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A la fin du 19° s. les écrivains grecs créent un genre littéraire original, la nouvelle paysanne : une intrigue simple sert de base à la description de la vie et des moeurs dans des petits villages grecs. Ce mouvement a été appelé « étude de moeurs » (ithographie) [ηθογραφία]. Les bouleversements historiques et économiques au tournant du siècle entraînent une crise des valeurs traditionnelles et conduisent les auteurs à élargir leur questionnement. Dans Le Mendiant, Andréas Karkavitsas montre les déterminismes qui font agir les personnages collectifs que sont les paysans du village et les autorités venues les juger. L’individu est le représentant d’un groupe :Tziritokostas représente la classe des mendiants, Valachas la classe aristocratique déchue, Croustallo le groupe des paysannes. Quand ces deux derniers personnages prennent conscience de leur aliénation, le poids de la société est tel qu’il les écrase. Si la liberté est possible, c’est dans la mort. Francoyannou, l’héroïne de La Femme meurtrière d’Alexandre Papadiamandis, est responsable de l’enfer dans lequel elle s’enferme en multipliant les meurtres de fillettes. Le déterminisme, l’aliénation sont les fausses raisons qui lui permettent de se complaire dans ce que le récit révèle être la rumination de son âme froide et dure ; elle persiste dans le mal parce qu'elle refuse sa liberté de créature de Dieu. / At the end of the 19th century, Greek writers created an original genre, the rural novel : a simple plot is the basis for the description of the life and mores in small Greek villages. This movement was called "study of mores" (ithografie) [ηθογραφία]. The historical and economic upheavals at the turn of the century lead to a crisis of traditional values and lead the authors to expand their questioning. In The Beggar, Andreas Karkavitsas shows determinisms which act collective characters that are the peasants of the village and the authorities who came to judge them.The individual always represents a group: Tziritokostas represents the class of beggars, Valachas the aristocratic class toppled over, Croustallo the peasant women. These last two figures are partly aware of their alienation; but the weight of society is such that it crushes them. The freedom is possible just in death. Francoyannou, the heroine of The Murderess of Alexander Papadiamandis, is responsible for the hell in which she locks herself by multiplying little girls murders. Determinism and alienation are the false reasons that allow her to wallow in rumination of her soul cold and hard; she persists in evil because she refuses her freedom of God’s creature.

Juliette Drouet ne fut pas seulement la maîtresse de Victor Hugo durant cinquante ans. Elle fut aussi une inlassable et prodigue épistolière qui laisse à la postérité environ vingt-Deux mille lettres écrites quotidiennement à celui qu’elle appelle son « grand petit homme ». D’une incroyable importance numérique, ces lettres sont aujourd’hui au cœur d’un vaste projet, qui a pour but de les éditer intégralement. Inscrite dans ce projet, la présente thèse propose la lecture continue des lettres écrites par Juliette Drouet à Victor Hugo sous la Seconde République – du 1er janvier 1848 au 30 novembre 1851 –, transcrites et annotées. Écrites durant une période clef de l’Histoire de France et de la vie de Victor Hugo, ces lettres présentent un intérêt à la fois historique et biographique. Rédigées quotidiennement, elles sont aussi pour le tiers lecteur un témoignage inédit sur les conditions de la femme entretenue, sur la vie théâtrale à Paris, et sur l’hygiène et la médecine sous la Seconde République. D’une grande porosité générique entre lettre, journal et conversation, elles offrent un intérêt littéraire particulier. L’étude critique de ces lettres, qui précède le corpus édité, permet de révéler le triple intérêt biographique, historique, et littéraire de ce travail. Complétée de tous les outils que requiert la compréhension de ce corpus, cette thèse met aussi à disposition les notices biographiques des personnes citées par Juliette Drouet ainsi qu’un glossaire des mots et expressions employées par cette dernière. / Juliette Drouet was not only Victor Hugo’s mistress for fifty years. She was also an indefatigable and generous letter writer who leaves for posterity about twenty two thousand letters written daily to Victor Hugo. This important amount of letters are today in the heart of a vast project, which aims to edit them entirely. Placing itself in this project, the present thesis proposes the continuous reading of the letters by Juliette Drouet to Victor Hugo under the Second Republic – from January 1st, 1848 until November 30th, 1851 –, transcribed and annotated. Written during a key period of the History of France and Victor Hugo's life, these letters present at the same time an historical and biographical interest. Drafted daily, they are also for the third reader a new record on the supported woman’s conditions, on the theatrical life in Paris, and on the hygiene and the medicine under the Second Republic. Letters offer a particular literary interest by their important generic porosity between letter, diary and conversation. These letters come along with a critical analysis, which allows highlighting the triple biographical, historical and literary interest of this corpus. Completed by all the tools which requires the understanding of these letters, this thesis provides the biographic summary of the persons quoted by Juliette Drouet as well as a glossary of the words and the expressions used by this last one.

Este trabalho pretende analisar a obra de Simões Lopes Neto e como ela se insere na tradição dos estudos folclóricos, tendo como objeto de comparação a obra de Silvio Romero, principalmente os Contos Populares do Brasil. O critério para a comparação entre os dois se deve ao fato de este ser o primeiro folclorista representativo no Brasil, além do fato de Silvio Romero recolher da tradição oral o conto “Melancia e Coco Mole”, muito semelhante ao conto de Simões Lopes Neto, “Melancia – Coco Verde”. A análise parte do contraponto entre os projetos dos dois autores e como estes se complementam ou se distanciam. É possível perceber que ambos valorizam a voz do narrador oral, pertencente ao povo, carregado pela cultura popular e esquecido da historiografia oficial. Além disso, através do registro dos contos e das tradições populares, pretendem construir uma possível identidade que represente o tipo social do qual se fala, proveniente da miscigenação das três raças formadoras: o branco, o índio e o negro. No entanto, Simões Lopes Neto inova o campo do folclore ao criar um personagem-narrador com desenvolvimento psicológico e inserido em um contexto histórico específico. Enquanto Romero elimina as marcas do narrador, Simões as usa à exaustão, lançando uma nova maneira de pensar o estudo folclórico. / En este trabajo se analiza la obra de Simões Lopes Neto y cómo se encaja en la tradición de los estudios del folclore, con el objetivo de comparar la obra de Silvio Romero, principalmente los Contos Populares do Brasil. El criterio para la comparación entre los dos es debido al hecho de que este es el primer folclorista importante en Brasil, además del hecho de que Silvio Romero recoge de la tradición oral el cuento “Melancia e Coco Mole”, muy similar a la historia de Simões Lopes Neto, “Melancia – Coco Verde”. EL análisis parte del contrapunto entre los proyectos de los dos autores, cómo se coplementan y al mismo tiempo como se alejan. Se puede ver que tanto el valor de la voz del narrador oral, del pueblo, llevado por la cultura popular y olvidado por la historiografía oficial. Además, mediante el registro de los cuentos y tradiciones populares, con la intención de construir una posible identidad que represente el tipo social que se habla, y que proviene de la mezcla de las tres razas de origen: el blanco,el indio y el negro. Sin embargo, Simões Lopes Neto innova el campo del folclore para crear un personaje-narrador con el desarrollo psicológico insertado en un contexto histórico específico. Mientras Romero elimina las marcas del narrador, Simões las utiliza hasta el cansancio, introduciendo una nueva forma de pensar para estudiar el folclore.

Long, Xiang. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 223-247). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Book Summary: Poetry Criticism assembles critical responses to the writings of the world's most renowned poets and provides supplementary biographical context and bibliographic material to guide the reader to a greater understanding of the genre and its creators. Each entry includes a set of previously published reviews, essays and other critical responses from sources that include scholarly books and journals, literary magazines, interviews, letters and diaries, carefully selected to create a representative history and cross-section of critical responses. Although poets and poetry are also covered in other titles from the Gale Literature Criticism series, Poetry Criticism offers a greater focus on understanding poetry than is possible in the broader, survey-oriented entries in those series. Clear, accessible introductory essays followed by carefully selected critical responses allow end-users to engage with a variety of scholarly views and conversations about poets and their works. Student's writing papers or class presentations, instructors preparing their syllabi, or anyone seeking a deeper understanding of the genre will find this a highly useful resource.

Vigilantism has a long history in the United States stretching back to the Regulator movement in South Carolina in 1767. These extralegal movements are distinguished from spontaneous and ephemeral mob activity by their regular organization and limited life-span. The San Francisco Committee of Vigilance of 1856 was the largest vigilante movement in American history. After a summer of vigilantism that included four hangings, the committee turned to politics and formed the People’s Party which dominated San Francisco's city government for the next decade. The 1856 committee is generally considered the great exemplar of American vigilantism and has received considerable attention from scholars. San Francisco’s 1856 vigilance committee regarded itself as a reorganization of that city's 1851 Committee of Vigilance. Like its more illustrious offspring, the 1851 committee hanged four men and banished many others. The vigilantes of 1851 did not, however, form a political party. Because of this some scholars have considered the work of the 1851 committee to be incomplete and have deemed it less worthy of attention than the committee of 1856. But in attempting to understand the intellectual grounding of San Francisco's vigilantes, this view is incorrect. The vigilantes in 1856 felt they were carrying on the work of the 1851 committee. Thus, to comprehend the events of 1856 it is necessary to understand the inspiration for the 1851 vigilance committee. The key to vigilantism in San Francisco lies in 1851. An understanding of the spirit which animates vigilantism is valuable because of what it reveals about American concepts of self-government. Vigilantes conceive of their their authority as springing from the same source as does that of the government: the people. San Francisco provides an extraordinary case for the study of notions about popular sovereignty in antebellum America. In order to make sense of what happened in San Francisco in 1851 this thesis first analyzes the political thought and philosophy that had developed in America to that time. It also examines the changing social ethos that came to emphasize equality. The two vigilance committees of San Francisco were a consummation of the political and social developments of antebellum America. I have relied on the extensive secondary literature for my interpretation. San Francisco in 1851 was in the midst of a singular episode in American history: the gold rush. The promise of riches made California the reification of the ideals of equality and opportunity that matured during the antebellum era. For the exploration of California and San Francisco I have used secondary sources and some primary sources, especially the Alta California, one of San Francisco’s newspapers. This reliance on the Alta was in part due to its availability. The attitudes toward vigilantism expressed by the 표L후르 were similar to other California newspapers. All of them supported the vigilantes in 1851. The episode of vigilantism in 1851 was a formative experience for the city of San Francisco. It served as an example of popular action and helped to define the limits of such action for the city's residents. The relationship between popular action and government was illuminated in San Francisco. Because of the way in which the people were endowed with power, they could create government and later defy that same government without destroying their creation.

Bibliography: leaf 628-669.