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Thermal instability in the toxin catalytic subunit may be a common property of toxins that exit the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by exploiting the mechanism of ER-associated degradation (ERAD). The Haemophilus ducreyi cytolethal distending toxin (HdCDT) does not utilize ERAD to exit the ER, so we predicted the structural properties of its catalytic subunit (HdCdtB) would differ from other ER-translocating toxins. Here, we document the heat-stable properties of HdCdtB which distinguish it from other ER-translocating toxins. Cell-based assays further suggested that HdCdtB does not unfold before exiting the ER and that it may move directly from the ER lumen to the nucleoplasm. These observations suggest a novel mode of ER exit for HdCdtB.

Although, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) represents one of the biggest challenges in the world today, the exact immunopathogenic mechanism that leads to severe or critical Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has remained incompletely understood. Several studies have indicated that high systemic plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines result in the so-called “cytokine storm”, with subsequent development of microthrombosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and multiorgan-failure. Therefore, we reasoned those elevated inflammatory molecules might act as prognostic factors. Here, we analyzed 245 serum samples of patients with COVID-19, collected at hospital admission. We assessed the levels of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), soluble suppressor of tumorigenicity-2 (sST2) and 20S proteasome at hospital admission and explored their associations with overall-, 30-, 60-, 90-day- and in-hospital mortality. Moreover, we investigated their association with the risk of ventilation. We demonstrated that increased serum sST2 was uni- and multivariably associated with all endpoints. Furthermore, we also identified 20S proteasome as independent prognostic factor for in-hospital mortality (sST2, AUC = 0.73; HSP27, AUC = 0.59; 20S proteasome = 0.67). Elevated sST2, HSP27, and 20S proteasome levels at hospital admission were univariably associated with higher risk of invasive ventilation (OR = 1.8; p < 0.001; OR = 1.1; p = 0.04; OR = 1.03, p = 0.03, respectively). These findings could help to identify high-risk patients early in the course of COVID-19.

Das HIV-1 Tat-Protein hemmt die Peptidase-Aktivität des 20S Proteasoms durch Konkurrenz mit dem 11S Regulator/PA28 um die Bindungsstelle am Proteasom. Aus den kinetischen Daten und durch Strukturvergleiche geht hervor, dass die Aminosäuren Lys51, Arg52 und Asp67 des Tat-Proteins für den Effekt auf das 20S Proteasom verantwortlich sind und die REG/Tat-Proteasom-Bindungsstelle bilden. Eine in der 11S Regulator alpha-Untereinheit (REG alpha) identifizierte vergleichbare Struktur wird von den Aminosäuren Glu235, Lys236 und Lys239 gebildet. Durch eine Mutation der REG alpha Aminosäuren Glu235 und Lys236 zu Ala geht die Fähigkeit des REG alpha die Peptidase-Aktivität des 20S Proteasoms zu stimulieren verloren, während die Bindungsfähigkeit an den 20S Komplex erhalten bleibt. Die Bindungsstelle in REG alpha ist für die verstärkte Präsentation eines Epitops des Cytomegalovirus pp89 durch MHC Klasse I essentiell. Das Tat-Protein und das Tat-Peptid 37-72 unterdrücken die 11S-Regulator vermittelte Antigenpräsentation des pp89 Epitops. Im Gegensatz dazu weist das Tat-Peptid mit Mutation der Aminosäuren Lys51, Arg52 und Asp67 zu Ala keine Reduktion der Antigenpräsentation auf. / The HIV-1 Tat protein inhibits the peptidase activity of the 20S proteasome and competes with the 11S regulator/PA28. Kinetic assays and structural comparison found amino acids Lys51, Arg52 and Asp67 of Tat to be responsible for the effects on proteasomes, forming the REG/Tat-proteasome-binding site. A similar site identified in the 11S regulator alpha subunit (REG alpha) consists of the residues Glu235, Lys236 and Lys239. Mutation of the REG alpha amino acids Glu235 and Lys236 to Ala resulted in a REG alpha mutant that lost the ability to activate the 20S proteasome even though it still binds to the 20S complex. The site in REG alpha is needed to enhance the presentation of a cytomegalovirus pp89 protein-derived epitope by MHC class I molecules. Full-length Tat and the Tat peptide 37-72 suppressed 11S regulator-mediated presentation of the pp89 epitope. In contrast, a Tat peptide with mutation of amino acids Lys51, Arg52 and Asp67 to Ala was not able to reduce antigen presentation.

DNA is constantly subjected to chemical and mechanical damage. The ability to repair the lesions sustained is essential for all life. Double stranded DNA (dsDNA) breaks are especially toxic as both antiparallel strands of DNA are severed. The most high fidelity mechanism available to repair this damage is homologous recombination, a mechanism that uses homology from the sister chromatid to replace any lost information. Key proteins involved in maintaining genomic stability this way are conserved in all domains of life. One such component is the Mre11/Rad50 complex that is involved in the initial recognition of damage and recruitment of subsequent repair factors. Understanding the function of this DNA repair complex and any associated proteins has implications for human cancers and aging. The proteins of thermophilic archaea present an excellent opportunity to study these systems in a robust, tractable and eukaryote-like system. Archaea are in many ways biochemically unique, for example they are the only domain capable of methanogenesis. However archaea share a high level of homology with eukaryotes in many essential cellular processes such as DNA replication, homologous recombination and protein degradation. In thermophilic archaea the mre11/rad50 genes are clustered in an operon with the herA/nurA genes that form a helicase/nuclease complex. This has lead to speculation that the four proteins work together during homologous recombination to produce the 3' overhangs required by RadA to identify homology. As part of this investigation I have performed extensive bioinformatic searches of a variety of archaeal/bacterial systems. These analyses have revealed operonic linkages to other known recombinational helicase/nucleases, such as AddAB and RecBCD. These genomic linkages are especially prevalent in thermophilic organisms suggesting their functional relevance is particularly acute in organisms exposed to a high amount of genomic stress. Comparison of the evolutionary trees, constructed for each protein, makes a single genomic linkage event the most likely scenario, but cannot definitively exclude other possibilities. Exhaustive attempts were made to demonstrate an interaction between Mre11/Rad50 and HerA/NurA. Despite analysis by nickel/cobalt pulldown, immunoprecipitation, analytical gel filtration, ITC and OCTET an interaction could not be confirmed or definitively dismissed. However in the process an interesting Rad50 tetrameric assembly was identified and attempts were made to crystalize it. Hexameric helicases and translocases are key to the replication and DNA packaging of all cellular life and multiple viruses. The hexameric translocase HerA is a robust model for investigating the common features of multimeric ATPases as it is extremely stable and experimentally tractable. Here it is revealed that HerA exists in a dynamic equilibrium fluctuating between hexameric and heptameric forms with rapidly interchanging subunits. This equilibrium can be shifted to heptamer by buffering conditions or towards the hexamer by the physical interaction with the partnering nuclease NurA, raising the possibility that these alternate states may play a role in translocase assembly or function. A novel C-terminal brace, (revealed by a collaborative crystallographic structure) is investigated; as well as stabilizing the assembly, this brace reaches over the ATPase active site of its neighbouring subunit. It is seemingly involved in the conversion of energy generated by ATP hydrolysis into physical movement in the central channel of the hexamer. The regulation of homologous recombination is extremely important to prevent aberrant activity, resulting in mutations and genome reorganization. In eukaryotic organisms, it is well established that post-translational modifications and protein turnover at the proteosome play important roles in this control. In particular, there is significant interest currently in the ubiquination-proteasome destruction pathway as a mechanism for extracting DNA repair components from chromatin at the termination of the DNA repair process. To date no Ubiquitin proteins have been identified in the Archaea, however related proteins URMs/SAMPs (Ubiquitin Related Modifier/Small Archaeal Modifier Protein) have previously been identified. URMs are thought to have evolved from a common antecedent to eukaryotic ubiquitin and likely represent an evolutionary 'missing link' in the adaption of sulphur transfer proteins for covalent modifications. There has been speculation that Urm1 may play a similar role to ubiquitin in the proteasome degradation pathway and we have recently provided evidence to corroborate this. Here the potential for modification of Mre11/Rad50/HerA/NurA by Urm1 was investigated. Indeed Rad50 shows evidence of clear urmylation both in vivo and in vitro. Western blotting and mass spec analysis confirmed the covalent attachment of Urm1 to Rad50. Furthermore I present preliminary evidence that this urmylation can lead to the destruction of Rad50 via a direct physical interaction with the proteasome. This is the first evidence of such a regulatory system for Rad50. Investigating the urmylation and destruction of Rad50 was closely linked to investigating the archaeal proteasome, a close homologue of the eukaryotic proteasome. To date the majority of archaeal core proteasomes examined were believed to consist of only two subunits; alpha and beta. The subunits are arranged into heptameric rings, which then form an alpha/beta/beta/alpha stack with a single channel running through the centre of all four rings. Here we reveal that in Sulfolobus species the inner catalytic chambers are made up of mixed beta rings composed of two subunits. The first plays a crucial structural role but appears catalytically inert, while the second conveys catalytic activity. Here we investigate an inactive complex, containing only the structural beta subunit, and an active complex, containing both beta subunits. First, electron microscopy was performed on both complexes revealing the expected four-layered toroidal stack. Both complexes were subsequently investigated crystallographically. A 3.8 Å structure was determined for the inactive complex. As well as being one of the few archaeal core proteasome structures, this is also an important first step towards structurally investigating the novel three-subunit proteasome. The discovery of active and inactive beta subunits in the archaea brings them even closer to eukaryotic proteasomal systems, making the archaea even more valuable as model systems.

ABSTRACT PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CYTOPLASMIC AND PROTEASOME ASSOCIATED CHYMOTRYPSIN-LIKE PROTEASES FROM THERMOPLASMA VOLCANIUM &Ouml / zdemir, F.inci Ph.D., Department of Biology Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Semra Kocabiyik September, 147 pages In this study, two novel cytoplasmic serine proteases were isolated and characterized from thermophilic archaea Thermoplasma volcanium. The first protease was purified by ion exchange and affinity chromatographies and identified as a chymotrypsin-like serine protease mainly based on its substrate profile and inhibition pattern. The presence of protease activity was analyzed by gelatin zymography which was detected as a single band (35 kDa). Optimum temperature was found to be 60oC for azocasein hydrolysis and 50oC for N-Suc-Phe-pNA hydrolysis. Optimum activity was observed in the pH range of 6.0-8.0 with a maximum value at pH 7.0. The Km and Vmax values for the purified protease were calculated to be 2.2 mM and 40 &micro / moles of p-nitroanilide released min-1.ml-1, respectively, for N-Suc-Phe-PNA as substrate. Ca2+ and Mg2+ at 4 mM concentrations were the most effective divalent cations in activating the enzyme. In the second stage of this study, 20S proteasome of Tp. volcanium with substantial chymotrypsin-like activity was purified and characterized. This enzyme complex was purified with 19.1 U/mg specific activities from cell free extract by a four-step procedure. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed two strong bands with relative molecular masses of 26 kDa (&amp / #945 / -subunit) and 21.9 kDa (&amp / #946 / -subunit). Tp. volcanium 20S proteasome predominantly catalyzed cleavage of peptide bonds carboxyl to the acidic residue Glu (postglutamyl activity) and the hydrophobic residue Phe (chymotrypsin-like activity) in short chromogenic peptides. Low-level hydrolyzing activity was also detected carboxyl to basic residue Arg (trypsin-like activity). Chymotrypsin-like activity of Tp. volcanium 20S proteasome was significantly inhibited by chymotrypsin specific serine protease inhibitor chymostatin. When N-CBZ-Arg was used which is a substrate for trypsin, 20S proteasome was strongly inhibited by TLCK. The optimum temperature for Ala-Ala-Phe-pNA hydrolysis by the Tp. volcanium 20S proteasome was 55oC and the optimum pH was 7.5. The chymotryptic activity was significantly enhanced by divalent cations such as Ca+2 and Mg2+ at high concentrations, i.e. 125-250 mM. Keywords:Serine protease, 20S proteasome, archaea, thermophilic protease, Thermoplasma volcanium, chymotrypsin-like serine protease.

Using elements of design experiment research and autoethnography, this action research project investigated how viewing learning as complex participation in a community of practice characterized by mathematical inquiry impacted my teaching practice in a grade 10 Applied Mathematics class in a rural Manitoba high school. This report of the research project describes and analyzes both my attempts to change my teaching practice by drawing on theories of learning mathematics as complex participation in a community of practice and the changes that resulted from these attempts. The analysis focuses on the characteristics of a community of practice characterized by mathematical inquiry, how I attempted to foster such a community, what challenges I faced when I changed my teaching practice in this way, and how insights from this practitioner research project can inform the teaching of mathematics as well as theorizing about the learning of mathematics.

Using elements of design experiment research and autoethnography, this action research project investigated how viewing learning as complex participation in a community of practice characterized by mathematical inquiry impacted my teaching practice in a grade 10 Applied Mathematics class in a rural Manitoba high school. This report of the research project describes and analyzes both my attempts to change my teaching practice by drawing on theories of learning mathematics as complex participation in a community of practice and the changes that resulted from these attempts. The analysis focuses on the characteristics of a community of practice characterized by mathematical inquiry, how I attempted to foster such a community, what challenges I faced when I changed my teaching practice in this way, and how insights from this practitioner research project can inform the teaching of mathematics as well as theorizing about the learning of mathematics.

Protein misfolding and aggregation underlie several neurodegenerative proteinopathies including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) was the first gene found to be associated with familial ALS. Overexpression of human mutant or wild type SOD1 in transgenic mouse models induces motor neuron (MN) degeneration and an ALS-like phenotype. SOD1 mutations, leading to the destabilization of the SOD1 protein is associated with ALS pathogenesis. However, how misfolded SOD1 toxicity specifically affects human MNs is not clear. The aim of this thesis was to develop patient-derived, cellular models of ALS to help understand the pathogenic mechanisms underlying SOD1. To understand which cellular pathways impact on the level of misfolded SOD1 in human cells, we established a model using patient-derived fibroblasts and quantified misfolded SOD1 in relation to disturbances in several ALS-related cellular pathways. Misfolded SOD1 levels did not change following reduction in autophagy, inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, or induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress. However, inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) lead to a dramatic increase in misfolded SOD1 levels. Hence, an age-related decline in proteasome activity might underlie the late-life onset that is typically seen in SOD1 ALS. To address whether or not SOD1 misfolding is enhanced in human MNs, we used mixed MN/astrocyte cultures (MNCs) generated in vitro from patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Levels of soluble misfolded SOD1 were increased in MNCs as well as in pure iPSC-derived astrocytes compared to other cell types, including sensory neuron cultures. Interestingly, this was the case for both mutant and wild type human SOD1, although the increase was enhanced in SOD1 FALS MNCs. Misfolded SOD1 was also found to exist in the same form as in mouse SOD1 overexpression models and was identified as a substrate for 20S proteasome degradation. Hence, the vulnerability of motor areas to ALS could be explained by increased SOD1 misfolding, specifically in MNs and astrocytes. To investigate factors that might promote SOD1 misfolding, we focussed on the stability of SOD1 mediated by a crucial, stabilizing C57-C146 disulphide bond and its redox status. Formation of disulphide bond is dependent on oxidation by O2 and catalysed by CCS. To investigate whether low O2 tension affects the stability of SOD1 in vitro we cultured fibroblasts and iPSC-derived MNCs under different oxygen tensions. Low oxygen tension promoted disulphide-reduction, SOD1 misfolding and aggregation. This response was much greater in MNCs compared to fibroblasts, suggesting that MNs may be especially sensitive to low oxygen tension and areas with low oxygen supply could serve as foci for ALS initiation. SOD1 truncation mutations often lack C146, and cannot adopt a native fold and are rapidly degraded. We characterized soluble misfolded and aggregated SOD1 in patient-derived cells carrying a novel SOD1 D96Mfs*8 mutation as well as in cells fom an unaffected mutation carrier. The truncated protein has a C-terminal fusion of seven non-native amino acids and was found to be extremely prone to aggregation in vitro. Since not all mutation carriers develop ALS, our results suggested this novel mutation is associated with reduced penetrance. In summary, patient derived cells are useful models to study factors affecting SOD1 misfolded and aggregation. We show for the first time that misfolding of a disordered and disease associated protein is enhanced in disease-related cell types. Showing that misfolded SOD1 exists in human cells in the same form as in transgenic mouse models strengthens the translatability of results obtained in the two species. Our results demonstrate disulphide-reduction and misfolding/aggregation of SOD1 and suggest that 20S proteasome could be an important therapeutic target for early stages of disease. This model provides a great opportunity to study pathogenic mechanisms of both familial and sporadic ALS in patient-derived models of ALS. / Varje år insjuknar omkring 5300 personer i världen i motorneuronsjukdomen Amyotrofisk lateralskleros (ALS). Sjukdomen kännetecknas av degeneration av motorneuron i hjärnan och ryggmärgen, de nervceller som styr kroppens muskler, vilket leder till musklerförtvining och gradvis förlamning. ALS-patienter avlider oftast till följd av andningssvikt när sjukdomen når andningsmuskulaturen. I de allra flesta fall uppkommer ALS sporadiskt (SALS), det vill säga utan känd genetisk orsak, medan ärftliga fall (FALS) drabbar omkring 10 % och beror på mutationer i ett antal kända gener. Upp till 6 % av alla ALS fall kan härledas till mutationer i genen superoxid dismutas 1 (SOD1). SOD1 är ett enzym som ansvarar för att omvandla och oskadliggöra fria syreradikaler som bildas vid normal ämnesomsättning. 206 olika SOD1 mutationer har identifierats, alla orsakar inte ALS men många leder till att den tredimensionella proteinstrukturen förändras, vilket ökar proteinets benägenhet att felveckas. Initialt trodde man att SOD1 mutationer förhindrade proteinets normalfunktion och följaktligen orsakade ALS. Studier har emellertid visat att den enzymatiska funktionen ofta bevaras, även hos muterade proteiner. Däremot kan små mängder felveckat SOD1 störa andra viktiga cellulära funktioner. Felveckat SOD1 har en benägenhet att klumpa ihop sig och bilda aggregat i det centrala nervsystemet (CNS). Dessa aggregat återfinns hos patienter med såväl FALS som SALS vilket tyder på att även vildtyps-SOD1 kan felveckas och vara involverat i sjukdomsutvecklingen. De flesta studier är baserade på transgena musmodeller som uttrycker extremt stora mängder av muterat humant SOD1. Det är dock oklart hur väl studier i möss överensstämmer med sjukdomsutvecklingen hos ALS-patienter, där mängden SOD1 är betydligt lägre. En central fråga som fortfarande står obesvarad är varför just motorneuron degenererar i ALS, trots att SOD1 uttrycks i alla kroppens celler. Det övergripande syftet med den här avhandlingen har varit att karakterisera felveckat SOD1 i patientceller för att studera dess roll i ALSrelaterade sjukdomsmekanismer med fysiologiskt relevanta nivåer av SOD1. Samtliga studier är gjorda in vitro med celler från friska donatorer med vildtyps-SOD1, celler från patienter med SOD1-FALS, FALS som bär andra ALS-associerade gener, samt SALS. I de allra flesta fallen har vi analyserat både lösligt felveckat SOD1 samt aggregerade former av SOD1 proteinet.

1981 entwickelten Gerd Binnig und Heinrich Rohrer bei IBM in Zürich das "Scanning Tunneling Microscope". Damit wurde erstmalig das lokal hochaufgelöste Erfassen (bis in den atomaren Auflösungsbereich) von Objekteigenschaften im Nahfeld inerter Oberflächen möglich. Dies und insbesondere die Weiterentwicklung der Technologie und die spätere (1986) Etablierung der Rasterkraftmikroskopie (Atomic Force Microscopy - AFM), die diese Auflösungsmöglichkeiten der Rastersondenmikroskope auch an Non-Konduktoren (nicht leitende Untersuchungsoberflächen) realisieren konnte, stellte die Geburtsstunde einer neuen mikroskopischen Ära auf dem Gebiet der biomedizinischen Grundlagenforschung dar (Kapitel 1.3). Das Studium der umfangreichen Literaturquellen zu diesem Thema und der direkte wissenschaftliche Kontakt und Erfahrungsaustausch mit anderen AFM- Arbeitsgruppen ließen im Initialstadium dieser vorliegenden Arbeit bereits erkennen, dass in der kardiovaskulären Grundlagenforschung zunehmend rasterkraftmikroskopische Versuchsansätze bearbeitet und kardiologisch interessante Fragestellungen mittels dieser Methode begleitend untersucht wurden (Kapitel 1.4). Das Ziel dieser vorliegenden Arbeit bestand darin, kardiovaskulär relevante Zellen und Einzelproteine in vivo und interventionelle Materialien (Stents) rasterkraftmikroskopisch zu untersuchen, wobei die Etablierung und technisch aufwendige Optimierung dieser neuen mikroskopischen (Kapitel 3.1) und der zellspezifisch präparatorischen Methoden (Kapitel 3.2) an diesen Untersuchungsobjekten im Mittelpunkt stehen sollte. Die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit untersuchten endothelialen Zellen und H9C2-Myozyten stammten aus, in unserem Forschungslabor etablierten, immortalen Kulturzelllinien. Die adulten und Kardiomyozyten neonataler Ratten, die kardial- fibrozytären Zellen sowie die Thrombozyten wurden primär isoliert und als Primärkulturzellen kultiviert (Kapitel 3.2.3 und 3.2.4). Außerdem wurden vitale aortale Endothelzellen unterschiedlicher Tiere (Ratte, Meerschwein, Kaninchen) im Gewebsverband der thorakalen Aorta untersucht (Kapitel 4.2). Die Zellen wurden initial, im Rahmen der Etablierungsphase mittels unterschiedlicher Methoden fixiert und nachfolgend rasterkraftmikroskopisch untersucht und dargestellt. Der Etablierungsprozess der Methodik begann mit der Abbildung luftgetrockneter Zellen (Kapitel 4.1.1) unter Raumbedingungen und setzte sich über verschiedene Modifikationen der Zellpräparation (z.B. Glutardialdehydfixation, Cryofixation), des Abbildungsmodus (Contact-, Non-Contact-, Tapping-Mode) und der Abbildungsbedingungen (Raumbedingungen, zellphysiologische Umgebung) fort, so dass schließlich die Abbildung vitaler Zellen (Kapitel 4.1.2 und Kapitel 4.2 - 4.5) in ihrer strukturellen und funktionellen Umgebung (z.B. aortale Endothelzellen im Gewebsverband) etabliert werden konnte und routinemäßig reproduzierbar war. An stabilen oder künstlich stabilisierten Strukturen der o.g. vitalen Zellen wurden erste orientierende Messungen der bioelastischen Eigenschaften (Kraft-Abstands-Kurven, Kapitel 4.1.2.1) durchgeführt. Außerdem haben wir im Einzelfall, wenn technisch und apparativ möglich, andere hochauflösende strukturanalytische Verfahren (z.B. TEM) als mikroskopische Referenzuntersuchungen herangezogen (Kapitel 4.1.2; 4.4.1; 4.6), wobei z.T. erstaunliche Übereinstimmung zwischen den AFM- Daten und den strukturanalytischen Daten der Referenzmethoden nachweisbar waren. Ein strukturell durch Elektronenmikroskopie und Röntgendiffraktionsanalyse sehr gut beschriebenes komplexes Funktionsprotein, das 20-S-Proteasom, wurde mittels der Rasterkraftmikroskopie abgebildet und vermessen und die so gewonnenen strukturanalytischen Daten mit den bekannten strukturellen Abmessungen des Proteins verglichen (Kapitel 4.6). Die hierbei detektierten dimensionalen Abweichungen zwischen den AFM- assoziierten Daten und den bekannten strukturanalytischen Daten der Elektronenmikroskopie wurden im Kontext der funktionellen Integrität des Proteins und hinsichtlich möglicher methodischer Fehlereinflüsse (Kapitel 3.1.4.3) diskutiert. Interventionelle Materialien (Stents), die in der täglichen kardiologischen Praxis Anwendung finden, sind hinsichtlich ihrer Ultrastruktur mittels dieser hochsensitiven Abbildungsmethode im Nahfeld von Objektoberflächen untersucht worden. Bezüglich ihrer nativen Oberflächenbeschaffenheit und ihrer mechanischen Alteration durch den Ballon- Dilatationsprozess wurden die Stents sehr detailliert qualitativ und quantitativ (Kapitel 4.7) beschrieben, wobei Prädilektionsstellen der prozedural- assoziierten mechanischen Beanspruchung der Stents durch die hier beschriebene, oberflächensensitive AFM- Methode sehr genau diskriminiert werden konnten. Die präparierten Stents wurden weiterführend mit humanen Thrombozytenkonzentraten inkubiert und die Zell- Stentoberflächenkontakte sowie mögliche Stentoberflächen- induzierte Veränderungen der Thrombozyten sind morphologisch ausführlich beschrieben worden. Letztendlich wurde im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit die spezifische Aktivierung der vitalen Thrombozyten durch pharmakologische Stimulantien (z.B. ADP) mit der, durch den AFM-Abbildungsprozess induzierten Thrombozytenaktivierung (Kapitel 4.5) unter AFM-Bedingungen verglichen und diskutiert. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit weisen, dass mit der AFM-Technologie und objektorientiert optimierten Mess- und Präparationsmethoden ein neues mikroskopisches Analyseverfahren vorliegt, dass zum einen real-dreidimensionale morphologische Bildgebung bis in den submolekularen Auflösungsbereich an vitalen Zellen und präparierten Proteinkomplexen, zum anderen aber gleichermaßen Funktionsanalytik in Form von Messungen zelldynamischer Prozesse wie Migrationsbewegungen und Kontraktionen sowie visko- elastische Quantifizierung von Zellmembranen erlaubt. Der Vorteil gegenüber den meisten gegenwärtig verfügbaren mikroskopischen Methoden liegt in der neu eröffneten Möglichkeit der seriellen, wiederholten und stabil reproduzierbaren Messung an vitalen Zellen und zellulären Substrukturen. Insofern könnte in Zukunft diese neue Technologie eine methodische Bereicherung der mikroskopisch-morphologisch und funktionell orientierten Analysetechnik darstellen. / In 1981 Binnig and Rohrer invented the "Scanning Tunneling Microscope". Thereby it became feasible to high-resolution record the surface-properties of specimens (up to atomic resolution) at the nearfield of inert surfaces. This and in detail the further development of this technology and the establishment of "Atomic Force Microscopy" (1986), that allows implementation of this resolution capabilities in non-conductors or insulating materials represent the birth of a new microscopic era in the field of biomedical basic research (chapter 1.3). The promise of atomic (scanning) force microscopy (AFM) for cardiovascular research is enormous. The perusal of the extensive literature concerning this topic and scientific contact with other researchers reveals initial the capabilities of this method in cardiovascular basic research. Intriguing questions of cardiology may investigate concomitantly with help of scanning-force-micoscopic approaches (chapter 1.4). The aim of this study was to investigate relevant cardiovascular cells and single proteins in-vivo and specific materials (coronary artery stents) with scanning-force-micoscopic setup. The establishment and expensive optimization of this new microscopic method (chapter 3.1) and of the cell specific preparatory methods (chapter 3.2) represented the center of interest of our inevestigations. The endothelial cells and H9C2-myocytes stem from established imortal cell culture lines. The adult cardiomyocytes and cardiomyocytes of neonatal rats, the fibrocytes and the thrombocytes were primarily cultivated (chapter 3.2.3 and 3.2.4). In addition we investigated aortic endothelial cells of intact aortic tissue of different animals (rat, guinea pig, rabbit - chapter 4.2). During the establish experiments cells underlied different methods of cell-fixation. The primary investigations was performed using air-dried cells (chapter 4.1.1) analyzed in room ambient conditions and were continued by different modifications of cell-preparation. (e.g. glutardialdehyde-fixation, cryo-fixation), of microscopic mode (contact-, non-contact-, tapping-mode) and of cell-specific environmental conditions (from room ambient to cellphysiological medium and temperature). As result we became enabled to investigate (reproducible and routinely) vital cells (chapter 4.1.2 and chapter 4.2 - 4.5) embedded in physiological normal structural und functional ambient conditions (e.g. endothelial cells of intact aortic tisue in-vivo). Additionally, we performed measurements of bio-elastic properties of stable or artificial stabilized structures of named cells (force-distances-curves - chapter 4.1.2.1). If posibble, depending of available technical equipment, we compared our microscopic results with other high-resolution analytical procedures of reference (e.g. TEM - Kapitel 4.1.2; 4.4.1; 4.6) and detected astonishing congruence between the data. Furthermore we analyzed the well-described (electron-microscopy and x-ray-diffraction data) complex 20-S-proteasome using a specific atomic force microscopic setup. Analytical and structural data of these AFM-scans and abovementioned methods were likened (chapter 4.6). The deviations concerning the detected proportions were discussed regarding functional integrity of the protein and with respect to potential methodically determined artifacts. (chapter 3.1.4.3). Assaying (qualitative and quantitative) the surface roughness properties of coronary artery stents, we found significant alterations of stent material induced by balloondilatation. We suppose, that changes in roughness of inner surface of coronary artery stents might induce clinical problems like acute stent-thrombosis and in-stent-restenosis. Finally these stents were coated with human thromboytes to investigate cell-stent-surface interactions. Surface-roughness correllated triggering of thrombocyte adhesion was evaluated by morphological analysis of AFM-scans. Finishing, we have investigated and concluding discussed the specific activation of vital thrombocytes by pharmacological substances (e.g. ADP) and by mechanical stimulation (due to AFM-associated tip-surface-interaction). The results of this work demonstrate, AFM-technology using optimized microscopic setup and object-specific adjusted measurement- and preparation- methods, is an new, powerful, microscopic technique, that allow real-3-dimensional morphological mapping up to submolecular range of resolution in vital cells and protein complexes. Moreover, this technology opens new dimensions in functional analytic of cell migration processes or cellular contractions and in evaluation of visco-elastic quantification of cell membranes. The advantage owed to the most currently available microscopic methods is the option of serial and reproducible measurement of vital cells and subcellular structures. In this respect, this new method might represent a methodical enrichment of the microscopic-morphological and functional oriented analysis-technique in future.