Orientador: Samuel Alves Soares / Banca: Héctor Luis Saint Pierre / Banca: Rafael Antonio Duarte Villa / O programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais é instituido em parceria com a UNESP/UNICAMP/PUC-SP, em projeto subsidiado pela CAPES, intitulado "Programa San Tiago Dantas" / Resumo: Após os atentados de 11 de setembro de 2001, o governo dos Estados Unidos aprofundou o processo de securitização do chamado terrorismo fundamentalista nos marcos da "Guerra ao terror", identificando-o como uma ameaça existencial ao país. Iniciativas imediatas foram tomadas, após a edição do Patriot Act, que aumentaram o poder de ação repressiva do Estado e que possibilitaram intervenções militares no exterior, como no Afeganistão, ainda em 2001, e no Iraque, em 2003. Agir pela via da excepcionalidade possibilita aos Estados fornecer respostas rápidas para questões emergenciais no cenário internacional. A opção pela exceção, por ser uma escolha política, está envolta em uma séria de componentes ideacionais que contribuíram para a tomada de decisão. Considera-se, portanto, que no caso da segunda Guerra do Iraque o entendimento do processo de securitização só pode ser completo se levado em consideração tanto o desencadeamento político quanto a fundamentação ideacional que o conformou. A consideração desses fatores também é fundamental para averiguar as antinomias e fragilidades da teoria de securitização quando aplicada a este caso concreto / Abstract: After the attacks of September 11, 2001, the U.S. government intensified the process of securitization in response to the fundamentalist terrorism within the framework of the "war on terror", identifying it as an existential threat to the United States. Immediate initiatives were taken, after sanctioning the Patriot Act, which increased the power of repressive action and that allowed military interventions in Afghanistan, in 2001, and Iraq in 2003. Exceptionality acts enable states to provide quick responses to emergency issues on the international scene. The choice of exception, as a political choice, is marked by a series of ideational components that contributed to that decision. Therefore, in the case of the second Iraq War the understanding of the securitization process can only be complete if taken into consideration both the political process and the ideational foundations that conformed the securitizing movement. The consideration of these factors is also crucial to ascertain the antinomies and weaknesses of securitization theory when applied to this case / Mestre

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-04-09T13:03:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 João Leopoldo e Silva.pdf: 6402288 bytes, checksum: d3b037e7023d3505e8659d9ef856d0eb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-09T13:03:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 João Leopoldo e Silva.pdf: 6402288 bytes, checksum: d3b037e7023d3505e8659d9ef856d0eb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-08 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / This research aims to analyze two journalistic productions regarding to the recent phenomena that led to the expansion of the paramilitary group Daesh into a 'Caliphate', the so-called Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). Several media companies sent correspondents and journalists who, through news, sought to keep their viewers connected and informed about the ongoing war. Two productions among the great tangle of information available on the internet stand out in this matter: the documentary The Islamic State (2014), produced by the American news company Vice, and the magazine Dabiq (2014-2016) produced by the ISIS itself. Tied with the studies of audiovisual, journalistic and recent sources, the research seeks to follow the 'History of the Present', addressing issues focused on the media construction of EIIL in order to discuss the nuances, approximations and distancing of both productions in focus / A presente pesquisa busca analisar duas produções jornalísticas sobre o fenômeno recente da expansão do grupo paramilitar islâmico Daesh em um ‘Califado’, o chamado Estado Islâmico do Iraque e do Levante (EIIL). Diversas companhias de comunicação enviaram correspondentes e jornalistas que, através de notícias, buscaram manter seus espectadores conectados e informados sobre a guerra em andamento. Duas produções dentre o grande emaranhado de informações disponíveis na internet se destacam neste sentido: o documentário The Islamic State (2014), produzido pela companhia norte-americana de notícias Vice, e a revista Dabiq (2014-2016) realizada e produzida pelo próprio EIIL. Ancorada nos estudos perante fontes audiovisuais e jornalísticas, a pesquisa visa ir ao encontro da ‘História do Presente’ abordando questões voltadas à construção midiática do EIIL de maneira a discutir as nuances, aproximações e distanciamentos das produções em foco

Les histoires de guerre occupent une place prédominante dans l'imaginaire collectif et servent souvent à légitimer l'emploi de la force ou le maintien du statu quo au niveau de la sécurité internationale. Ces histoires sont véhiculées à travers diverses sources dans la société, dont la culture populaire, et en particulier le cinéma, qui constituent donc des terrains particulièrement fertiles pour en comprendre les tenants et aboutissants. Car ces histoires reposent sur des structures narratives bien précises qui sont bâties sur des inégalités de genre et de « races », entre autres rapports de pouvoir. Or, qu'en est-il des histoires « antiguerre » ou visant à dénoncer un ou plusieurs aspects de la guerre en général ou d'une guerre en particulier? Ces histoires reposent-elles sur les mêmes structures inégalitaires? La guerre en Irak présente un cas d'étude particulièrement intéressant pour répondre à cette question vue son impopularité auprès de la population américaine, reflétée au sein des productions cinématographiques. Ainsi, trois films américains de fiction portant sur la guerre en Irak et critiquant un ou plusieurs aspects de celle-ci seront analysés : In the Valley of Elah (2007), Green Zone (2010) et Home of the Brave (2006). Plus précisément, en utilisant un cadre théorique issu des études féministes poststructuralistes de la sécurité internationale, les masculinités et féminités mises en scène dans ces narrations seront analysées dans le but d'en déceler les composantes genrées et racisées ainsi que leurs effets sur la charge critique du film. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : sécurité internationale, genre, « races », histoires de guerre, guerre en Irak

Orientador: Reginaldo Mattar Nasser / Banca: Carlos Gustavo Poggio Teixeira / Banca: Cláudia Alvarenga Marconi / O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais é instituído em parceria com a Unesp/Unicamp/PUC-SP, em projeto subsidiado pela CAPES, intitulado "Programa San Tiago Dantas" / Resumo: O objetivo desta dissertação é fazer uma investigação a respeito do impacto e influência que a diplomacia, em sua vertente multilateral, pode ter sobre a opção dos membros do governo dos EUA em fazerem uso de suas forças armadas no exterior. A análise é desenvolvida com base no estudo de caso específico da Guerra contra o Iraque, que teve início em março de 2003. Primeiramente desenvolvemos uma delimitação conceitual do que entendemos por unilateralismo e multilateralismo como sendo categorias de classificação do grau de abertura e influência de outros atores na política externa de um determinado Estado. Em seguida, fazemos uma revisão bibliográfica da história da política externa norte-americana, identificando os sentidos e possíveis fontes respectivas do unilateralismo e multilateralismo neste panorama, e quais as suas especificidades. Finalmente, desenvolvemos a análise proposta, através da contextualização da questão iraquiana e do envolvimento norte-americano nela, para em seguida identificarmos na ação dos EUA o grau em que sua atuação diplomática envolveu outros atores e interesses, com vistas a realizarmos uma gradação do seu multilateralismo ou unilateralismo e se esta categorização serve para o melhor entendimento do papel que a diplomacia teria na política externa dos EUA especificamente no caso da guerra resultante deste processo. Nossas conclusões apontam para um balanço complexo, pois as fontes trabalhadas indicam uma forte vocação unilateral na escolha da opção militar para desarmar o Iraque. Porém, ao mesmo tempo é possível notar que houve um amplo e sistemático esforço de convencer aliados e especialmente o Conselho de Segurança da ONU da legitimidade e da necessidade da ação militar contra o Iraque. E este esforço parece não ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of this dissertation is to make an investigation about the impact and influence that diplomacy in its multilateral expression may have in the option of using military forces abroad by members of the government of the United States. The analysis is developed for the specific case of the Iraq war, which started in March 2003. First we present one conceptual understanding of unilateralism and multilateralism as categories of classification of the degree of openness and influence of others actors in the foreign affairs of one State. After this we make one bibliographical review of the history of United States foreign affairs, identifying the meanings and the possible sources of unilateralism and multilateralism in its development, and which are their specificities. Then, we develop the proposed analysis, through the details about the context of the Iraqi crisis and north American involvement in it, and afterwards we identify in the United States action the degree in which its diplomatic action involved others actors and interests, for the purpose of having a scale of its multilateralism or unilateralism. Then we evaluate if these categories are useful for the better understanding of the role diplomacy may have in the United States foreign policy, specifically in the case of the war. Our conclusions points out a complex balance, since our sources indicate a strong unilateral tendency in the choice about the military option to disarm Iraq. However, at the same time we could see an wide and systematic effort to convince allies and specially the UN Security Council of the legitimacy and the need of the military action against Iraq. This effort appears to not have been more insistent on the account of the favorable domestic conditions for the war, with the support of US Congress, and the threat of a veto openly made by others member of ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

xiv, 162 p. / In my dissertation I argue that the invasion of Iraq was a part of a larger project by Vice President Dick Cheney and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld to reestablish the unconstrained use of U.S. military power after the defeat of Vietnam. The study presents the best evidence against the alternative explanations that the invasion of Iraq was the result of an overreaction to 9/11, the threat of Weapons of Mass Destruction, a plan to spread democracy in the Middle East, a desire to protect Israel or a plan to profit from Iraqi oil. The study also challenges the leading explanation among academics that emphasizes the role of the neoconservatives in the decision to invade. These academics argue that neoconservatives, such as Paul Wolfowitz and Richard Perle, successfully persuaded the American President, George W. Bush, and his Vice President, Dick Cheney, of the necessity to eliminate Saddam Hussein by winning an internal policy battle over realists, such as Secretary of State Colin Powell. With their narrow focus on neoconservatives and realists, scholars have largely overlooked a third group of hawkish policy makers, the primacists. This latter group, centered on Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld and Vice President Cheney, had a long standing goal of strengthening the U.S. military and presidential powers in order to pursue U.S. primacy. This goal manifests itself in the invasion of Iraq, a country in the heart of the geopolitically important, oil-rich region of the Persian Gulf. I demonstrate that it was the primacists, not the neoconservatives, who persuaded the President to go to war with Iraq. Through historical process tracing, especially through a close look at the careers of the major policy actors involved and their public statements as well as declassified documents, I provide strong evidence that these leaders wanted to pursue regime change in Iraq upon taking office. The invasion of Iraq would extend the War on Terror, providing an opportunity to pursue their long-held policy of strengthening the power of the presidency and transforming the military into a high-tech and well-funded force. / Committee in charge: Jane Kellet Cramer, Chairperson/Advisor; Lars S. Skålnes, Member; Daniel J. Tichenor, Member; Val Burris, Outside Member

The project investigated the events that led the United States from September 11, 2001 to the current war in Iraq. The specific time frame examined was the period beginning on September 11, 2001 and ending with the first pre-emptive attacks in Iraq on March 19, 2003.

Thèse en cotutelle : Université Laval Québec, Canada et Ghent University, Gent, Belgique / Notre étude porte sur un corpus transnational (États-Unis, France, Italie, Espagne et Canada) de romans et de récits qui traitent des guerres d'Irak et d'Afghanistan et qui ont été écrits à la fois par des civils et des anciens combattants. Dans le contexte du retrait progressif des troupes occidentales dans la région jusqu'à la fin de la mission américaine en 2021, nous nous sommes demandé quel sens la fiction peut donner à vingt années d'interventions armées dans ces conflits et de quelle manière elle raconte la sortie de guerre. Après avoir relevé la présence de références subtiles, mais récurrentes, aux traumatismes sociaux de la guerre du Vietnam, nous avons remarqué que l'affect négatif entourant ces représentations finissait par se transformer en force positive. Le syndrome de stress post-traumatique devient croissance post-traumatique, la prison devient purgation, le mensonge devient fiction, l'Agent Orange devient fertilisation et les tueurs de bébés deviennent sauveurs d'enfants. Les personnages, qui sont le plus souvent traumatisés par leur expérience en Irak ou en Afghanistan, mobilisent paradoxalement l'imaginaire du Vietnam pour se libérer de l'emprise de la guerre. Enfermés dans un espace traduisant leur état mental, ils s'enfuient par procuration au sein d'espaces symboliques qui refigurent les deux univers traumatiques. Nous avons entrepris de retracer ce repli imaginaire qui prend la forme d'une stratégie de sortie, car il révèle le fantasme des sociétés occidentales, qui rêvent d'un désengagement militaire et cherchent à conjurer leurs démons. Les critiques font souvent référence aux termes de tactiques, d'opérations et de stratégies narratives, mais nous avons cherché à retrouver le sens militaire de ces concepts pour analyser la littérature de guerre. / This study focuses on a transnational corpus (United States, France, Italy, Spain, and Canada) of novels and stories written by both civilians and veterans about the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. Against the background of the gradual withdrawal of Western troops from the region until the disengagement of the U.S. forces in 2021, we asked ourselves what meaning fiction can give to twenty years of armed intervention in these conflicts and what kind of picture it paints of the aftermath. After identifying subtle but repeated references to the social traumas of the Vietnam War, we observed that the negative emotion associated with such portrayals was eventually transformed into a constructive and empowering force. Post-traumatic stress disorder becomes post-traumatic growth, prison becomes purgation, lies become fiction, Agent Orange becomes a fertilizer, and baby killers become saviors of children. Paradoxically, characters who are often traumatized by their experience in Iraq or Afghanistan harness the mythos of the Vietnam war to free themselves from the grip of war. Locked in a space that reflects their mental state, they escape by proxy into symbolic spaces that recast the two traumatic worlds. We set out to investigate this notional withdrawal, which takes the form of an exit strategy that brings to light the desire of Western societies to pull out of their military commitments and by the same token, ward off their demons. While critics often refer to terms such as tactics, operations and narrative strategies, we have instead sought to reclaim the military meaning behind these concepts in order to analyze the literature of war. / Ons onderzoek richt zich op een transnationaal corpus (Verenigde Staten, Frankrijk, Italië, Spanje en Canada) van romans en verhalen die handelen over de oorlogen in Irak en Afghanistan en geschreven zijn door zowel burgers als veteranen. In de context van de geleidelijke terugtrekking van de westerse troepen uit de regio tot het einde van de Amerikaanse missie in 2021, vroegen we ons af welke zin fictie kan geven aan twintig jaar gewapende interventie in deze conflicten en hoe literaire teksten het einde van de oorlog verhalen. We stelden vast dat veel verwijzingen naar de sociale trauma's van de Vietnamoorlog op een subtiele manier vaak terug komen, maar merkten tegelijk op dat het negatieve affect rond deze voorstellingen wordt omgevormd tot een positieve kracht. Posttraumatische stress-stoornis wordt vervangen door posttraumatische groei, gevangenis wordt loutering, leugens worden fictie, Agent Orange wordt bevruchting en babymoordenaars worden redders van kinderen. De personages, die meestal getraumatiseerd zijn door hun ervaringen in Irak of Afghanistan, mobiliseren paradoxaal genoeg de verbeelding van Vietnam om zich te bevrijden uit de greep van de oorlog. Opgesloten in een ruimte die hun mentale toestand weerspiegelt, vluchten ze bij volmacht in symbolische ruimtes die de twee traumatische werelden weerspiegelen. Wij hebben getracht deze denkbeeldige terugtrekking, die de vorm aanneemt van een exit-strategie, te traceren omdat ze het droombeeld blootlegt van de westerse samenlevingen die dromen van een militaire terugtrekking en hun demonen proberen te bezweren. Critici verwijzen vaak naar termen als tactieken, operaties en narratieve strategieën, maar wij hebben geprobeerd om de militaire betekenis van deze concepten terug te vinden om de oorlogsliteratuur te analyseren.

Thèse en cotutelle : Université Laval Québec, Canada et Ghent University, Gent, Belgique / Notre étude porte sur un corpus transnational (États-Unis, France, Italie, Espagne et Canada) de romans et de récits qui traitent des guerres d'Irak et d'Afghanistan et qui ont été écrits à la fois par des civils et des anciens combattants. Dans le contexte du retrait progressif des troupes occidentales dans la région jusqu'à la fin de la mission américaine en 2021, nous nous sommes demandé quel sens la fiction peut donner à vingt années d'interventions armées dans ces conflits et de quelle manière elle raconte la sortie de guerre. Après avoir relevé la présence de références subtiles, mais récurrentes, aux traumatismes sociaux de la guerre du Vietnam, nous avons remarqué que l'affect négatif entourant ces représentations finissait par se transformer en force positive. Le syndrome de stress post-traumatique devient croissance post-traumatique, la prison devient purgation, le mensonge devient fiction, l'Agent Orange devient fertilisation et les tueurs de bébés deviennent sauveurs d'enfants. Les personnages, qui sont le plus souvent traumatisés par leur expérience en Irak ou en Afghanistan, mobilisent paradoxalement l'imaginaire du Vietnam pour se libérer de l'emprise de la guerre. Enfermés dans un espace traduisant leur état mental, ils s'enfuient par procuration au sein d'espaces symboliques qui refigurent les deux univers traumatiques. Nous avons entrepris de retracer ce repli imaginaire qui prend la forme d'une stratégie de sortie, car il révèle le fantasme des sociétés occidentales, qui rêvent d'un désengagement militaire et cherchent à conjurer leurs démons. Les critiques font souvent référence aux termes de tactiques, d'opérations et de stratégies narratives, mais nous avons cherché à retrouver le sens militaire de ces concepts pour analyser la littérature de guerre. / This study focuses on a transnational corpus (United States, France, Italy, Spain, and Canada) of novels and stories written by both civilians and veterans about the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. Against the background of the gradual withdrawal of Western troops from the region until the disengagement of the U.S. forces in 2021, we asked ourselves what meaning fiction can give to twenty years of armed intervention in these conflicts and what kind of picture it paints of the aftermath. After identifying subtle but repeated references to the social traumas of the Vietnam War, we observed that the negative emotion associated with such portrayals was eventually transformed into a constructive and empowering force. Post-traumatic stress disorder becomes post-traumatic growth, prison becomes purgation, lies become fiction, Agent Orange becomes a fertilizer, and baby killers become saviors of children. Paradoxically, characters who are often traumatized by their experience in Iraq or Afghanistan harness the mythos of the Vietnam war to free themselves from the grip of war. Locked in a space that reflects their mental state, they escape by proxy into symbolic spaces that recast the two traumatic worlds. We set out to investigate this notional withdrawal, which takes the form of an exit strategy that brings to light the desire of Western societies to pull out of their military commitments and by the same token, ward off their demons. While critics often refer to terms such as tactics, operations and narrative strategies, we have instead sought to reclaim the military meaning behind these concepts in order to analyze the literature of war. / Ons onderzoek richt zich op een transnationaal corpus (Verenigde Staten, Frankrijk, Italië, Spanje en Canada) van romans en verhalen die handelen over de oorlogen in Irak en Afghanistan en geschreven zijn door zowel burgers als veteranen. In de context van de geleidelijke terugtrekking van de westerse troepen uit de regio tot het einde van de Amerikaanse missie in 2021, vroegen we ons af welke zin fictie kan geven aan twintig jaar gewapende interventie in deze conflicten en hoe literaire teksten het einde van de oorlog verhalen. We stelden vast dat veel verwijzingen naar de sociale trauma's van de Vietnamoorlog op een subtiele manier vaak terug komen, maar merkten tegelijk op dat het negatieve affect rond deze voorstellingen wordt omgevormd tot een positieve kracht. Posttraumatische stress-stoornis wordt vervangen door posttraumatische groei, gevangenis wordt loutering, leugens worden fictie, Agent Orange wordt bevruchting en babymoordenaars worden redders van kinderen. De personages, die meestal getraumatiseerd zijn door hun ervaringen in Irak of Afghanistan, mobiliseren paradoxaal genoeg de verbeelding van Vietnam om zich te bevrijden uit de greep van de oorlog. Opgesloten in een ruimte die hun mentale toestand weerspiegelt, vluchten ze bij volmacht in symbolische ruimtes die de twee traumatische werelden weerspiegelen. Wij hebben getracht deze denkbeeldige terugtrekking, die de vorm aanneemt van een exit-strategie, te traceren omdat ze het droombeeld blootlegt van de westerse samenlevingen die dromen van een militaire terugtrekking en hun demonen proberen te bezweren. Critici verwijzen vaak naar termen als tactieken, operaties en narratieve strategieën, maar wij hebben geprobeerd om de militaire betekenis van deze concepten terug te vinden om de oorlogsliteratuur te analyseren.

En utilisant le cas des volontaires occidentaux ayant combattu l'État islamique (EI) en Syrie et en Irak, et une triangulation intraméthode, ce mémoire explore l'engagement dans la violence politique de ces individus et contribue à l'élaboration d'une théorie typologique plus large. À partir de données originales -- des entretiens et des autobiographies -- et secondaires, le mémoire identifie deux profils typiques de mobilisation -- les Militaro-Escapistes et les Politico-Utopistes -- avec chacun leurs mécanismes propres, analysés au travers du cadre théorique proposé par Xavier Crettiez en 2016. Le mémoire soutient qu'il n'y a pas de chemin unique et linéaire vers la violence politique et qu'il n'est pas nécessaire d'avoir la présence d'un évènement déclencheur pour y conduire. Il s'agit plutôt d'un processus lent et progressif s'étalant sur de nombreuses années d'interactions en personne qui pousse les militants à considérer cette option comme judicieuse et faisable. La socialisation violente est donc essentielle, car elle développe les identités collectives et les cadres cognitifs des acteurs. De plus, le mémoire propose que ces acteurs possédaient tous la volonté d'acquérir un statut, la reconnaissance des autres et une raison d'être. Finalement, le cas étudié permet de confirmer que les individus ne doivent pas nécessairement être immédiatement disponibles biographiquement pour ultimement rejoindre une guerre à l'étranger. Certains volontaires se sont rendus disponibles, mettant de côté des responsabilités personnelles, ou ont attendu d'être disponibles, parfois pendant plusieurs mois. / Using the case of Western volunteers who fought against the Islamic State (IS) in Syria and Iraq, and a within-method triangulation, this thesis explores the engagement processes into political violence of those individuals and contributes to the development of a broader typological theory. Drawing from original material -- interviews and autobiographies -- and secondary data, it identifies two ideal-type profiles of mobilization -- the Militaro-Escapists and the Politico-Utopists -- with each their specific mechanisms, analyzed using the framework proposed by Xavier Crettiez in 2016. The thesis argues that there is no unique and linear path toward political violence, and there is no need for such thing as a triggering event to lead one into using it. It is rather a slow and progressive process spanning over many years of in-person interactions that push militants to consider this option as sound and feasible. As such, violent socialization is essential for the development of collective identities and cognitive frames. Moreover, the thesis proposes that violent political actors all greed status, recognition from others, and significance. Finally, the case studied confirms that individuals do not necessarily have to be biographically available in the first place to ultimately join a foreign war. Some of the volunteers made themselves available, setting aside responsibilities they had, or waited to be available, sometimes for many months.

Orientador: Samuel Alves Soares / Banca: Cristina Soreanu Pecequilo / Banca: Carlos Gustavo Poggio Teixeira / Banca: Thiago Moreira de Souza Rodrigues / Banca: Stefano Guzzini / O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais é instituído em parceria com a Unesp/Unicamp/PUC-SP, em projeto subsidiado pela CAPES, intitulado "Programa San Tiago Dantas" / Resumo: Como uma estrutura geral, o objetivo mais amplo desta tese é contribuir para o aprofundamento do debate em Relações Internacionais acerca da interconexão entre identidade e resultados políticos. Mais do que focar em como as articulações de uma identidade são realizadas por agentes específicos, esta tese está interessada em avançar o argumento de que a identidade "faz" alguma coisa e, portanto, tem através das práticas discursivas a capaacidade do que chamei de 'causalidadena- constituição'. Dessa forma, proponho a elaboração de um modelo para avaliar como os dispositivos de uma identidades podem ser mobilizados em contextos políticos, mais especificamente nos processos de tomada de decisão de política externa dos EUA. Neste sentido, através da avaliação dos casos empíricos da contrução das narrativas nos EUA para (des)legitimar as intervenções no Kosovo (1998/1999), a Guerra do Golfo (1999/1991), Afeganistão (2001) e Iraque (2003), apesar da intenção geral de desenvolver uma visão mais ampla do debate sobre política externa dos EUA após a Guerra Fria, esta tese também visa avaliar a força representacional da identidade como fonte de ordem para o âmbito nacional e propor um gradiente, de momentos de menor a maior insegurança ontológica, através dos quais pode-se visualizar a capacidade dos pontos de ancoragem da identidade para 'reassentar' a identidade e colocá-la de volta no lugar. / Abstract: As a general framework, the overall objective of this thesis is to further develop the interconnection between identity and political outcomes. More than focus on how articulations of identity are performed by specific agents, this thesis is interested in advance the argument that identity 'does' something and, therefore, has through discursive practices what I called a causality-in-constitution capacity. First, I propose a model to evaluate how identities' dispositions can be deployed in political contexts, more specifically in US foreign policy decision-making processes. In this sense, through the evaluation of the empirical cases of US narratives to legitimate the interventions in Kosovo (1998/1999), the Gulf War (1999/1991), Afghanistan (2001) and Iraq (2003), despite the general intention of this thesis to develop a bigger picture of the US foreign policy debate after the Cold War, it also aims at evaluating the representational force of identity as a source of national order and propose a gradient, from moments from less to more ontological insecurity, through which one can visualize identity's anchor points capacity to ground identity and put it back in place. / Resumen: Como una estructura general, el objetivo más amplio de esta tesis es contribuir a la profundización del debate en Relaciones Internacionales acerca de la interconexión entre identidad y resultados políticos. Más que enfocar en cómo las articulaciones de una identidad son realizadas por agentes específicos, esta tesis está interesada en avanzar el argumento de que la identidad "hace" algo y, por lo tanto, tiene a través de las prácticas discursivas la capa de lo que llamé de ' causalidad la constitución'. De esta forma, propongo la elaboración de un modelo para evaluar cómo los dispositivos de una identidad pueden movilizarse en contextos políticos, más específicamente en los procesos de toma de decisiones de política exterior de los Estados Unidos. En este sentido, a través de la evaluación de los casos empíricos de la construcción de las narrativas en los Estados Unidos para (des) legitimar las intervenciones en Kosovo (1998/1999), la Guerra del Golfo (1999/1991), Afganistán (2001) e Irak (2003), a pesar de la intención general de desarrollar una visión más amplia del debate sobre política exterior de los EE.UU. después de la Guerra Fría, esta tesis también pretende evaluar la fuerza representacional de la identidad como fuente de orden para el ámbito nacional y proponer un gradiente, de momentos de menor a mayor inseguridad ontológica, a través de los cuales se puede visualizar la capacidad de los puntos de anclaje de la identidad para 'reasentar' la identidad y colocarla d... (Resumen completo clicar acceso eletrônico abajo) / Doutor