believes.