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E. E. Cummings' reputation as America's pre-eminent avant-garde poet obscures his significant use of schemes and tropes in his traditional and free verse poems. Because of his influence as a sonneteer and lyricist, his poetics constitute an important facet of our modern definition of poetry. However, he did not formulate a coherent statement of his aesthetic theories. Therefore, inductive research is necessary to define "the necessary anything"--those elements which Cummings' practice indicates are essentially poetic.Cummings' traditional poems include his "Epithalamion," ballade-derivations, and a large body of sonnets. All of his sonnets are fourteen lines long; and most maintain line lengths of approximately ten syllables; follow rhyme schemes based on five, six, or seven rhymes; and adhere to traditional rhetorical patterns of development. Deviations from the prescribed scheme include experimental rhymes and rhyme schemes, metrical and rhetorical variations, and a wide variety of subjects and themes. Freedom to deviate from prescribed forms renders the choice to use traditional schemes and tropes significant. Cummings elects to use meter, rhyme, allusion, allegory, personification, metaphor, simile, irony, paradox, onomatopoeia, and economy in his sonnets and free verse.Besides esoteric typography and innovative syntax, half-rhyme and rhetorically significant rhyme and metrical patterns are his trademarks. Additionally, this study demonstrates that Cummings' typography is generally organic and that his aesthetic theories are grounded in the modern romantic movement. While innovation is primary in Cummings' poetics, traditional schemes and tropes are highly significant in the composition and artistic achievement of his poetry. In Cummings' poetry, "the necessary anything" is a product of his formal education in classical and contemporary literatures and his eccentric invention. / Department of English

The thesis provides a scholarly introduction to most of Robert Louis Stevenson's short stories: New Arabian Nights, More New Arabian Nights: The Dynamiter, The Merry Men and Other Tales, The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, Island Nights' Entertainments, 'When the Devil was Well,' 'The Body-Snatcher,' 'The Misadventures of John Nicholson' and 'The Tale of Tod Lapraik' from the novel Catriona. The approach here is contextual: the discussions of each story draw on Stevenson's essays and other writings, and remark on some of the more significant literary or historical sources of which Stevenson had made use. The earlier versions (including manuscripts or manuscript fragments) of certain stories are also remarked on, in order to provide a fuller understanding of that story's development over a period of time. Five appendices are included, tabulating in detail the differences between the earlier versions and the final published versions of these stories. These introductory remarks are also directed towards providing a particular reading of the short stories. This reading begins by drawing attention to the neglected 'new' Arabian Nights, French and South Pacific stories, and refers to them as 'romantically comic.' It then suggests that, with endings characterised by reconciliation and resolution, these stories present an essentially 'restorative' or 'remedial' process: it is this process that allows these stories to be defined as 'romantically comic.' The term 'remedial' has significant implications: in these stories a character may literally be 'healed' or 'restored,' and the setting itself (for example, the forest of Fontainebleau in 'The Treasure of Franchard') may possess 'healing' properties. The thesis examines the implications of this comic 'remedial' process, and shows how it operates in and controls the outcome of these stories. By contrast, a number of these stories are not at all 'romantically comic.' Stories such as 'The Body-Snatcher' or The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde present a process that is by no means 'remedial' or 'restorative': instead, an opposite process of decline or 'deterioration' is traced where, now, a character may literally lose his health. These gloomier and more tragic stories examine the 'symptoms' of such a 'deteriorated' condition: premature ageing, the sleepless night, the nightmare or the feverish dream, the dependance upon and enslavement to drugs or 'powders,' and so on. The thesis thus classifies two essentially opposite kinds of short story: the 'romantically comic,' with its 'restorative' ending and its 'remedial' process, perhaps literally representing the recovery of a character's health; and the gloomier 'tales for winter nights' which, by contrast, present a process of 'deterioration' where, for various reasons, a character's health is lost and is never finally recovered. The thesis implies a connection between these two processes, operating throughout the short stories, and Stevenson's own condition as an invalid (with its connotations of 'deteriorating' health) and a convalescent (with its opposite connotations of recovery). Indeed, for Stevenson, the act of writing stories is itself significant in this context.

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This thesis takes as its starting point the consensus among scholars and interpreters of Joseph Roth’s work that his writing can be divided into two periods: an early “socialist” phase and a later “monarchist” phase. In opposition to this view, a reading of Roth’s novels is put forward in which his desire to make sense of post-Habsburg Central Europe provides the underlying logic, thus reconciling his early novels with Radetzkymarsch and Die Kapuzinergruft. The first chapter addresses the common contention that the transformation in Roth’s work is the result of a deep identity crisis. An alternative reading of the relevance of Roth’s identity to his work is offered: namely, that Roth’s conviction that identity is multivalent explains his rejection of both nationalism and other “solutions” to the problems of post-war Europe, a sentiment that finds expression in his early novels. The interpretation of these novels, which represent Roth’s early attempts to give literary form to contemporary reality, is the focus of the second chapter of the thesis. In the third chapter Radetzkymarsch is analyzed as a historical novel in the terms first proposed by Georg Lukács, as a novel which facilitates the understanding of the present through the portrayal of the past. Paradoxically, it is the historical form that most effectively captures and illuminates the complex reality of Roth’s contemporary times. The fourth and final chapter demonstrates that Die Kapuzinergruft is not simply an inferior sequel to Radetzkymarsch, a nostalgic evocation of an idealized lost Habsburg world and condemnation of the 1930s present, but rather continues the dialogue between past and present begun in Radetzkymarsch. In this novel, written before and in the immediate aftermath of the Anschluß of Austria to Nazi Germany, it is not Roth but his narrator who takes flight from reality, behaviour that Roth condemns as leading to the repetition of mistakes from the past and the failure to prevent the ultimate political catastrophe.

Thesis (M.A.)--Guo li zheng zhi da xue. / Cover title. Mimeo. copy. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.)--Zhongguo wen hua xue yuan. / Reproduced from typescript. Includes bibliographical references (p. 283-290).

Thesis (M.A.)--Zhongguo wen hua xue yuan. / Reproduced from typescript. Includes bibliographical references (p. 283-290).

Thesis (M.A.)--Guo li zheng zhi da xue. / Cover title. Mimeo. copy. Includes bibliography.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-16T21:31:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2016-01-08T14:13:47Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 170099.pdf: 30113052 bytes, checksum: fb50bb648cc73b9ce5d67e9fca93f2d0 (MD5)