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This thesis looks at two theories of universalizability: Immanuel Kant's deontological one and R. M. Hare's utilitarian one. It also looks at criticisms of both theories by David Wiggins. It concludes that his arguments against Hare are decisive because the moral theory that follows from Hare's version of the claim that moral judgements must be universalizable is incompatible with several basic requirements on moral theories. Wiggins' criticism of Kant, on the other hand, centres on a technical point that is overcome by an interpretation of Kant's tests for the universalizability of maxims that is given by Onora Nell. Finally the thesis argues that Kant's rational theory of ethics is superior to Wiggins' subjectivist claims because it both reflects our common sense conception of ethics and provides a rational basis for evaluating moral judgements.

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Inaug.-Diss.--Philosophie--Zürich, 1977. / Bibliogr. p. 379-381.

Akademisk avhandling--Teologi--Åbo, 1978. / Bibliogr. p. 345-374.

Submitted by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-10T13:56:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissWBB.pdf: 640184 bytes, checksum: 3de18688d1ccb3d82d1721275d692135 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-10T13:56:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissWBB.pdf: 640184 bytes, checksum: 3de18688d1ccb3d82d1721275d692135 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-10T13:56:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissWBB.pdf: 640184 bytes, checksum: 3de18688d1ccb3d82d1721275d692135 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-10T13:56:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissWBB.pdf: 640184 bytes, checksum: 3de18688d1ccb3d82d1721275d692135 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-08 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / The present dissertation aims to analyze three essays from the german philosopher Immanuel Kant that deal with his philosophy of history, highlighting within them the concept of unsociable sociability. The essays are: Idea for a Universal History from a Cosmopolitan Perspective, Conjectural Beginning of Human History and Toward Perpetual Peace. In our understanding, it is possible to assume the idea of antagonism as a guiding thread of an analysis of Kant's philosophy of history, insofar as it is shown that for the philosopher the unsociable sociability is the source of all human progress. Our objective is to highlight three historical philosophical moments in the analyzed texts, and to demonstrate how antagonism is responsible for the passage from one moment to another, thus, corroborating its importance. / A presente dissertação tem por objetivo analisar três ensaios do filósofo alemão Immanuel Kant que versam sobre sua filosofia da história, destacando dentro deles o conceito de insociável sociabilidade. Os ensaios são: Ideia de uma história universal de um ponto de vista cosmopolita, Começo conjectural da história humana e À paz perpétua. Em nossa compreensão, torna-se possível assumir a ideia de antagonismo como um fio condutor de uma análise acerca da filosofia da história de Kant, na medida em que se demonstra que para o filósofo a insociável sociabilidade é a fonte de todo o progresso humano. Nosso objetivo é destacar os três momentos históricos filosóficos nos textos analisados, e demonstrar como o antagonismo é o responsável pela passagem de um momento ao outro, corroborando com isso, sua importância.

This dissertation deals with the transcendental philosophy of Immanuel Kant. I provide the background of transcendental philosophy before Kant, beginning from Aristotle. Kant transformed Aristotelian transcendental philosophy by using the method of the sciences in the Modern period. This method was initiated by Francis Bacon, in his method of induction. Isaac Newton transformed the method so that it could deal with verification and falsification. This Newtonian method was taken up into chemistry, serving as a guide for the analysis and synthesis of elements. Kant used this method in his transcendental philosophy, with a view to putting metaphysics onto the path of a science. Kant was first awakened to transcendental idealism in 1769, though he did not put forth a full transcendental philosophy until 1781. In his mature transcendental philosophy, he not only uses the scientific method, but he also illustrates the categories using biological imagery. After looking at the broad contours of Kant's transcendental philosophy, I deal with the first criticism of his transcendental philosophy. In replying to his critic, Kant made explicit his scientific method, while drawing from the thought of David Hume and Thomas Reid. With Kant's explanations of his transcendental philosophy in hand, I turn to an element of his non-transcendental philosophy, namely moral philosophy, in order to provide a contrast that serves to illuminate the precise nature of his transcendental philosophy.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University. / 1. Problem. The problem of this dissertation is to examine the doctrines of the will in the thought of Plato; Aristotle, Augustine, and Kant and to relate their conceptions of freedom to their doctrines of the will. 2. Method. The method consists in examining primary sources which define and interpret the will and its freedom. [TRUNCATED]