Studien utforskar strukturell form, massivträ som byggmaterial, samt olika konstruktiva lösningar för en massivträbebyggelse av urbana flerbostadshus i form av kranhus. En byggnadstypologi som kännetecknas av ett markant överhäng. Utvecklings- och designprojektet tar avstamp i ett bebyggelsekoncept skapat av 2april AB tillsammans med en hållbar hamnurbanisering tillhörande Luleå kommuns stadsutveckling (Vision Luleå 2050) En kvalitativ strategi har använts vid val, utförande och nyttjandet av metoder i en iterativ designprocess. Metoder: Litteraturstudie, visuell metodik och intervjuer. / The study explores structural form, solid wood as a building material and various structural solutions for a solid wood development of urban apartment buildings in the shape of crane houses. A building typology which is characterized by its pronounced cantilever. The development and design project takes its starting point in a building concept created by 2 April Ltd. together with a sustainable port urbanization associated Luleå municipality’s development vision (Vision Luleå 2050). A qualitative strategy has been used in the selection, execution, and use of methods in an iterative design process. Methods: Literature study, visual methodology and interviews. Keywords: Crane house, Solid wood, Structure, Cantilever, Port urbanization, Vision Luleå 2050.

This paper discusses the development of an energy systems model for the southern countries of Europe. More precisely, for three main actors of the South of the European Union: Spain, Italy and Portugal. The three of them are currently facing economic difficulties due to the world financial crisis. To satisfy their energy demand at the less cost-effective price and following the EU policies in terms of greenhouse emissions requires a deep analysis of the current situation and an accurate forecast for the upcoming years. There are several EU (EU 20/20/20, treaty of Lisbon and EU ETS) and UN (Kyoto Protocol) policies that are taken into account in the model to build the most realistic scenarios that can happen in the three countries in the following years. This paper is based on the electricity consumption coming from the residential, industrial and commercial sectors. The model is developed in the open source program OSINDA (OSeMOSYS with INterface and DAtabase). It considers different possible scenarios for the three countries from 2010 to 2050 and asses the paths to follow in terms of infrastructure investments for the upcoming years. The baseline scenario takes into account the current taxes in CO2 emissions, the current capital, fixed and variable costs and the prices of the imports of fossil fuels. Then, there are plausible futures that analyze different possible scenarios (with the normal uncertainty of the future). The source code and modelling data is publicly available under the intellectual protection of Creative Commons®.

The changes that we are seeing and anticipating are largely due to human behaviour. Arctic sea ice is at the lowest levels ever recorded. The volume of Arctic ice has decreased dramatically over the past decade. . The consequences of losing the Arctic ice cover are expected to be enormous if the ice is no longer able to reflect sunlight, as the region could warm more than it is now. And water quality would go to its lowest levels since the flooding levels is higher.  Industry also is considered as major source of water pollution; it produces pollutants very harmful to people and the environment. Many industrial plants use freshwater surfaces for the transfer of waste from the factory to rivers, lakes and oceans. This could lead to increased ocean temperatures with unknown effects on the weather system. Moreover, the natural habitats of many species are being destroyed. Environmentally destructive practices and the increasing number of people living in harm's way can exacerbate natural disasters. Through forest degradation and river engineering. Filling wetlands, destabilizing the climate, we are changing the natural system so that its ability to protect us diminishes. Cities around industrial locations can lose their vigor and vitality just as surely as a once hot product can lose its cutting edge cool. Meanwhile working on city development into ecological perspective means gathering all the systems together in circular system make post industrial future cities greener place to live and fresher attractive centres.

The UK has pledged to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050, compared to 1990 levels. With the residential sector accounting for roughly a quarter of the UK's total carbon emissions, and with space heating accounting for roughly two thirds of residential energy consumption, addressing heating demand will prove instrumental for the UK to reach its targets. The large-scale deployment of low-carbon heating technologies, combined with signicant improvements in energy efficiency, is seen as the primary way of reducing both energy demandand carbon emissions. In this thesis, the technical potential for energy efficiency improvements in the UK's residential space heating sector is explored. Three areas of improvement are identied: the thermal performance of the building envelope, the efficiency of heating equipment, and the use of smartheating devices. In all three areas, signicant potential exists to further reduce energy demand for space heating, and the associated carbon emissions. To understand the effects of different technology adoption patterns on energy demand for spaceheating by 2050, a selectively disaggregated bottom-up model of the UK's building stock is developed. The model projects energy demand for space heating for four different technologyadoption scenarios, based on projections of future total heated oor area. In the `Minimal effort' scenario, which assumes that the least possible amount of effort is made to improve the effciency of the space heating sector, energy demand by 2050 increases slightly, by 4.3 %. In this scenario, the achieved minor effciency improvements are not able to offset the increase in the total heated oor area, leading to this small increase in space heating energydemand. In the `Efficiency focus' scenario, which assumes that signicant effort is made to improve the efficiency of the space heating sector, energy demand by 2050 decreases by 34.5 %. Despite these signicant efficiency improvements, fossil fuels still make up roughly three quarters of the fuel mix, as no major shift to cleaner energy sources has been achieved. In contrast, in the `Renewables focus' scenario, which focuses on shifting towards renewable heating options, energy demand decreases slightly less, by only 32 %, but fossil fuels make up only around 46% of the fuel mix, due to the uptake of low-carbon options such as heat pumps, district heat, and biomass. The analysis carried out in this thesis shows that the UK's residential sector consists of manyold and inefficient buildings, still heavily relies on fossil fuel-fired heating equipment, and makes nearly no use of smart heating devices to further reduce energy demand for space heating. Clearly, the technical potential for achieving energy eficiency improvements is signicant, in all three of the identified improvement areas. However, achieving the targets set forth by policymakers will require strong efforts, given the relatively bad current condition of the residential space heating sector. Existing barriers to achieving these improvements should be identifiedand addressed immediately, to ensure timely efforts are possible.

Sammanfattning Effekterna av fossilbaserad energianvändning blir allt mer påtaglig. Framförallt syns det i världens klimatförändring. För att undvika större konsekvenser krävs det att de fossilbaserade energikällorna ersätts med förnyelsebara och på så sätt minska utsläppen av växthusgaser. Sverige har som mål att till år 2050 inte ha något nettoutsläpp av växthusgaser.  Det finns skäl att tro att ett sådant mål skulle kunna nås men vägarna dit är många och åsikterna om hur stor potential av förnyelsebar energi som existerar och hur mycket som skulle kunna användas i framtiden skiljer sig. I det här examensarbetet har det undersökts vilka möjligheter det finns för utvecklingen av de olika förnybara primära energikällorna till år 2020 och 2050. De primära energikällorna inkluderar vattenkraft, vindkraft, energi från biomassa och solkraft. Undersökningen är baserad på redan existerande uppskattningar och prognoser. Potentialens avgränsning är det som finns inom Sverige och inkluderar inte importerad energi. Examensarbetet berör de fysiska och praktiskt genomförbara potentialerna varav de senare även innefattar ekonomiska aspekter och baseras på det som har skrivits om dessa. Undersökningen visade att det är realistiskt att vattenkraften kommer öka sin årliga produk­tion med ca 8 TWh genom en kombination av effektiviseringar och klimatförändringar som ändrar vattenflödena till år 2050. För vindkraften drogs slutsatsen att det kommer finnas totalt ca 22 TWh/år elproduktion från vindkraftverk år 2020 och ca 37 TWh/år till 2050. Uppskattningen för 2050 gjordes med antagandet att stöd kommer att införas för den havsbaserade vindkraften. Rörande bioenergin så gick det främst att fastslå att användningen kommer att öka i framtiden och att de studerade potentialundersökningarna visade på stor variation gällande slutsatser om den tänkbara användningen. Solkraften ökar och slutsatsen var att den årliga produktionen kommer ligga på minst 5 TWh år 2020. / The effects of fossil-based energy are becoming increasingly evident. It is particularly visible in the world's climate change. In order to avoid greater consequences, the fossil-based energy sources need to be replaced by renewable ones to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions. Sweden aims to have no net emissions of greenhouse gases in 2050. There are good prospects for achieving this, but there are several ways to reach it and many opinions about how to do it. This thesis has studied the possibilities for the development of the various renewable primary energy sources until the years 2020 and 2050. The primary energy sources include hydropower, wind, biomass and solar power. The survey is based on the existing estimates and projections. The energy potential includes only the potential that exist within the borders of Sweden and do not include imported energy. The work will mainly affect the physical and practical potentials – the latter also includes economic aspects – and is based on a literature survey. The survey revealed that hydropower will increase its annual hydropower production with       8 TWh until the year 2050 as a combination of increased efficiency and climate changes that alter the amount of water flows. Regarding wind power, it was concluded that there will be a total of about 22 TWh annual electricity from wind turbines in 2050 and about 37 TWh/year by 2050. The approximation for 2050 is made with the assumption that financial support for offshore wind power will be introduced. The use of bioenergy will increase in the future and the estimates regarding the potential showed large variations. Solar power is increasing and it was concluded that it will be at least 5 TWh/year in 2020.

Ce travail vise à comprendre l’évolution de la texture cristallographique et l’anisotropie du comportement mécanique après laminage à chaud et traitements thermiques d’un Al-Cu-Li 2050 et d’un Al-Zn-Mg-Cu 7050, et expliquer leurs différences. La texture est analysée par EBSD et RX après des essais de compression plane à chaud et après des laminages à chaud industriels. L’anisotropie est étudiée sur des tôles fortes industrielles après différents détensionnements et dans différents états microstructuraux par des essais de traction à 0°, 45° et 90° par rapport à DL. Enfin, nous comparons nos mesures à des résultats simulés par des modèles de plasticité cristalline (modèles de Taylor). Il est montré que, déformés dans des conditions identiques, les deux alliages développent les mêmes textures de laminage jusqu'à une déformation de 2.6. La présence de 1% massique de Li n’est à priori pas responsable d’une texture particulière. En revanche la température de laminage, qui est généralement plus élevée pour les Al-Cu-Li que pour les Al-Zn-Mg-Cu, a un impact important aux grandes déformations, notamment en favorisant la composante Laiton {110}<112>. L'anisotropie d'une tôle laminée de 2050 est pour une large part due à la texture cristallographique. Elle augmente quand un détensionnement est effectué par traction dans la direction DL et diminue quand il est effectué à 45°/DL. La précipitation durcissante, composée de T1 Al2CuLi en forme de plaquettes sur les plans {111}Al, augmente la résistance de la direction préalablement tractionnée mais n'est pas responsable dans nos conditions expérimentales d'une forte aggravation de l'anisotropie. Dans le 7050, l'anisotropie diminue entre l’état mûri naturellement et l’état sur-revenu. La précipitation de sur-revenu du 7050 atténue l'effet de la texture cristallographique sur l'anisotropie et rend, en comparaison, le 2050 d’autant plus anisotrope. / This work aims to understand hot rolling texture evolution and anisotropy of mechanical behaviour on an Al-Cu-Li 2050 and an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu 7050, and aims to explain their differences. Crystallographic textures are analysed by EBSD and X-ray after hot plane strain compressions and after industrial hot rolling. Anisotropy of industrial hot rolled plates is investigated after different stretching and different ageing treatments by means of tensile tests at 0°, 45° and 90° to RD. Experimental results are compared to predictions using plasticity models (Taylor models). It is shown that, under the same processing conditions, the two alloys develop the same rolling textures up to strain of 2.6 ; it can be concluded that the presence of 1wt% of Li does not by itself favour a particular texture. However, it is shown that Brass component {110}<112> is favoured by an increasing rolling temperature, which is generally higher in the Al-Cu-Li than in the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu. Anisotropy of hot rolled 2050 is for a large part caused by crystallographic texture. It increases when stretch axis is at 0° and decreases when stretch axis is at 45°. Hardening precipitation, made by plate shape T1 Al2CuLi lying on the {111}Al, increases yield strength in the stretched direction but it is not responsible in our experimental conditions for a high increase of anisotropy. Anisotropy of 7050 is less important in the over aged state than in the natural aged state. Over ageing precipitation of 7050 reduces the effect of crystallographic texture on the anisotropy and makes 2050 appearing much more anisotropic.

[pt] A recente conscientização global tem influenciado em grande medida as diferentes atividades empresariais e por isto que, a Logística Verde tem um papel importante na contemporaneidade. O propósito deste trabalho é utilizar métodos de apoio à tomada de decisão multicritério como o AHP e o TOPSIS para escolher a metodologia mais apropriada para realizar a estimativa de Pegada de Carbono de um serviço de entregas de uma empresa de distribuição, neste caso, se aplicou o estudo à Courrieros, que utiliza bicicletas como veículo de transporte na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, e assim, compará-la com o mesmo serviço de entrega realizado com veículos convencionais, como a moto, demonstrando o impacto no meio ambiente. Os resultados indicaram que a metodologia PAS 2050 é a mais recomendada para realizar o cálculo de emissões de GEE deste serviço. De tal forma, calculou-se que ao empregar a motocicleta como veículo de transporte, se produziram 5102,55 kg de CO2e de emissões de GEE no mês de dezembro, ou seja, 10,89 vezes mais emissões do que a empresa Courrieros que ao utilizar a bicicleta, produz somente 468,48 kg de CO2e no mesmo período. Além disso, calculou-se, que é necessário o plantio de três (3) árvores para compensar as emissões geradas pelas bicicletas da empresa Courrieros, diferençando-se amplamente das motocicletas da empresa alternativa, a qual o número aumenta drasticamente para 36 árvores. / [en] The recent global awareness has influenced the different business activities on a large scale and for this reason, the Green Logistics plays an important role in the contemporaneity. The aim of this work is to use methods to support multicriteria decision making such as AHP and TOPSIS to choose the most appropriate methodology to carry out the estimate of the Carbon Footprint for a distribution company, on this case Courrieros, which uses bicycles as a transportation vehicle in the city of Rio de Janeiro, and thus, compare it with the same delivery service using conventional vehicles, as motorcycle, and demonstrating the impact on the environment. Results indicated that the PAS 2050 methodology is the most recommended to perform the calculation of GHG emissions for this service. Therefore, it was estimated that when using a motorcycle as a transport vehicle, 5102.55 kg of CO2e of GHG emissions were produced in December, that is, 10.89 times more emissions than Courrieros using the bicycle, which produced only 468.48 kg of CO2e in the same period. In addition, it has been estimated that three (3) trees need to be planted to compensate for the emissions generated by Courrieros bicycles, differing widely from the bikes of the alternative company, which increases sharply to 36 trees.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第14143号 / 工博第2977号 / 新制||工||1442(附属図書館) / 26449 / UT51-2008-N460 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 伊藤 禎彦, 教授 田中 宏明, 教授 米田 稔 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Retrofitting the UK domestic built environment presents an excellent opportunity to improve its energy performance. However, retrofitting homes is a complex challenge conflated by multiple factors. Due to this complexity, a shortfall exists between the full potential and realised adoption of energy efficiency measures in the UK, a phenomenon termed the ‘Energy Efficiency Gap’. While a number of technical or economic factors may help explain this gap, difficult to quantify factors, such as social motivations, barriers, and viewpoints towards energy are also significant and often under-emphasised in public policy. As such, in order to improve the understanding of the Energy Efficiency Gap and the uptake of future retrofit initiatives, this research adopted a socio-technical approach that considered social and technical retrofit factors together. Specifically, this research collected data from interviews, questionnaires, and a Q Study in the cities of Manchester and Cardiff, alongside a questionnaire that measured energy efficiency technology and behaviour preferences. An original contribution to knowledge was using the data to empirically identify motivations and barriers to adopting energy efficient technologies, as well as identifying household viewpoints towards energy use and linking them to retrofit technology and energy efficiency behaviour preferences. As a result of this research, specific policy recommendations are presented to help promote energy efficiency retrofits in the UK. This research was carried out as part of the Engineering & Physical Science Research Council and Sustainable Urban Environment research programme, “Re-Engineering the City 2020-2050 Urban Foresight and Transition Management (RETROFIT 2050)”.

As the climate change affects the world, a huge number of people are expected to be displaced from their homes, either voluntarily or involuntarily. These events are expected to increase during the second half of the century in the current state. The unique geographical location of northern Europe provides favorable conditions for agriculture, energy production, and water resources. Furthermore, the politically stable situation contributes to the many pull factors and is likely to result in increased immigration to Sweden, both within EU borders as well as outside the EU. This requires that Sweden's communities are socially sustainable. However, municipalities generally lack developed planning for social sustainability, and there is significant disagreement on how social sustainability should be interpreted and then applied in Sweden's communities. Often, the municipalities turn to Agenda 2030, the UNDP Sustainable Development Goals, and their interpretation of social sustainability. According to researchers, the level of trust between people as well as the strengthening of social capital in the communities, both at the local level and nationwide, are of utmost importance to ensure a functioning democratic society. At the same time, trust and social capital are missing as Sustainable Development Goals and as goal targets, which means that Swedish municipalities tend not to discuss how to implement building interpersonal trust into their plans. Interpersonal trust is also on the decline in Sweden, which traditionally always had a high level of interpersonal trust. Therefore, a clearer definition of the concept of social sustainability is requested, as well as the inclusion of "Interpersonal Trust" as a goal target in Goal 11 of the Sustainable Development Goals.In addition to existing economic models, a model that focuses more on social sustainability is needed. Such an economic model is Doughnut Economics. The economic model must include interpersonal trust and social capital in the social foundation, which is not the case as of now. Therefore, an adjustment of that model is required. A shift from the classical growth goals to social and ecological goals is needed in order to make the shift. An implementation of an economic model that includes social sustainability and goals for interpersonal trust and social capital is requested. By doing this, Swedish municipalities are better prepared to meet the challenges with increasing migration in the second half of the century