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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Comportamento em fadiga da liga Al-Li AA 2050 / Fatigue behavior of Al-Li alloy AA 2050

Luís Henrique Camargo Bonazzi 10 July 2013 (has links)
As novas ligas de alumínio que contém lítio são atraentes devido à sua baixa densidade, alto módulo elástico, elevada resistência mecânica e por terem boa resistência à corrosão em comparação com ligas similares que não contém lítio. A degradação do material devido à fadiga e corrosão são os dois principais fatores que contribuem para o envelhecimento de uma aeronave. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a resistência à fadiga de uma nova liga de Al-Li, denominada de AA 2050-T84, considerando os estágios de nucleação e de propagação. No primeiro caso são avaliados o efeito da variação do concentrador de tensão (kt) e o efeito da razão de tensões (R), enquanto que no segundo caso são estudados os efeitos da direção de laminação e da razão de tensões (R) na taxa de propagação da trinca por fadiga. Para o estágio de iniciação é possível observar que quanto maior o valor de R, menor é a vida em fadiga. Para um R constante, o concentrador de tensão reduz significantemente a vida em fadiga. Considerando a vida de propagação de trinca por fadiga, observa-se que, independente da direção de laminação, quanto maior o valor de R, para um mesmo ΔK, maior foi a taxa de propagação de trinca. Para um mesmo R, o expoente m da equação de Paris é maior na direção TL indicando maior velocidade de crescimento de trinca. Independentemente da direção tomada, quanto maior o valor de R maior o valor de m. O modelo matemático utilizado previu muito bem o efeito de R na taxa de propagação de trinca. A liga AA 2050 apresenta resistência à fadiga similar ligas das famílias 2XXX e 7XXX e similar a da liga Al-Li AA 2198 T8. / The new Al-Li alloys are very attractive due to its low density, high elastic modulus, increased mechanical strength, as well as good corrosion resistance in comparison with similar alloys that don\'t contain lithium. The material\'s degradation due to fatigue and corrosion are the main factors of aircrafts aging, and it is quite important to take them in account to guarantee the aircraft structural integrity. The aim of this work is to study the fatigue strength of a new Al-Li alloy, denominated as AA 2050 T84, considering both nucleation and propagation fatigue lives. In the first case were evaluated the effect of the variation of the stress concentrator (kt) and the effect of the stress ratio (R), while in the propagation life were considered the effect of the rolling direction and the stress ratio (R). From the initiation life results, it is possible to observe that as higher was R, lower is fatigue life and that the intensity of the stress concentrator reduces fatigue life significantly, independent of the R value. The results from the propagation life shows that in both LT e TL directions and for a constant ΔK, higher R induces larger fatigue crack propagation rates. Considering a constant R, the TL direction presents a larger exponent m of Paris equation, which is an indicative of higher larger crack propagation rate. Also, larger R causes larger m, independently of the rolling direction. The mathematical model used was able to take in account the R effect on the crack propagation rate. Considering the more traditional Al alloys from 2XXX and 7XXX families, and the Ali-Li alloys AA 2198 T8, the AA 2050 presented a quite similar fatigue behavior.
32

Primary production in shallow freshwater systems amid a rapidly changing world

Kazanjian, Garabet 18 October 2019 (has links)
Kleine, flache Gewässer gelten als sogenannte „hotspots“ der Primärproduktion und Kohlenstoffbindung. Diese Doktorarbeit zielt darauf ab, die Primärproduktion verschiedener kleiner Gewässer zu quantifizieren sowie die Mechanismen, die den Kohlenstoffkreislauf dieser Systeme beeinflussen, zu analysieren. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf dem Einfluss globaler Veränderungen, die diese Mechanismen verändern können Im ersten Abschnitt wurde die Primärproduktion (PP) in kleinen, temporären Söllen untersucht, die sehr anfällig für Störungen sind. Ich konnte zeigen, dass die PP der Sölle im Sommer außergewöhnlich hoch ist, was hauptsächlich auf eine hohe Makrophytenproduktion zurückzuführen ist Im zweiten Teil analysiere ich die Ergebnisse eines Experiments zum Einfluss erhöhter Temperaturen auf die benthische PP kleiner Gewässer im Frühjahr. Acht Mesokosmen wurden bei normalen und um 4°C erhöhten Wassertemperaturen gemäßigter Breiten betrieben. In der ersten Hälfte des Experiments konnte ich eine erhöhte benthische PP in den erwärmten Mesokosmen feststellen, die auf direkte Temperatureffekte und indirekte Auswirkungen einer höheren Nährstoffverfügbarkeit zurückzuführen war. Anfang Juni stieg jedoch der Einfluss der Makroinvertebraten auf das Periphyton in den erwärmten Mesokosmen, so dass keine Unterschiede in der PP mehr auftraten. Schließlich, untersuche ich die Resilienz eines Sees gegenüber einem plötzlichen Eintrag gelösten organischen Kohlenstoffs (DOC) aus dem terrestrischen Umland, der zu einer starken Braunfärbung des Wassers führte. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf Veränderungen der Wasserqualität und der aquatischen PP des Sees, nachdem sich die DOC-Konzentration verfünffacht hatte. Drei Jahren nach Erreichen der maximalen DOC- und Gesamt-Phosphor im See sanken diese signifikant, lagen jedoch noch immer 1,5- bzw. 2-fach oberhalb der Ausgangskonzentrationen vor dem DOC-Eintrag. Die benthische PP zeigte eine teilweise Erholung, erreichte jedoch ebenfalls nicht die Ausgangswerte. / Small, shallow freshwater ecosystems are now considered hotspots of primary production & carbon sequestration. Yet till recently they’ve been mostly neglected. This thesis aims at explaining the underlying mechanisms affecting carbon cycling in these systems, particularly focusing on how contemporary global changes alter ecological equilibria. In the first section, using a compartmental approach, I study primary production in small, temporary ponds (kettle holes) within agricultural fields that are highly susceptible to environmental & anthropogenic disturbances. I show that summertime gross primary production (GPP) in kettle holes is exceptionally high, mostly driven by a strong macrophyte production. In winter, periphyton contributes to the majority of the systems’ GPP. High summertime deposition, correlated to GPP, and low sediment mineralization rates, signified a high potential for carbon burial. In the second experiment, I test the impact of increased temperatures on periphyton production during spring. I use eight mesocosms running at normal & +4°C temperatures. Initially, I recorded elevated periphyton GPP in the warmed treatment driven by direct temperature effects & indirect effects of higher nutrient availability. By late spring, the trend is reversed due to increased grazing pressure in the warm treatment. In the third study, I investigate a lake’s resilience to a sudden brownification event: A 5-fold increase in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations. Within three years after peak brownification, the lake DOC & total phosphorous concentrations dropped significantly but seem to have plateaued at 1.5 & 2-fold their pre-brownification levels, respectively. Consequently, benthic GPP, which had collapsed due to light limitation at peak brownification, marked only a partial recovery, while phytoplankton (& whole-lake) GPP remained higher than pre-brownification levels. Phytoplankton & periphyton exhibited an inverse response to DOC & TP concentrations.
33

BRNO - ŠPITÁLKA_SMART CITY / BRNO - SPITÁLKA_SMART CITY

Šmídová, Lucie Unknown Date (has links)
The diploma thesis deals with the future smart district at Špitálka in Brno - Zábrdovice. The smart district will serve as a pilot territory to verify the goal setting from the vision for the #brno2050 strategy. One of the main motives is the activation of the territory by means of relevant interventions, which can start the development not only of this area, but can also have a positive impact on the entire locality. The aim of the diploma thesis is to contribute to the preparations for the revitalization of the city district and to outline possible alternatives for the phasing of development, the method of activating the territory and temporary use during the realization process. Further contribute to the discussion about cooperation public sector with private, community planning in our environment and the possibility of alternative project financing. The proposed tactics correspond to the local significance, are based on current values and lead to a sustainable urbanization process of an evolving urban environment. The work is analytically based on the current criteria of the urban environment generated by the investments of capitalist society. The proposal focuses on areas related to performative planning or an experimental form of so-called bottom-up planning and supports the principles of Smart City.
34

Funktionelle Charakterisierung des Ferredoxin Redoxsystems von Toxoplasma gondii

Frohnecke, Nora 05 April 2018 (has links)
Toxoplasmose ist weltweit eine der am häufigsten auftretenden parasitären Zoonosen mit einer geschätzten Infektionsrate von über 30%. Toxoplasma gondii (Phylum: Apicomplexa) besitzt ein Plastid ähnliches Organell, den Apicoplasten. In diesem befindet sich das einzig bekannte Redoxsystem, welches aus der Ferredoxin-NADP+-Reduktase und Ferredoxin (Fd) besteht. Fd als Elektonendonator liefert Elektronen an verschiedene essentielle Stoffwechselwege, wie der Isoprenoidvorstufen- und Liponsäuresynthese. Um die bei einem Elektronentransfer benötigte direkte Protein-Protein-Interaktion eingehend zu analysieren, wurde ein bakterielles Reverse Two Hybrid System verwendet, womit die Interaktion von TgFd und TgLipA gezeigt werden konnte. Da angenommen wird, dass Fd eine zentrale Rolle in verschiedenen Stoffwechselwegen übernimmt, ist für einen Fd Knockout ein komplexer biochemischer Phänotyp zu erwarten, der möglicherweise zum Absterben der Parasiten führt. Zur Untersuchung dessen wurden zwei komplementäre Wege verfolgt. Eine der Strategien basierte auf dem grundsätzlichen Nachweis, dass Fd unerlässlich für das Überleben von T. gondii ist. Mit Hilfe des DiCre Systems sollte ein definierter genetischer Fd Knockout hergestellt werden, welcher jedoch nicht zweifelsfrei generiert werden konnte. Bei der zweiten Strategie kam ein konditionales Knockdown System zur Anwendung, bei welchem die Expression des Fd Gens nach Induktion herabreguliert wird. Mit Hilfe dessen konnten weitreichende Auswirkungen der Fd Defizienz auf T. gondii gezeigt werden: die Fettsäuresynthese der im Apicoplasten synthetisierten Fettsäuren ist reduziert sowie die Motilität durch eine beeinträchtigte Isoprenoidsynthese verringert, wodurch insgesamt drastische Auswirkungen auf das Parasitenwachstum gezeigt werden konnten. Beide Stoffwechsel sind vom Elektronendonator Fd abhängig und durch die Fd Herabregulation betroffen. Die Ergebnisse unterstreichen die essentielle Rolle des Fd-Redoxsystems von T. gondii. / Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common parasitic zoonoses world-wide, around 30% of human beings are infected. Toxoplasma gondii (phylum: Apicomplexa) contains a unique intracellular organelle derived from plastids, called apicoplast. The only known redox system in the apicoplast consists of the ferredoxin NADP+-reductase and its redox partner, ferredoxin (Fd). The latter donates electrons to different essential metabolic pathways in the apicoplast like the last two enzymes of the isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis and the lipoic acid synthesis. To dissect protein protein interactions for an electron transfer a bacterial reverse two hybrid system was used. The physical interaction of both proteins TgFd and TgLipA could be shown. Fd is supposed to play an important role in diverse metabolic pathways, hence a knock-out of the Fd gene is expected to generate a complex biochemical phenotype and be lethal to the parasite. Therefore two complementary approaches were used to analyze the role of TgFd in this context. The first strategy shall verify the essentiality of TgFd for the survival of T. gondii. It is based on the DiCre system whereby a defined genetic knock out of TgFd is produced. Respectives parasites have been generated, but at the end no genetic Fd knock out could be produced. In the second approach a conditional knock-down was generated, where the expression of the TgFd gene is repressed after induction. The Fd deficiency has wide ranging effects on T. gondii: The fatty acid synthesis of the apicoplast-synthesized fatty acids is reduced as well as the motility is decreased due to an affected isoprenoid synthesis. In total this leads to a dramatic inhibition of parasite growth. Both metabolic pathways depend upon the electron carrier Fd and thus are affected by Fd deficiency. The results underline the essential role of the ferredoxin redoxsystem of T. gondii.
35

“How a state is made” – statebuilding and nationbuilding in South Sudan in the light of its African peers

Frahm, Ole 24 November 2016 (has links)
Afrikanische Staaten werden oft mit einem ideal-typischen westeuropäischen Nationalstaat verglichen und unweigerlich für unzureichend befunden. Diese Arbeit begegnet diesem theoretischen Missstand, indem sie eine neue Typologie des territorialen afrikanischen Nationalstaats in Abgrenzung vom europäischen Model entwickelt. Die Typologie fungiert als theoretisches Prisma für eine ausführliche Analyse des Südsudan für die Jahre 2005-2014. Gleichzeitig liefert der Vergleich mit dem Sonderfall Südsudan neue Erkenntnisse zum Wandel von Staat und Nation in Afrika. Ausgehend von einer historisch-philosophischen Querschau auf Staat und Nation in Europa, werden die grundverschiedenen Umstände von Nationalstaatsbildung im postkolonialen Afrika dargestellt. Der Autor schöpft aus einer umfangreichen Literatur, die fast sämtliche Staaten in Sub-Sahara Afrika abdeckt, um typisierte Aspekte von Staat und Nation herauszuarbeiten. Für den afrikanischen Staat sind dies der hybride Quasi-Staat, der illegitime Staat, der privatisierte neopatrimoniale Staat und der aufgedunsene Zentralstaat. Die Typologie der afrikanischen Nation besteht aus inklusivem Staatsnationalismus, dem Wiedererstarken politischer Ethnizität sowie dem ausgrenzenden neuen Nationalismus. Auf der Basis von Primär- und Sekundärquellen sowie Feldforschung, haben sich südsudanesischer Staat und Nation als überwiegend kongruent mit der Typologie erwiesen. Abweichungen bestehen jedoch im Ausmaß der Übernahme von Dienstleistungen durch ausländische NGOs, in der Struktur der neopatrimonialen Netzwerke sowie in der Rolle, die Sprache für die nationale Identität spielt. Zudem weist der Südsudan sämtliche Entwicklungstrends des postkolonialen Nationalismus parallel zueinander und nicht aufeinander folgend auf. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass sich die Bedingungen für Nationenbildung im heutigen Afrika dank Urbanisierung, moderner Kommunikationswege und dem Vorherrschen von Bürgerkriegen sehr von der Vergangenheit unterscheiden. / African states are often judged by comparison to an ideal-typical Western European nation-state, which inevitably finds the African state wanting. This thesis challenges this theoretical drawback by developing a novel typology of the African territorial nation-state in juxtaposition to the European model. The typology is then applied as a theoretical prism for an in-depth analysis of the case of South Sudan, the world’s newest state, for the period 2005-2014. At the same time, comparison to the anomalous case of South Sudan provides new insights into the changing nature of statehood and nationalism in Africa. Starting out from a historical-philosophical overview of state and nation in the European context, the very different circumstances of nation-state formation in postcolonial Africa are depicted. The author then draws on a large body of literature covering almost all of Sub-Saharan Africa to distil typified facets of state and nation. For the African state, these components are the hybrid quasi state, the illegitimate state, the privatized neopatrimonial state and the swollen centralized state. The typology of the African nation consists of inclusive state-nationalism, the resurgence of political ethnicity and exclusionary new nationalism and the politics of autochthony. Based on primary and secondary sources including fieldwork in South Sudan, the empirical reality of South Sudan’s nascent nation-state is shown to largely match the typology. Important divergences exist however in the degree of service delivery by foreign NGOs, in the dispersed nature of the neopatrimonial networks, and the role of language in nationbuilding. Crucially, South Sudan exhibits all three trends of postcolonial African nationalism at the same time rather than in successive periods. This indicates that in contemporary Africa rapid urbanization, modern communications and the prevalence of civil wars create very different conditions for nationbuilding than in decades past.
36

Napojení nového nádraží v Brně na systém veřejné dopravy / Public transport connection of the new Brno Railway station

Bartoň, Daniel January 2018 (has links)
The diploma thesis deals with the issue of the availability of the new Main Railway Station in Brno, its transfer to other location, modernization or reconstruction and its connection to the public transport system. It focuses in particular on the public transport in Brno affected by the transfer of the railway station and on regional passenger railway transport in the vicinity of Brno. It describes, evaluates and assesses various variants of the transfer of the new railway station in terms of time savings for passengers traveling through the Main Railway Station and their source or destination of travel is in Brno or in the vicinity of Brno. The most suitable appears variant B - the transfer of the station under Petrov.

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