Relatively little is known of European artists who worked for short periods of time in the American Colonies during the eighteenth century. Perhaps Cosmo Alexander was typical of other artists who came to America seeking greater opportunity than in their homeland, only to leave several years later, perhaps disillusioned and no wealthier. Artists who are better known stayed in America long enough to build up clientele in a broad area and produced enough works to have many survive long enough to be documented by later sources. As the subjects in many of Alexander's portraits show, there was a large prosperous middle-class patronage of the art of portraiture. Considering the social conventions of the time, personal references and letters of recommendation would have facilitated travel and introduction to prospective clients. The emphasis of this research is the patronage which Cosmo Alexander found in the American Colonies as evidenced by portraits executed between 1765 and 1771. Family connections, Scottish ancestry and communities having large Scottish populations have played a part in determining probable routes. In 1961 Gavin L. M. Goodfellow submitted a thesis to Oberlin College on Cosmo Alexander. This was the first and (to date) the only extensive monograph on the artist. The thesis was general in nature, covering Alexander's life and listing all paintings known at that time, only sixteen of which were believed to have been painted in America. Because he dealt in detail with Alexander's total biography and stylistic characteristics, only one chapter was devoted to American works. Since Goodfellow's research the number of American paintings signed by or attributed to Alexander has increased from sixteen to twenty-six. With greater documentary evidence available, patterns can be established and generalizations made which possibly are typical of other artists in similar circumstances.

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Cette thèse étudie le rapport des élites du monde politique, économique et intellectuel à leur patrimoine en Ecosse. A la fin du XVIIe siècle, après la Restauration de 1660, la situation économique de l’Ecosse est encore morose et le contexte politique incertain. Pourtant un renouveau intellectuel s’exprime ouvrant la voie aux Lumières écossaises du XVIIIe siècle. Il transforme les Arts, domaine où les aristocrates vont jouer un rôle décisif. Non seulement ces derniers sont ouverts aux idées nouvelles du continent dont ils ont pu apprécier les richesses grâce au Grand Tour et aux échanges commerciaux mais ils disposent aussi des moyens financiers et politiques de réaliser des projets ambitieux. Tandis que l’investissement artistique demeure l’apanage de la seule aristocratie jusqu’au début du XVIIIe siècle, de nouveaux mécènes issus de la gentry, des professions juridiques et commerciales prennent une part croissante aux innovations au cours du siècle. La terre et le domaine étant une source majeure de reconnaissance sociale, cette étude saisit le sens de l’investissement entrepris par les différents propriétaires terriens écossais. Les récits de voyageurs, les mémoires, les correspondances, les journaux intimes, les inventaires des demeures, les plans d’architectes et les représentations visuelles révèlent la créativité d’hommes de talent –architectes, artisans et artistes– en architecture et en décoration intérieure. Cette thèse expose la richesse d’une rencontre avec la Hollande, la France et l’Italie et rend compte d’une complexité, à savoir préserver le patrimoine familial et national, source d’immense fierté, et œuvrer au progrès auquel de nombreux Ecossais n’ont de cesse de vouloir contribuer. / This thesis analyses the connection between the elites belonging to the political, economic and intellectual world and their cultural heritage in Scotland. At the end of the 17th century, most specifically after the Restoration of 1660, the economy of Scotland was still sluggish whilst its political situation remained unsettled. However, an intellectual revival took place and paved the way for the 18th century Scottish enlightenment. It transformed the Arts, a field in which the aristocrats took a leading role. Not only were they open to the new ideas of the continent –the treasures of which they had been able to appreciate thanks to the Grand Tour and through trade– but they also had the financial and political means to carry out ambitious projects. Whereas artistic investment remained the aristocrats’ prerogative until the beginning of the 18th century, new patrons belonging to the gentry and to the legal and trading professions emerged and fostered innovations throughout the century. Since land property and estate were considered to be a major source of social recognition, this thesis explores the meaning and impact of various Scottish landowners’ investment. Travel books, memoirs, private correspondence, diaries, house inventories, architects’ plans and visual representations reveal the creativity with which some gifted men –architects as well as artists and artisans– carried out original projects in architecture and interior decoration. This thesis lays stress on Scotland’s rewarding encounter with Holland, France and Italy and shows a certain complexity expressing itself in the need to preserve the national heritage –source of immense pride– and the desire –shared by many Scots– to take part in progress.

Au cours de sa longue histoire, Rome a soumis de nombreux peuples et augmenté singulièrement la taille de son territoire au point de devenir le centre de gravité de tout l’univers antique. L’essor extraordinaire de cette cité a toujours intrigué les penseurs. Rien d’étonnant dès lors si Montesquieu, philosophe français des Lumières, a étudié à son tour le monde romain et son développement dans un grand nombre de ses ouvrages. Afin de faire comprendre les raisons de la grandeur des Romains ainsi que de leur décadence, Montesquieu a examiné l’évolution de la politique et de la morale romaines depuis la fondation de l’Vrbs jusqu’à sa chute. L’auteur analyse attentivement les institutions civiles et militaires romaines afin de déterminer leur excellence – sans oublier de signaler leurs limites. Dans sa démarche sociologique et critique, cet écrivain s’appuie sur une riche documentation livresque qui révèle la grande influence de Machiavel et de Bossuet. Néanmoins, de son œuvre se dégage un point de vue novateur qui ouvre la voie à des champs d’investigation inédits. / During its long history, Rome has subjugated numerous peoples. Its territory increased so much that it became the center of gravity of the whole antique world. The extraordinary expansion of that city has therefore always surprised the thinkers. Understandably Montesquieu, a French philosopher of the Age of Enlightenment, has himself studied the Roman world and its development in a number of his works. In order to explain the reasons behind the magnificence and the decadence of the Romans, Montesquieu examined the evolution of Roman politics and ethics from the foundation of the Vrbs until to its decline. The author carefully analyses the Roman civil and military institutions in order to establish their excellence and even to point out their limits. In his sociological and critical approach, this writer uses a rich literature that reveals the influence of Machiavel and Bossuet. Nevertheless from his work emerges an innovative standpoint that opens up for original fields of investigation.

Cette thèse vise à comprendre les postures de résistances et de fuites que les esclaves africains ont constamment opposées au système colonial esclavagiste. Faute de témoignages directs, du fait de l’absence d’équivalent français aux slave narratives anglophones, nous avons tenté d’exhumer ces paroles étouffées en analysant leurs reconstitutions dans les textes d’auteurs français du XVIIIe siècle qui les ont recueillies et mises en scène, entre 1730 et 1792. Nous avons essayé de comprendre les multiples formes de résistances actives auxquelles ont participé ces sujets historiques, qui ne sont souvent représentés par l’historiographie que comme des victimes passives.Notre travail étant d’ordre littéraire, nous avons problématisé les structures et les formes de l’énonciation présentes dans ces textes secondaires et apparemment dérivés, appartenant à une grande variété de genres. Qu’est-ce qui parvient à y filtrer des voix du marronnage, à travers leurs multiples modalités de transmission, traduction, trahison ? De quels types de résistances à l’oppression esclavagiste et coloniale portent témoignage ces textes écrits en français à l’époque des Lumières ? En quoi les outils de l’analyse littéraire peuvent-ils nous aider à éclairer leurs enjeux historiques, politiques et culturels ? Ces questions sont abordées à travers une analyse fine de quelques récits de rebellions, de prises de paroles, de détournements, de fuites, et autres formes de résistances relevant du marronnage, tels que ces récits apparaissent dans la langue des colons. En conclusion, nous tentons de relier ces textes anciens à certaines écritures récentes de littérature caribéenne. / This dissertation, entitled Maroons’ Voices in 18th-Century French Literature, attempts to understand the various modes of resistance and escape which African slaves have constantly opposed to the colonial system of slavery. In the absence of slave narratives in French, our goal was to hear their lost voices through a close analysis of their echoes within texts written by a number of French authors who staged them, with many diffractions and deformations. Emphasis is put on the agency expressed in these countless forms of resistance, by populations who are too often misrepresented as passive victims.This study being literary in nature, it focuses on the structures and forms of enunciations encountered in these apparently derivative works written between 1730 and 1792, in order to frame the refracted presence of maroons’ voices through their transmission, translation, and deformations. What types of resistance to colonial oppression filter through these indirect and often ambivalent forms of literary testimony? How can a literary sensitivity help us grasp their historical, political and cultural stakes? Such questions are discussed through a series of close readings of selected narratives of escape, denunciations, struggles, rebellion and vengeance, taken from a variety of literary genres, all written in the colonizers’ language. In conclusion, these texts written 300 years ago are revisited in the light of recent developments in Caribbean writings.

O presente trabalho consiste em uma tradução comentada do Essay on the dramatic character of Sir John Falstaff, de Maurice Morgann, e em um ensaio introdutório. Apesar de não ser um dos grandes nomes da crítica literária inglesa do século XVIII, Morgann é sempre lembrado por ser um crítico inteligente e, seu ensaio, um dos mais interessantes de sua época. A tradução, acompanhada de notas e inédita no português, é precedida por um ensaio no qual, após a apresentação e contextualização do autor, discute-se alguns dos aspectos centrais da obra, explorando o universo conceitual do ensaio em especial as ideias de character, wit e humour , tendo em vista a história da crítica shakespeariana na Inglaterra. / The work consists of an annotated translation of Maurice Morganns Essay on the dramatic character of Sir John Falstaff and an introductory essay. Although Morgann is not seen as one of the greatest names in the history of eighteenth-century English literary criticism, he is always remembered by his intelligence and his essay is considered by many as one of the most interesting ones of his time. The annotated translation is preceded by an essay in which the author is presented and contextualised, prior to an investigation of some central aspects of Morganns work, such as the ideas of character, wit and humour, bearing in mind the history of Shakespearean criticism in England.

O objetivo desta tese é um estudo comparativo dos romances Fanny Hill, or Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure (1748-1749), do inglês John Cleland, e Margot La Ravaudeuse (1750), do francês Jean-Charles Fougeret de Monbron. Os dois romances fazem parte do conjunto de narrativas eróticas libertinas que inundaram o emergente mercado livreiro europeu durante o Iluminismo e contam as memórias de duas jovens prostitutas respectivamente em Londres e Paris em meados do século. Partindo do pressuposto segundo o qual as duas narrativas se organizam num contínuo que oscila entre a sociabilidade e a individualidade, o objetivo desta análise comparativa é compreender como estes dois temas, fundamentais na experiência setecentista e no processo de formação do romance moderno, são formalizados nas memórias de Margot e Fanny Hill através de procedimentos estruturais recorrentes na literatura da libertinagem. / The aim of this dissertation is a comparative study of the novels Fanny Hill, or Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure (1748-1749), by John Cleland, and Margot la Ravaudeuse (1750), by Jean-Charles Fougeret de Monbron. Both novels are part of the body of erotic libertine narratives that flooded the emerging European book market during the Enlightenment and tell the memoirs of two young prostitutes respectively in London and Paris during the mid-18th-century. Assuming that the two narratives are organized according to a continuum which oscillates between sociability and individuality, the objective of this comparative analysis is to understand how these fundamental themes in 18th-century life as well as in the rise of the modern novel are formalized in the memoirs of Margot and Fanny through reccurring structural procedures found in libertine literature.

Dedicamos estudar neste trabalho o ofício da música nas vilas de Recife e Olinda ao longo do século XVIII. Neste caso, partindo de um olhar etnomusicológico de um espaço-tempo histórico e com atenção aos conceitos "nativos", propomos compreender a partir dos esboços das trajetórias de cinco músicos e de suas redes de relações o exercício profissional dos músicos e suas práticas musicais no contexto sociocultural das vilas de Recife e Olinda. Assim, conseguimos perceber a existência de diversas compatibilidades culturais e estético/performáticas da música com o centro do Império Português, resultante dos frequentes trânsitos e comunicações dos músicos dos dois lados do Atlântico, o que justifica a frequente atuação na metrópole dos músicos transitados da capitania de Pernambuco para com uma forte rede clientelar lisboeta ao longo do século XVIII, composta pelos ricos comerciantes e mercadores, mas também pela alta nobreza e pelo alto clero. No espaço de Recife e Olinda propomos compreender como os músicos se articulavam em torno dos compartilhamentos, práticas e exercício profissional da música em uma sociedade altamente hierarquizada como a do Antigo Regime. Assim, percebemos a existência de uma "hierarquia do ofício da música", resultante não apenas do acúmulo de conhecimento prático e especulativo, mas também das redes clientelares constituída por esses músicos. Essas redes clientelares, fomentadoras inclusive dos trânsitos dos músicos à metrópole, eram responsáveis também por um subjetivo controle do ofício da música em grande parte dos setecentos, ao mediar a atuação dos músicos sob suas proteções. Entretanto, na segunda metade do século XVIII, ocorreu um aumento no número de músicos e uma redução dos serviços para com essas redes clientelares, decorrente das políticas econômicas das reformas pombalinas, o que resultou na necessidade da organização e controle do ofício da música na vila do Recife, acontecimentos que impulsionaram a constituição da Irmandade de Santa Cecília do Recife. Assim, ao construirmos os esboços das cinco trajetórias com suas redes de relações, tendo atenção ao contexto sociocultural desses músicos, conseguimos extrair e aprofundar questões subjetivas de possíveis práticas normativas musicais e sociais, possibilitando contribuir e avançar nos estudos musicológicos brasileiros, no sentido de uma maior compreensão dos músicos e das práticas musicais setecentistas da América Portuguesa. / This thesis studies the music craft in the villages of Recife and Olinda throughout the 18th century. Departing from an ethnomusicological perspective on this social space allied with an attention to "native" concepts, we propose to cover the trajectories of five musicians and their professional networks as well as their musical practices in the sociocultural context of these colonial villages. Thus, we can perceive the coexistence of diverse cultural and performative compatibilities of these musical practices with the center of the Portuguese Empire, as a result of the frequent transits and communications of musicians on both sides of the Atlantic. These transits clarifies the frequent presence in the metropolis of musicians transited from the captaincy of Pernambuco tied to a strong clientele composed of local wealthy merchants and merchants, but also tied to the high nobility and high clergy in Lisbon. In the space of Recife and Olinda we propose to understand how the musicians were articulated around the shares, practices and professional exercise of the music in the highly hierarchized society of the Ancien Régime. Thus, we perceive the existence of a "hierarchy of the music craft", resulting not only from the accumulation of practical and speculative knowledge, but also from the clientelistic networks constituted by these musicians. These patronage networks, including the transits of the musicians to the metropolis, were also responsible for a subjective control of the music trade in most of the seven hundred, in mediating the performance of the musicians under their protections. However, in the second half of the eighteenth century, there was an increase in the number of musicians and a reduction of services to these patronage networks, resulting from the economic policies of the Pombaline reforms, which resulted in the need to organize and control the music craft in the village of Recife, events that resulted in the formation of the Brotherhood of Santa Cecilia of Recife. Thus, in constructing the sketches of the five trajectories with their networks of relationships, taking into account the sociocultural context of these musicians, we were able to extract and deepen subjective questions of possible musical and social normative practices, making possible to contribute and advance in Brazilian musicological studies, towards a greater understanding of musicians and eighteenth-century musical practices in Portuguese America.

This investigation traces the history and development of music theory in Mexico from the date of the first Mexican treatise available (1776) to the early second half of the nineteenth century (1866). This period of ninety years represents an era of special importance in the development of music theory in Mexico. It was during this time that the old modal system was finally abandoned in favor of the new tonal system and that Mexican authors began to pen music treatises which could be favorably compared with the imported European treatises which were the only authoritative source of instruction for serious musicians in Mexico.

This thesis explores the existence and outlook of a European officer class in the mid- to later 18th century by studying the army officers of Britain and the Habsburg Monarchy from the War of the Austrian Succession to the eve of the French Revolutionary Wars. It illuminates the character of such an officer class of ‘Military Europe’ with its own cultural customs and practices. Furthermore, it details similarities, differences and peculiarities of both officer corps. This is achieved by analysing the social and national composition of both armies, with a focus here on the Habsburg Army due to the fact that it took in great numbers of foreigners and that the muster lists give an indication of how great the proportion of nobility was. A comparison with the British case shows striking similarities but also obvious differences. In a further step the ability of individuals for social advancement and national mobility is scrutinised on both sides. In this context, the state’s care for its officers and their social security is also taken into account. One possibility to acknowledge the officers’ service was to raise their status, either by ennoblement or through increasing the prestige of the uniform in court and society, its transformation into an ‘Ehrenkleid’ (garment of honour). As officers increasingly became servants to the state, rather than noble retainers and military enterprisers, they were also subject to professionalization efforts by the sovereigns. What becomes apparent, however, is that the officers did not only react to such measures but that at least a significant part of them actively worked on improving the service, thereby exhibiting a growing professionalism. In order to explore the coherence of the officer corps in those armies, with officers all following the same codes and accepting each other as equals, the thesis looks into core values (including honour, duty, courage and loyalty) binding them together and separating them from the enlisted men. The thesis will also offer a glimpse of their engagement with civilian society and culture as well as their role as ‘foot soldiers of Enlightenment’. On a European level, interaction between these officers proves their general acceptance of and respect for each other, while at the same time acting as state representatives in wartimes. Their interaction with non-European and non-state military forces and their leadership marks out the fluid boundaries of military Europe, but also exhibits the pervasiveness of European military culture.