The objective of this diploma thesis is to map one of the evolution periods of midwifery with regards to the previous era of this profession and to emphasize the transformation of a non-professional granny to a serious medical occupation in the South Bohemian region. The first part of the thesis is dedicated to the development of midwifery from its beginning to the 20th century and the outline of the role of a midwife throughout the centuries. Based not only on available literature but on the original handbooks and archival resources as well, the particular chapters focus on physical as well as character requirements of the midwives, their duties, and activities related to birth giving. The thesis also looks into the alleged rituals that formed an integral part of child delivery. To sum up, a midwife is portrayed on many levels in order to get a better idea of women who performed their midwifery service and often dedicated their lives to it.

Zu den bevorzugten Kunstgattungen gehörte in der Klassik auch in der Slowakei die Musik. Der kosmopolitische Charakter der Musikkunst sicherte die Kontinuität beim Übergang des Mäzenatentums vom Adel auf das Bürgertum (bei fortdauernder Mäzenatenrolle der Kirche) auch in jener Zeit, als die Übernahme des Mäzenatentums durch das Bürgertum bei uns Stagnation, sogar den Niedergang anderer Kunstgattungen zur Folge hatte. Zeugnis von der bedeutenden Position der Musik im Leben der zeitgenössischen Gesellschaft in der Slowakei und in ganz Ungarn gibt die Vielzahl an erhaltenen Noten.

The sustained interaction of local elites and British administrators in the West Himalayas over the decades that surrounded the early colonial encounter (c. 1790-1840) saw the emergence of a distinctly new understanding of communal identity among the leaders of the region. This eventful period saw the mountain ('Pahari') kingdoms transform from fragmented, autonomous polities on the fringes of the Indian subcontinent to subjects of indigenous (Nepali, Sikh) and, ultimately, foreign (British) empires, and dramatically altered the ways Pahari leaders chose to remember and represent themselves. Using a wide array of sources from different locales in the hills (e.g., oral epics, archival records and local histories), this thesis traces the Pahari elite's transition from a nebulous group of lineage-based leaders to a cohesive unitary milieu modelled after contemporary interpretations of Hindu kingship. This nascent ideal of kingship is shown to have fed into concurrent understandings of Rajput society in the West Himalayas and ultimately to have sustained the alliance between indigenous rulers and British administrators.

Throughout history, there have been playful prefaces to literature (or in classical oratory, before display pieces). But German examples written by authors around 1800 to their own works, together with contemporary, self-authored prefaces to speculative philosophy, constitute a peculiarly paradoxical text type. Once literature was conceived as an autonomous domain rather than as a branch of general learning; as a popular book market took hold; and once systematic philosophy competed with literature’s broad acclaim as well as intellectual independence, the preface became not only a pragmatic, but also a creative and conceptual problem. Hence the preface became complicated as a form, in a broadly Romantic tradition of thought in which every act of genuine reflection was understood to expose epistemological contradiction. After my general, theoretical Preface and my comparative, historical Introduction, I focus on three preface paradoxes and three case studies of remarkably complex textuality: on Goethe, Jean Paul and Hegel. Most notable among their prefatory texts are the prefaces to Werther (1774), to a fictive second edition of Quintus Fixlein (1797) and to Phänomenologie des Geistes (1807). This trajectory is a story that begins with literary creativity and moves towards greater philosophical intricacy. The significance of my study is threefold. First and foremost, considering prefaces in this period of German literature and philosophy complements and augments the negative, subjective Early German Romantic idea of irony, Romantic textual fragmentation, as well as Jean Paul’s and Hegel’s literary and philosophically informed attempts to render both concepts and their manifestation on the page more positive and objective. Fragments are conventionally conceived as additive pieces, fortifying or undermining works. This conception can hold true for prefaces, including those by Goethe, Jean Paul and Hegel. At the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth century, though, a number of writers of fragments argued that their works should be understood as wholes. Precisely some prefaces by Goethe, Jean Paul and Hegel can be read so paradoxically: as unifying, wholesome (in a Sentimental sense) and systematic fragments respectively. Second and third, I show the wider importance of the German preface at the turn of the nineteenth century. Authors around 1800 not only displayed, but discovered and debated a prefatory paradoxicality that we encounter in post-Romantic, post-Structuralist and post-modern literature, theory and philosophy, too. Moreover, I demonstrate the ways in which prefaces by particularly Jean Paul and Hegel influenced especially Kierkegaard, Heidegger and Derrida.

After the Battle of White Mountain on 8 November 1620 the non-catholic-minded nobility and burghers left the country. It was not until the 1720s that common people started to go into exile in response to oppressive servitude. During the reign of Emperor Charles VI (1711-1740) the Czech lands saw another wave of recatholisation.1 The non-catholic religious movement was born by the simplest people of the lowest social rank. These new exiles left especially for Slovakia, Silesia, and Saxony. Many groups of exiles from the Czech lands merged in their new environment with local protestant churches. However, one particular group of emigrants from the region of Fulnek2 (especially from Těšín and Suchdol nad Odrou), led by the carpenter Kristián David from Ženklava3 , maintained some independence and inspired the founding of the congregation in Herrnhut (Ochranow) in Upper Lusatia, and later the establishment of an independent church known as the renewed Unity of the Brethren (Moravian Church).4 The congregation formed in Herrnhut between 1722 and 1727 was strongly influenced by Count Nicolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf. As a landowner on whose territory the said congregation arose, Zinzendorf became a sort of spiritual leader of the fraternity. He tried to keep the congregation within the Saxon Lutheran...

This thesis investigates whether lead mining can be detected using palaeoenvironmental data recovered from freshwater loch and marsh sediment. Using radiometric time-frames and geochernical analyses the environmental impact of 18th and 19th century mining on Islay, Inner Hebrides, Scotland, has been investigated. The model of known mining events thus produced has been used to assess previously unrecorded (early) lead mining activity. Previous mining in the area is suggested by 18th century accounts that record the presence of 1,000 "early" workings scattered over the north-east limestone region. While there is little to support the often repeated assertion that lead mining dates back to the Norse Period (circa lOll th centuries) it is clear that it may well have been an established industry prior to the time of the first historical records in the 16th century. In order to use a palaeoenvironmental approach to the question of mining history and its impact, the strategy has been to use integrated loch and catclunent units of study. The areas considered are; Loch Finlaggan, Loch Lossit, Loch Bharradail and a control site at Loch Leathann. Soil and sediment geochemical mapping has been used to assess the distribution of lead, zinc and copper within the catchments. Environmental pathways have been identified and influx of lead, zinc and copper to the loch sediment has been detennined through the analyses of cores from each loch basin. Archaeological fieldsurvey and the re-examination of the results from mineral prospecting data across the study region provides new evidence on the geographical extent and contaminatory effects of leadmining in this area. This study shows how the effect of lead mining can be identified in the palaeoenvironrnental record from circa 1367 AD onwards, so mining in Islay does indeed predate the earliest known archaeological and historical records.

Orientador: Leandro Karnal / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T17:29:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernandes_LuizEstevamdeOliveira_D.pdf: 8728707 bytes, checksum: 84d6116f8e3c0f48f43fe6565dc43fdf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Este trabalho demonstra como, no espaço de pouco mais de um século entre as publicações de Clavijero (1780) e México a através de los siglos (1889), se operou a construção da imagem do indígena asteca, do território mexicano e do mestiço como sinônimo de mexicanidade. Ao verificar como se deram essas construções discursivas, também se estudou como se deu a invenção do discurso histórico científico no México, em um movimento que ligou política, nacionalismo, memória, identidade e história. Para concretizar esses objetivos, este estudo foi divido em três capítulos. O primeiro tem como foco entender os usos da representação dos índios, que se acentuou como epítome de passado clássico mexicano. Pensando a constituição da identidade mestiça do final do século XIX, as perguntas a se responder foram "qual nossa raiz?", "quem fomos?". O segundo capítulo tem como objetivo entender a constituição do discurso sobre o território mexicano, porque há implicações políticas relacionadas à sua construção e legitimação como narrativa. Em outras palavras, o capítulo tenta responder à pergunta "onde estamos?" ou "onde vivemos?". No terceiro capítulo, demonstra-se como a própria noção de mestiço foi se tornando uma opção para o discurso racializado que havia no México. Do ponto de vista da identidade, buscava-se a constituição de uma memória em torno da questão "quem somos?". Na conclusão, é possível ver como, ao construir determinado discurso nacional, que definiu uma identidade e uma memória para o país, a História construiu-se como relato científico e balizado sobre o passado do México. / Abstract: This work demonstrates how three representations, that of the Aztec Indian, the Mexican territory and the mestizo as the essence of the Mexican, were invented in the one hundred years between the publications of Clavijero's work (1780) and México a através de los siglos (1889). As this study verified how these discursive constructions were made, the invention of History as a scientific discourse was simultaneously perceived as a combination of politics, nationalism, memory, identity and history. In order to achieve such goals, this work was divided into three parts. The first one aimed to understand the uses of the representation of Indians, which stressed itself as the epitome of Mexican's classical past. Thinking of the constitution of the mestizo's identity in the end of the 19th century, there were some questions that needed to be answered: "which were our roots?", "who were we?". Understanding the discourse on the Mexican territory and how it was generated revealing its political implications in regards to this construction and its legitimacy as a narrative was the main purpose of the second chapter. In other words, the chapter sought to answer the questions "where are we?" or "where do we live?". The third chapter demonstrates how the mestizo concept itself became an option to the racialized discourse that existed in Mexico. From identitarian standards, we searched for the constitution of a memory around the question "who we are?". In this work's conclusion it is possible to see how, while the national discourse was built determining the country's identity and memory, History, as a scientific and arbitrated account on Mexico's past, was built. / Doutorado / Historia Cultural / Doutor em História

in English The aim of this thesis is to interpret and categorize the lesser known novel Thaddeus of Warsaw by the Scottish author Jane Porter. The novel is characterised by the use of several genre conventions - most importantly those commonly found in the conservative anti-jacobin novel or national tale, historical novel and novel of sensibility. Porter's novel is interpreted from all three perspectives and also compared to other relevant novels from roughly the same period: Self- Control by Mary Brunton, The Old English Baron by Clary Reeve and The Wild Irish Girl by Lady Morgan. The comparison aims at the contextualization of Thaddeus of Warsaw and the observation of similarities and differences in the approach to certain themes or motives. The most important motives is that of a trial that shows the character of the protagonist in action, continuity, universality and even a certain parabolic nature of history, an emphasis on virtue and the use of sentimental conventions to portray the emotions of characters. This analysis is preceded by an interpretation of two authorial prefaces. The new one (from 1831) claims that the work it comments on is a historical novel published even before Sir Walter Scott's Waverley, usually considered the first historical novel. The older preface published alongside...

In meinem Beitrag werde ich mich hauptsächlich auf die italienische Oper in Ljubljana konzentrieren, obwohl auch deutsche Theatergruppen, die ich am Rande erwähnen werde, ebenfalls interessante Opernvorstellungen in dieser Zeit nach Ljubljana gebracht haben.

Title: National identity and assimilation in relation to the social environment in Plovdiv (18th - 19th century) Abstract: The dissertation presented here arises from the perception of national identity being a kind of collective identity, which is designated by state (political) as well as non-state (cultural) nation-constituting symbols. I have tried to examine the permanence, stability and objectivity of these symbols in relation to the social environment in Plovdiv during the process of national awakening as part of Bulgarian national movement (18th - 19th century). During this period the central position in Plovdiv's social environment was held by a numerous group of people so-called Graecomen. Graecomen voluntarily renounced their Bulgarian-origin identity and exchanged it for a Greek identity. The origins of Graecomania may be found in the long-term cultural and economical co-existence of the Bulgarians and the Greeks. Since the Middle Ages there was a stable Greek community in Plovdiv, which dominated significantly the social climate. This dominance became the key motivating factor for the spread of Graecomen as Bulgarian burgers tried through the means of a favourable marriage to infiltrate the Greek community and in this way to achieve a higher social status. The highest level of intensity of...