O propósito deste trabalho é estudar o delineamento e os usos políticos do imaginário francês e napoleônico na América portuguesa, especialmente durante o processo de reorganização da Corte bragantina no Rio de Janeiro de 1808 a 1821. Problematizamos esta temática por intermédio de três interrogações essenciais: (1) que imagens de Napoleão o governo português divulgou nos anos iniciais de sua presença na América?; (2) em que medida essas imagens sustentaram (ou não) atitudes de repúdio à França e aos franceses de modo geral? e (3) que alterações ocorreram nessas representações no período posterior ao término das Guerras Peninsulares e da queda de Napoleão? Constatamos o uso de muitas dessas imagens pelo governo joanino com a intenção de reforçar seu status político e o controle sobre seus súditos, bem como resquícios dessas representações no imaginário da América portuguesa mesmo após a queda do Império napoleônico apesar do restabelecimento das relações diplomáticas e comerciais entre França e Portugal e a positivação do elemento francês na Corte do Rio. / Our purpose is to study the outlines and political uses of French and Napoleonic imaginary in the Portuguese America, especially during the reorganization process of the House of Braganza and the Portuguese Court in Rio de Janeiro from 1808 to 1821. We inquiry that thematic through three essential questions: (1) which images from Napoleon the Portuguese Government publicized in the initial years of its presence in the America? (2) how did those images support (or not) the refuse attitude to France and to French people in general? and (3) what kind of changes occurred in those representations after the ending of Peninsular Wars and the fall of Napoleon? We verify that the use of those images by Dom João\'s government had the intention to reinforce his political status and the control over his subjects, as well as traces from those representation in the Portuguese America imaginary even after Napoleonic Empire fall despite of Diplomatic and Commercial re-establishment between France and Portugal and the French element appreciation in the Court of Rio.

O propósito deste trabalho é estudar o delineamento e os usos políticos do imaginário francês e napoleônico na América portuguesa, especialmente durante o processo de reorganização da Corte bragantina no Rio de Janeiro de 1808 a 1821. Problematizamos esta temática por intermédio de três interrogações essenciais: (1) que imagens de Napoleão o governo português divulgou nos anos iniciais de sua presença na América?; (2) em que medida essas imagens sustentaram (ou não) atitudes de repúdio à França e aos franceses de modo geral? e (3) que alterações ocorreram nessas representações no período posterior ao término das Guerras Peninsulares e da queda de Napoleão? Constatamos o uso de muitas dessas imagens pelo governo joanino com a intenção de reforçar seu status político e o controle sobre seus súditos, bem como resquícios dessas representações no imaginário da América portuguesa mesmo após a queda do Império napoleônico apesar do restabelecimento das relações diplomáticas e comerciais entre França e Portugal e a positivação do elemento francês na Corte do Rio. / Our purpose is to study the outlines and political uses of French and Napoleonic imaginary in the Portuguese America, especially during the reorganization process of the House of Braganza and the Portuguese Court in Rio de Janeiro from 1808 to 1821. We inquiry that thematic through three essential questions: (1) which images from Napoleon the Portuguese Government publicized in the initial years of its presence in the America? (2) how did those images support (or not) the refuse attitude to France and to French people in general? and (3) what kind of changes occurred in those representations after the ending of Peninsular Wars and the fall of Napoleon? We verify that the use of those images by Dom João\'s government had the intention to reinforce his political status and the control over his subjects, as well as traces from those representation in the Portuguese America imaginary even after Napoleonic Empire fall despite of Diplomatic and Commercial re-establishment between France and Portugal and the French element appreciation in the Court of Rio.

Melchiorre Cesarotti (1730-1808) produced a blank verse translation into Italian of the rhythmic prose of James Macpherson's Ossian. On the basis of the numerous amendments to be found the three subsequent Italian editions of the Ossian (Padoa 1763 and 1772, Pisa, 1801), it could never be ascertained which English editions had served as source text for Cesarotti's translations and whether Italian variations could be led back to similar variations in the the English texts, or whether they were rather the independent and unwarranted work of the Italian translator. Our first successful search enabled us to clarify the nature of Cesarotti's role, somewhere between that of a translator and of a deft stylist looking for a new language for Italy's infant Romanticism. The first part of this dissertation is explanatory, critical and historical, it is followed by thorough appendixes, listing variants and cross-references leading back to the English original texts. The whole makes up a philological apparatus which will be put to use in the forthcoming publication of the Italian and English ossianic texts, side by side.

The Spanish-American colonies reacted in defense of King Ferdinand VII during the French invasion of Spain in 1808. The events that followed in 1808-1810 exposed the contradictions within the colonial system. In this paper I assess Arequipa’s reaction in this context particularly its Cabildo, which must be understood in connection with the events in neighboring cities—Cuzco, Puno, La Paz, and Potosí—and in the centers of political power—Lima, Chuquisaca, and Buenos Aires. I argue that the loyalism of Arequipa’s population was a strategy to gain autonomy and defend its regional interests while avoiding conflict at the local level. An array of possibilities emerged in that period, as a result of which Spanish-American societies, led by their ruling circles, decided their future. / Luego de conocerse la invasión francesa a España ocurrida a principios de 1808, las poblaciones hispanoamericanas reaccionaron unánimemente en defensa de su rey Fernando VII. Lo sucedido a continuación, entre 1808 y 1810, desató las contradicciones internas del sistema colonial. En este artículo abordo el caso de Arequipa durante aquel contexto, en particular la reacción de su Cabildo. Esta se debe entender en relación con lo acontecido en las ciudades vecinas —Cuzco, Puno, La Paz, Potosí— y en los centros de poder político —Lima, Chuquisaca, Buenos Aires—. Así, sostengo que el fidelismo arequipeño mostrado por el Cabildo fue una estrategia para ganar autonomía y defender los intereses de su élite en la región, al mismo tiempo que se evitaba despertar conflictos al interior de la sociedad local. En aquel bienio, una serie de posibilidades aparecieron y cada sociedad encabezada por sus grupos dirigentes, optó por su propio destino.

No description available.

No description available.

This thesis deals with the works of Philip Meadows Taylor, nineteenth-century British administrator and author of six novels on Indian themes. His works, published between 1839 and 1878, belong to the little researched early period of Anglo-Indian literature when popular fiction reflected the confidence and beliefs of British rule in India. Meadows Taylor worked in India as a political agent in various parts of Hyderabad from 1824 until his early retirement in 1860. His work, his close friendships with Indians, and his marriage to an Eurasian woman exposed him to various aspects of Indian life closed to many of his British contemporaries in India. This is reflected in his novels, of which the best known is his first, Confessions of a Thug, published in 1839. Subsequent works include Tippoo Sultaun: A Tale of the Mysore War (1841), Tara (1863), Ralph Darnell (1865), Seeta (1873), and A Noble Queen (1878). All these works present Indian scenery and Indian customs vividly and sympathetically, and are characterised by unusually liberal views on such things as interracial marriage, race relations and Indian religious practices; views at odds with those of many of his contemporaries. This thesis examines Meadows Taylor's works, and the connection between his portrayal of British conceptions of India and its people and the historical development of British rule in India. Ultimately Taylor's works illustrate his view that underneath the surface differences of race and religious creed lies a common human experience shared by both East and West, a view which differentiates him from other nineteenth-century writers on India. Other unusual thematic concerns include his use of Victorian concepts of domesticity in Indian settings, his presentation of strongly idealised Indian characters, and his frequent use as subject matter of "pre-colonial" Indian history.

Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America, had numerous problems to solve during his tenure of office. Many of these problems were difficult, to say the least, and could not be easily dealt with, but among the most complicated was the complex problem of command. There can be little doubt that a command problem actually existed. Indeed, the tension between Davis and his generals was quite often open and above board. Because of this trouble, the armies of the Confederate government were never as effective as they could have been.

Orientador: Marcos Vieira Teixeira / Banca: Alvaro Augusto Ricardino Filho / Banca: Antonio Vicente Marafioti Garnica / Banca: Sergio Roberto Nobre / Banca: Wagner Rodrigues Valente / Resumo: Das lides comerciais, aos cursos de comércio e mais recentemente, aos cursos superiores de Ciências Contábeis, os saberes matemáticos sempre figuraram. Nesse sentido, questiona-se como a matemática contábil transformou-se em saber escolar e ganhou, posteriormente, status de saber acadêmico no Brasil. Para tentar responder essa questão, o trabalho aqui delineado tem como objetivo geral analisar o percurso da matemática contábil nas lides comerciais, posteriormente apropriadas pelos ensinos regulares (aulas de comércio, cursos técnicos de comércio e cursos superiores de Ciências Contábeis). No ferramental teórico-metodológico, utilizamos a definição de cultura de Geertz, de cultura escolar de Julia, de disciplina escolar de Chervel e currículo de Goodson. As fontes utilizadas foram constituídas por livros textos de matemática (matemática, matemática financeira e outros), legislação, revistas especializadas da área de contabilidade, artigos históricos e diversos outros documentos. De uma forma geral, mostramos os primórdios da matemática contábil e as relações com a cultura mercantil. Posteriormente, tratamos da escolarização dos saberes mercantis para uma cultura escolar técnica profissional. Por fim, é abordada a passagem da matemática contábil escolar para o nível acadêmico / Abstract: Commercial labors, to trade courses and more recently to higher education courses in Accounting, mathematical knowledge always figured. In this sense, he wonders how the book mathematical turned into school knowledge and gained subsequently status of academic knowledge in Brazil. To try to answer this question, the work outlined here has the general objective to analyze the route of the accounting math in commercial litigations, later appropriated by regular teaching (trade school, technical trade courses and higher education courses in Accounting). In theoretical and methodological tools we use to Geertz's definition of culture, school culture Julia, school discipline Chervel and Goodson curriculum. The sources used consisted of math textbooks (mathematics, financial mathematics, etc.), legislation, journals accounting area, historical articles and various other documents. In general, we show the beginnings of mathematics and accounting relations with mercantile culture. Later, we treat schooling of market knowledge for a professional technical school culture. Finally, it addressed the transition from school accounting math to the academic level / Doutor

Den här uppsatsen belyser den svenska nationalismens uttrycksformer, så som de framgår av Stockholmstidningarna Dagligt Allehanda, Inrikes Tidningar och Stockholms Posten i mars 1805. Nationalismen undersöks huvudsakligen utifrån Michael Billigs teorier om banal nationalism, vilket syftar till oreflekterade, vardagliga attityder som skiljer mellan ”oss” och ”dem” och formar en nationell gemenskap. Undersökningens sidospår är att reda ut vilket förhållningssätt till Finland som förekom i de tre tidningarna. Finlandsfrågans relevans är tydlig inte minst med tanke på den bristfälliga militära viljan att försvara det svenska rikets östra rikshalva under finska kriget 1808–1809. Undersökningen visar att flera tecken på banal nationalism förekommer, trots att nationerna som politisk-juridisk samhällsform etablerades i Europa först långt senare. De mest framträdande dragen är (1) upprepandet av epitetet ”kongl.” i samband med platser, institutioner och titlar, (2) ett särskiljande gentemot Finland, som trots att det officiellt sett är en del av riket vid den här tiden, ställvis betraktas som ett främmande land, (3) adjektivet ”swensk” som är synonymt med inhemsk, och ur ett merkantilistiskt perspektiv får en positiv innebörd, (4) stereotypisering av ”dem” (i synnerhet fransmän) i förhållande till ”oss” (svenskar), och (5) deiktiska uttryck som refererar till och tar för givet att läsaren känner till att kontexten för annonser är Stockholm, vilket här betraktas som en föregångare till nationell deixis. Av resultaten dras slutsatsen att nationalismen antar banala uttrycksformer redan innan nationalstaten är formerad. Michael Billigs tes är att nationalismen i ett första stadium är hård, för att sedan bli banal och alldaglig, medan min uppsats söker visa på att den hårda nationalismen likväl föregås av banal nationalism. Beträffande Finland är slutsatsen att det redan 1805 betraktades som en egen nation i kraft av språklig och geografisk gemenskap, trots att det hörde till Sverige.