The rise of the middle class to power and influence in European culture and politics in the nineteenth century created the conditions of modern life which to many European intellectuals were distasteful and ominous. They viewed urbanization, commercialization, industrialization and the qualities of life that they engendered, such as anxiety, limitation of freedom, and pervasive mediocrity in cultural expression, as being inimical to the traditional and more reliable values of European civilization or, in some instances, as being incapable of providing the bases for a free and humane existence. This study focuses on the attack on bourgeois society in Europe in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries in an attempt to expand the definition of “cultural despair,” a term to which it is related. Although others have discussed this general topic, cultural despair, the present study takes for its starting point the limited outlines offered in Fritz Stern’s The Politics of Cultural Despair. This is undertaken for the dual purpose of exposing to historical scrutiny a background theme of European intellectual activity of the former and present centuries, and to help construct a historiographical tool with which the historian can seek to understand more readily the impact of the rise of the middle class and its consequences on the mind of Europe. To reinforce the understanding of the topic of cultural despair, the essay offers four illustrations of cultural despair from traditions of the European intellectual milieu. These are the revolutionary, represented by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and the critique of bourgeois economics; the literary, represented by T. S. Eliot and the critique of modern culture; the Catholic, represented by Emmanuel Mounier and his critique of bourgeois life; and the existentialist, represented by Jean-Paul Sartre and the redefinition of freedom in modern life. Finally, this effort concludes with an attempt to synthesize the attitudes of these four men in their relation to the general subject.

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No description available.

La tesis estudia aspectos poco conocidos de algunos movimientos insurgentes que se desarrollaron en la jurisdicción de la intendencia de Arequipa, durante los años de 1809 a 1815. Fue necesario describir el contexto temporal y geográfico de dicha intendencia (1784-1825), lo que nos permitió ubicarnos, identificar y situar a un mayor número de autoridades civiles y eclesiásticas. Si bien es cierto que, Arequipa cumplió un rol fundamental defendiendo los intereses reales; en su interior, es decir, subdelegaciones o partidos, y pese a los esfuerzos de sus autoridades, se desencadenaron una serie intermitente de conspiraciones, sediciones y levantamientos favorables a los denominados movimientos patriotas. Por lo tanto, el objetivo principal es estudiar el desempeño de las autoridades arequipeñas, de mayor y menor rango, en esta coyuntura y conocer su postura frente a lo acontecido en la península y posteriormente a su enfrentamiento contra las Juntas de Gobierno Altoperuanas y Bonaerense. La hipótesis es que durante 1809-1815 y pese a que las autoridades de turno impusieron una serie de medidas para evitar que la revolución afectara su territorio, se produjeron un número importante de movimientos, conspiraciones y sediciones. Por lo tanto, los mecanismos adoptados por estas autoridades fueron insuficientes, porque su jurisdicción fue proclive a la filtración y/o aceptación de propaganda escrita y de emisarios insurgentes. La metodología de trabajo conducente a alcanzar los objetivos se estructura en la base de un análisis cualitativo de un heterogéneo grupo de fuentes primeras inéditas e impresas provenientes básicamente de archivos nacionales e internacionales. Entre los documentos manuscritos consultados se encuentran expedientes criminales, civiles y eclesiásticos, correspondencia, libros de actas, libros copiadores y documentación oficial (actas, bandos y proclamas). Dicha documentación nos permitió identificar a nuevos actores, autoridades y permitió conocer su postura frente a los problemas expuestos. Se conoce más acerca de Arequipa defensora y aliada de los intereses monárquicos. Y, es una idea común y hasta aceptada que Arequipa fue un centro realista. Sin embargo, la documentación consultada nos permite señalar que, paralelamente a lo señalado, no pocos arequipeños se vieron influenciados, compartieron y difundieron ideas patriotas, esto los llevo a enfrentarse a la autoridad real en más de una oportunidad, prueba de ellos son los movimientos insurgentes que se han podido identificar / Tesis

Ce mémoire propose d’étudier l’écriture de l’histoire par les historiens canadiens-français dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle en nous penchant sur les cas de François- Xavier Garneau et de son Histoire du Canada (1845-1852) et de Benjamin Sulte et son Histoire des Canadiens français (1882-1884). Pensées, organisées et composées dans l’esprit de tableaux et de portraits historiques, ces synthèses étaient écrites selon une approche plus artistique de la science historique qui s’explique par la volonté de faire mémoire collectivement, en inscrivant dans l’imaginaire national des événements et des personnages dignes de mention, et individuellement en créant des impressions vives sur le lecteur. Pour ce faire, François-Xavier Garneau et Benjamin Sulte s’en remettaient à ce nous appelons une poétique de l’histoire. Créées par des procédés littéraires, relevant du pittoresque et du pathétique, ces impressions vives permettent à l’historien de guider son lecteur à voir le récit sur plusieurs plans : historique, moral, idéologique, esthétique, etc. Loin d’être ségrégués dans des chapitres respectifs, voir dans des ouvrages différents par nature, le scientifique et le littéraire étaient vus par les historiens de cette époque comme deux entités pouvant aspirer à une cohérence en vue de faire corps. Cette tension entre les humanités littéraires et l’ambition scientifique est perçue par certains comme une indétermination propre au discours historien. Ce faisant, nous voulons discerner les modalités d’écriture et de production de ces synthèses d’histoire nationale, ainsi que les rapports passés et présents de la synthèse historique et de la connaissance historique. Plus précisément, nous chercherons à voir comment les particularités de la synthèse d’histoire non seulement permettent, mais amplifient la puissance évocatrice de la poétique de l’histoire. Ainsi, nous pourrons distinguer de quelles façons synthèse et poétique entretiennent une symbiose. / This thesis studies the writing of history by French-Canadian historians in the second half of the nineteenth century by examining the cases of François-Xavier Garneau’s Histoire du Canada (1845-1852) and of Benjamin Sulte’s Histoire des Canadiens français (1882- 1884). Organized, composed and thought in the spirit of paintings and historical portraits, these syntheses were written according to a more artistic approach of historical science, which is explained by the will to remember collectively, by inscribing in the national imagination events and characters worthy of mention, and individually by creating vivid impressions on the reader. To do this, François-Xavier Garneau and Benjamin Sulte relied on what we call the poetics of history. Created by literary methods, pertaining to the picturesque and pathetic, these vivid impressions allow the historian to guide his reader to see the story on several levels: historical, moral, ideological, aesthetic, and so on. Far from being segregated in respective chapters or different books, the scientific and the literary methods were seen by historians of that time as two entities able to aspire coherence in order to become one. This tension between literary humanities and scientific ambition is perceived by some as peculiar indeterminacy to the historian's discourse. In doing so, we want to discern the methods of writing and producing these syntheses of national history, as well as the past and present relations of historical synthesis and historical knowledge. More precisely, we will seek to see how the particularities of the synthesis of history not only allow, but amplify the evocative power of the poetics of history. Thus, we can distinguish in which ways synthesis and poetics maintain a symbiosis.

Québec Université Laval, Bibliothèque 2012

O objetivo do presente estudo foi reunir os textos de Machado de Assis publicados no jornal carioca Marmota, entre 1855 e 1861. Embora todo esse material já tenha sido editado, encontra-se disperso em diversas obras, muitas delas já esgotadas. O trabalho também buscou definir o quadro de produção dessas colaborações por meio de um ensaio sobre a Marmota - periódico atualmente pouco conhecido que esteve ativo entre 1849 e 1861 - e sua função cultural dentro do Segundo Reinado. Igualmente, tentou-se recompor a imagem do tipógrafo carioca Francisco de Paula Brito (1809-1861), proprietário e editor da Marmota. / O objetivo do presente estudo foi reunir os textos de Machado de Assis publicados no jornal carioca Marmota, entre 1855 e 1861. Embora todo esse material já tenha sido editado, encontra-se disperso em diversas obras, muitas delas já esgotadas. O trabalho também buscou definir o quadro de produção dessas colaborações por meio de um ensaio sobre a Marmota - periódico atualmente pouco conhecido que esteve ativo entre 1849 e 1861 - e sua função cultural dentro do Segundo Reinado. Igualmente, tentou-se recompor a imagem do tipógrafo carioca Francisco de Paula Brito (1809-1861), proprietário e editor da Marmota.

Dans les années 1830, l’image de Sade apparaît dans le roman noir. La révolte de Juillet fait écho à la Révolution de 1789. Le régime de Louis-Philippe dirige la France dans une période de transition. Les émeutes ponctuelles et le choléra de 1832 déterminent la tonalité sombre de l’imaginaire de la souffrance et du mal à l’époque. Le mouvement romantique rencontre Sade dans cette période difficile de l’évolution sociale. Les Jeunes-France, qualifiés un siècle plus tard par les surréalistes de petits romantiques, mettent en avant Sade face aux critiques des moralistes. L’image de Sade et l’imaginaire sadien apparaissent dans leurs romans noirs, genre indéfinissable au centre de différents versants littéraires, le roman gothique, le conte fantastique et le roman historique. La légende de la vie de Sade se forme à la fin du XVIIIe siècle dans les gazettes et dans les enquêtes de police. Il est vu par ses contemporains, Rétif de La Bretonne, par exemple, comme un libertin criminel, resté impuni sous l’Ancien Régime et un écrivain aliéné de la littérature libertine et perverse. Sade est également lié à la Révolution. Il a survécu à la Terreur de 1793 et son atrocité féodale est comparée à la cruauté de Danton et de Robespierre. Au tournant de 1830, Sade prisonnier en tant que victime de l’arbitraire de l’Empire est découvert par Charles Nodier dans ses recherches historiques. Celui-ci définit le terme « sadisme » dans le dictionnaire en 1834. La même année, les différentes facettes de l’image de Sade sont enfin abordées par Jules Janin dans son article biographique. Les jeunes romantiques explorent avec une certaine timidité les images de Sade dans leurs romans noirs. Dans les contes noirs et le roman historique de Pétrus Borel, Sade représente non seulement l’atrocité et la corruption de la cour de Louis XV, mais également la violence du déchaînement révolutionnaire. Chez Balzac, Sade et ses œuvres signifient une collaboration de la littérature érotique avec le récit noir. Dans les boudoirs balzaciens, se mettent en scène les crimes frénétiques et les perversions transgressives. Dans les romans noirs de Frédéric Soulié sous la forme du feuilleton, l’image de Sade et l’imaginaire sadien sont utilisés pour décrire la monstruosité sociale. Le sadisme est popularisé dans l’univers des mœurs corrompues. / The revolt of July in 1830 echoed the Revolution of 1789 and the rule of Louis-Philippe took France into a period of transition where the punctual riots and the cholera epidemic in 1832 was reflected in the dark tones of the image of sufferings and evil of that time. The romantic movement merged with the image of Sade in this difficult period of social evolution. The Jeunes-France, one century later qualified by the surrealists as petits romantiques, used the image of Sade to face down the critics of the moralists. It was during these turbulent times the image of Sade emerged in the black novel, an undefined genre in different literary tendencies, including the gothic novel, the fantastic tale and the historical novel. The legend of Sade’s life took its form at the end of 18th century in the gazettes and political inquiries. He was seen by his contemporaries, for example, Rétif de La Bretonne, that as a criminal libertine, one unpunished by the Ancien Régime, and was considered the insane writer of the libertine and perverse literature. Sade is related to the Revolution. Surviving the Terror of 1793, his feudal fury was compared to the cruelty of Danton and Robespierre. At the beginning of the 1830’s, the writings of Sade the prisoner, victim of an Empire, was discovered by Charles Nodier in his historical research. He defined the term “sadism” in the dictionary in 1834. In the same year, the multiple faces of the image of Sade were recorded by Jules Janin in his biographical article. The young romantic poets timidly explored the images of Sade in their black novels. Within these tales and within the historical novel of Pétrus Borel, Sade represented not only the atrocity and corruption of the Louis XV’s court, but also the violence of the revolutionary rampage. For Balzac, Sade and his work signified a collaboration of the erotic literature with the black story and in Balzac’s boudoirs, the frantic crimes and the transgressive perversions set the scenes. In the black novels of Frédéric Soulié in the form of the feuilleton, the image and the imaginary of Sade was used to describe the social monstrosity. The sadism was popularized in the universe of corrupted morals.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi reunir os textos de Machado de Assis publicados no jornal carioca Marmota, entre 1855 e 1861. Embora todo esse material já tenha sido editado, encontra-se disperso em diversas obras, muitas delas já esgotadas. O trabalho também buscou definir o quadro de produção dessas colaborações por meio de um ensaio sobre a Marmota - periódico atualmente pouco conhecido que esteve ativo entre 1849 e 1861 - e sua função cultural dentro do Segundo Reinado. Igualmente, tentou-se recompor a imagem do tipógrafo carioca Francisco de Paula Brito (1809-1861), proprietário e editor da Marmota. / O objetivo do presente estudo foi reunir os textos de Machado de Assis publicados no jornal carioca Marmota, entre 1855 e 1861. Embora todo esse material já tenha sido editado, encontra-se disperso em diversas obras, muitas delas já esgotadas. O trabalho também buscou definir o quadro de produção dessas colaborações por meio de um ensaio sobre a Marmota - periódico atualmente pouco conhecido que esteve ativo entre 1849 e 1861 - e sua função cultural dentro do Segundo Reinado. Igualmente, tentou-se recompor a imagem do tipógrafo carioca Francisco de Paula Brito (1809-1861), proprietário e editor da Marmota.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:12:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_wandekarla_bonia.pdf: 772317 bytes, checksum: 92cccb7169e3b1937e057834bf999d4d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-21 / This dissertation attempts to be a deep look at the particular universe of the adolescents from secondary schools and young university students, catching a glimpse in a dialogue and systematic approach with themselves and the church, and the church with the adolescents and juvenile people disenchanted with the institutional sacred and, therefore, living a religious crisis. Our proposal is, above all, to provide a broad knowledge of the factors which unleashing factors of this crisis in the presence of the sacred and the identification of clues to one new juvenile spirituality, in the mystic of Paula Frassinetti. The studies about adolescence and the youth in general, report and characterize this crossing to the maturity as something very important in the formation of the adolescent and juvenile psycho-religious identities mainly when we treat of the juvenile crisis in the presence of the institutional sacred. The partial results, acquired along the work with adolescents (São José School, CECOSNE) and the university students (FAFIRE) and through the field investigation, are attempts of an approach with this public, making them aware of psycho-religious and spiritual experiences present in this phase of life. The research showed, on one hand, a confusing youth in some points related to the spirituality and religious presence. On the other hand, we could observe a unique spiritual experience in the way the young people think; this experience lived by wishes, affection, happiness, sympathy, and the avoidance of everything which was dogma, rules and acts without no sense in their lives in constant change. The crossing of an adolescent spirituality and juvenile heterogeneous to one more autonomous is well-characterized in the field search, but we can notice that the adolescent crisis is more vivid than the juvenile in the presence of the institutional sacred without having, nevertheless, the essential loss of juvenile spirituality which is more centered in front of the Other (God) than the religious institution. At last, with this study, we intend to contribute methodologically with techniques and resources which could be used to re-enchant the sacred to the juvenile universe, providing the protagonist of a new spirituality according Saint Paula Frassinetti / Visamos, com esta dissertação, a mergulhar no universo particular de adolescentes do Ensino Médio e de jovens universitários, vislumbrando o diálogo e a aproximação sistemática deles com a Igreja e desta com o público adolescente e juvenil, que está desencantado com o sagrado institucional e, portanto, vivencia uma crise religiosa. Propomos, sobretudo, maior conhecimento dos fatores desencadeadores dessa crise ante o sagrado e indicamos pistas para nova espiritualidade juvenil sob a mística de Paula Frassinetti. Os tratados sobre a adolescência e a juventude, em geral, relatam e caracterizam essa passagem para a maturidade como algo muito rico e importante na configuração da identidade psicorreligiosa adolescente e juvenil, mormente quando se trata da crise juvenil ante o sagrado institucional. Os resultados parciais, obtidos ao longo do trabalho com os adolescentes (Colégio São José e CECOSNE), jovens universitários (FAFIRE) e por meio de pesquisa de campo, são tentativas de aproximação a tal público, a fim de despertar neles experiências psicorreligiosas e espirituais condizentes com essa fase da vida. A pesquisa de campo mostrou, por um lado, uma juventude confusa em alguns pontos relacionados à espiritualidade e à pertença religiosa; por outro lado, vivência espiritual única, bem ao modo dos jovens, experiência marcada por desejos, afetos, alegria, solidariedade, negação a tudo que se relacione a dogma, regras e ritos sem sentidos em suas vidas em constante transformação. A passagem da espiritualidade adolescente e juvenil heterônoma para mais autônoma está bem caracterizada na pesquisa de campo. Está bem acentuada a crise mais adolescente que juvenil ante o sagrado institucional, no entanto, não há a perda do essencial da espiritualidade juvenil, mais centrada no Outro (Deus) que na instituição religiosa. Enfim, com este trabalho, pretendemos contribuir metodologicamente, com técnicas e recursos utilizáveis para reencantar no sagrado ao universo juvenil, proporcionando-lhe o protagonismo de nova espiritualidade segundo Santa Paula Frassinetti