Die vorliegende Ausgabe beschäftigt sich mit der innerbetrieblichen Erfassung und Verarbeitung von umweltrelevanten Kosten, den Umweltkostenrechnungssystemen. Die vorliegende Arbeit verfolgt das Ziel, Unternehmen bei der Entscheidung zu unterstützen, welches Umweltkostenrechnungssystem unter Berücksichtigung der unternehmensspezifischen Bedürfnisse und Präferenzen gewählt werden soll. Als Grundlage für die Auswahl werden die verschiedenen Umweltkostenrechnungssysteme kurz vorgestellt. Darüber hinaus werden die Umweltkostenrechnungssysteme klassifiziert. Die Klassifizierung basiert auf den Ausprägungen verschiedener Kriterien, die im Rahmen der Literaturrecherche erfasst und in einer Datenbank gesammelt wurden. Neben den Kriterien zur Klassifizierung wurden auch Merkmale zum Nutzen und Aufwand der Umweltkostenrechnungssysteme in die Datenbank aufgenommen. Diese Kriterien unterstützen die Entscheidung für den Einsatz eines bestimmten Umweltkostenrechnungssystems. Für die Auswahl aus der Vielzahl von Systemen wird ein mehrstufiges Verfahren vorgeschlagen. Zunächst wird eine Vorausauswahl in Abhängigkeit der betrieblichen Umweltpolitik empfohlen. Anschließend werden die verbleibenden Möglichkeiten einer multikriteriellen Analyse auf der Basis des Analytical Hierachy Prozesses unterzogen. Das Ergebnis des Entscheidungsverfahrens ist eine – auf den Präferenzen des Unternehmens beruhende – eindimensionale Skalierung der Umweltkostenrechnungssysteme.

- / The treatment techniques applied in the chest area (breast and lung cancer) in radiotherapy, increase the lung toxicity leading to the development of pulmonary complications. The aim of this study is to compare the predictive strength of different radiobiological models in the evaluation of radiation pneumonitis, correlate the absorbed dose with the severity of the clinical outcome and examine biological factors that may affect or induce complications after irradiation. Furthermore, due to the fact that the value of each parameter is accompanied by its confidence interval, every model is represented by a group of dose-response curves that create a range in which each radiobiological model can vary. The range of each model is very important when selecting the values of parameters used, due to the existence of coincendence areas between the models. The study was based on 179 breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Dose volume histograms and the clnical treatment outcome for every patient were available. 24 patients scored radiation pneumonitis grade 2 and 65 showed milder symptoms of grade 1. Normal tissue complication probabilities were computed for every model for each patient. Moreover, statistical analysis was applied to investigate whether the absorbed dose is the only factor that influeces the development of radiation pneumonitis in breast cancer radiotherapy (x2 test) and the ability of the radiobiological models used to discriminate cases that developed radiation pneumonitis from those that did not (ROC curves). The Relative Seriality model described with greater accuracy the clinical outcome in contrast to the LKB and Parallel model. The statistical results showed that radiation pneumonitis in the case of breast cancer radiotherapy does not depend only on the absorbed dose but on other radiobiological factors that induce the development of complication, such as the intrinsic radiosensitivity of each patient. ROC curves pointed out the weakness of the models to discriminate cases of complication from cases of non-complication. Finally, this study accented the importance to use parameter values extracted from patients groups with similar clinical characteristics as the ones examined in order to avoid the coincidence areas between the models.

A supply chain comprises all processes, such as production, warehousing, sourcing and transport, which are necessary to deliver the desired products to the customer. In this respect, supply chain management deals with the design of these processes to fulfil customer requirements at low costs. Traditionally, the decisions are based on the economic performance of a supply chain, which can be measured with financial criteria, such as total landed costs and profit, or non-financial criteria, like customer service. Recently, other criteria, such as quality, flexibility and the impact of supply chain activities on the environment, have become important as well. However, prevalent supply chain strategies, such as offshoring or outsourcing and centralization of locations, often lead to an improvement of economic criteria while negatively affecting the environment due to increased transport activity and the related carbon emissions. Now, stricter regulations and increasing customer awareness with respect to the environment encourage companies to reconsider their strategies and to search for supply chain strategies which are cost-efficient, provide the required customer service and are at the same time environmentally friendly. This work deals with the issue of supply chains and their impact on the environment. In particular, the relation between different sourcing strategies and transport carbon emissions is analysed. We compare single offshore sourcing with dual sourcing relying on an offshore and an onshore supplier. For this purpose, we use a single-period inventory model, also known as newsvendor or newsboy model. We present the classical newsvendor model, i.e. the single offshore sourcing strategy, as well as the basic dual sourcing model. We evaluate the performance of the supply chain with the different sourcing strategies based on expected profit, customer service and transport carbon emissions. In addition to that, we integrate environmental regulations with respect to transport carbon emissions (emission limit, emission taxes and emission trading) into the basic dual sourcing model. We analyse how the decision of the company is influenced by these regulations. Furthermore, we have a closer look at how the regulations influence the economic and environmental performance of the supply chain. We provide analytical as well as numerical results and derive implications for policy-making and management. (author's abstract)

Vor dem Hintergrund des oft vernachlässigten industriellen Umweltschutzes in Entwicklungsländern entwickelt das Pilotvorhaben zur Unterstützung umweltorientierter Unternehmensführung in Entwicklungsländern (P3U) der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) das Instrument Environment-oriented Cost Management (EoCM). Dieses Instrument verbindet die Möglichkeit der Verbesserung der Umweltsituation mit einer Optimierung der Produktionsprozesse und Abläufe von Unternehmen und zielt auf die Einsparung von Energie- und Rohstoffkosten. Es baut auf dem Ansatz der Reststoffkostenrechnung auf und ordnet sich damit in die vielfältigen Konzepte zur Einbeziehung von Umweltaspekten in betriebliche Entscheidungen ein. Durch eine empirische Untersuchung im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde festgestellt, dass Unternehmen EoCM eher als einmalige Sonderrechnung anwenden und dass das Instrument bisher noch nicht dauerhaft in den Controllingprozessen der Unternehmen verankert wurde. Auf der Grundlage der Untersuchung und unter Einbeziehung bisheriger Erfahrungen und Erkenntnisse zur Integration von Konzepten des Umweltcontrolling und der Umweltkostenrechnung wurden Empfehlungen zur Weiterentwicklung des betrieblichen Informationssystems, für die Organisations- und Personalentwicklung und zur stärkeren Berücksichtigung der Umweltrelevanz von Stoff- und Energieströmen entwickelt. Diese Empfehlungen sollen Unternehmen bei zukünftigen Anwendungen helfen, einen kontinuierlichen Verbesserungsprozess in Gang zu setzen. Es entstand dabei kein Rezept mit exakten Vorgehensschritten, sondern es wurde eine Methode skizziert, die Raum lässt für die Berücksichtigung unternehmensspezifischer Bedingungen.

The implicit and low-level part definition data, provided by geometric modeling cannot be used by downstream applications. Therefore, feature based modeling concept has been introduced to integrate CAD and downstream applications. However, due to the lack of implicit and explicit standard representations for features and unmanageable number of possible predefined features without standardization, feature based modeling approach has proved to be inadequate. STEP AP224 provides a standard for both implicit and explicit representations for manufacturing features. This thesis presents STEP AP224 features based modeling for rotational parts. The thesis covers features extracted from STEP AP224 for rotational parts and their definitions, classifications, attributes, generation techniques, attachment methods and geometrical constraints. In this thesis a feature modeler for rotational parts has been developed. STEP AP224 features generated are used as the basic entities for part design. The architecture of the proposed system consists of two three phases: (1) feature library, (2) feature modeler and (3) preprocessor. Preprocessor responsible from STEP-XML data file creation. The data file created can be used in the integration CAPP/CAM systems without using a complex feature recognition process. An object-oriented design approach is used in developing the feature modeler to provide incremental system development and reusability.

CADSYN (Computer Aided Design SYNthesis) is a visual, interactive computer program working under Computer Aided Design (CAD) enviroment, which accomplishes the synthesis and analysis of planar four-bar mechanisms. The synthesis tasks are motion generation, path generation and function generation. During synthesis, the dyadic approach is utilized which introduces vector pairs and complex number algebra to model the motion. The possible solutions can be limited for link dimensions, the center circle point curves within a certain region, transmission angle characteristics, branch and order defects. The designed mechanism can be analyzed for velocity, acceleration and transmission angle and any of the data can be exported to Excel&reg / for further analysis. The software is designed to provide the user maximum feasible number of solutions. In four multiply separated position synthesis, if there is flexibility in the value(s) of one or any number of input parameter(s), designer can obtain different Burmester curves by changing those parameter(s). Designer can also simulate the kinematics of the mechanism by using drawing functions that are available from the CAD iv enviroment at any time. Drawing parts in the design plane can be attached to any link of the mechanism and can be simulated throughout the motion as part of the link it is attached. As a whole, this computer program is designed to satisfy the needs of mechanism designers while working in CAD enviroment.

ABSTRACT DESIGN OF A CONNECTED PIPE TEST FACILITY FOR RAMJET APPLICATIONS SARISIN, Mustafa Nevzat M.S., Department of Mechanical Engineering Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Dr. Abdullah ULAS Co-Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Kahraman ALBAYRAK April 2005, 164 pages Development of the combustor of a ramjet can be achieved by connected pipe testing. Connected pipe testing is selected for combustor testing because pressure, temperature, Mach number, air mass flow rate can be simulated by this type of testing. Real time trajectory conditions and transition from rocket motor (booster) to ramjet operation can also be tested. The biggest advantage of connected pipe testing is the low operation cost and simplicity. Air mass flow rate requirement is less than the others which requires less air storage space and some components like supersonic nozzle and ejector system is not necessary. In this thesis, design of a connected pipe test facility is implemented. Three main systems are analyzed / air storage system, air heater system and test stand. Design of air storage system includes the design of pressure vessel and pressure &amp / flow regulation system. Pressure and flow regulation system is needed to obtain the actual flow properties that the combustor is exposed to during missile flight. Alternatives for pressure and air mass flow rate regulation are considered in this study. Air storage system designed in this thesis is 27.8 m3 at 50 bar which allows a test duration of 200 seconds at an average mass flow rate of 3 kg/s. Air heater system is utilized to heat the air to simulate the aerodynamic heating of the inlet. Several different combustion chamber configurations with different flame holding mechanisms are studied. The most efficient configuration is selected for this study. Combustion analysis of the air heater is performed by FLUENT CFD Code. Combustion process and air heater designs are validated using experimental data. Designed air heater system is capable of supplying air at a temperature range of 400-1000 K and mass flow rate range of 1.5-8 kg/s at Mach numbers between 0.1-0.5 and pressure between 2-8 bar. Finally the design of the test stand and ramjet combustor analysis are completed. 3D CAD models of the test stand are generated. Ramjet combustor that will be tested in the test setup is modeled and combustion analysis is performed by FLUENT CFD Code. The ramjet engine cruise altitude is 16 km and cruise Mach number is 3.5. Key-words: Air Breathing Engines, Ramjet, Connected Pipe, Direct Connect, Vitiator.

The aim of this study is to design a computer interface, which links the user to commercial Finite Element Analysis (FEA) program, MSC.Marc-Mentat to make automatic FE analysis of an excavator boom by using DELPHI as platform. Parametrization of boom geometry is done to add some flexibility to interface called OPTIBOOM. Parametric FE analysis of a boom shortens the design stages and helps to find the optimum design in terms of stresses and mass.

Optimum design of multistep gearbox, since many high-performance power transmission applications (e.g., automotive, space industry) require compact volume, has become an important interest area. This design application includes more complicated problems that are not taken into account while designing single stage gear drives. Design applications are generally made by trial and error methods depending on the experience and the intuition of the designer. In this study, using Visual Basic 6.0, an interactive program is developed for designing multistep involute standard and nonstandard spur gearbox according to the American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA) Standards 218.01 and 2001- B88. All the equations for calculating the pitting resistance geometry factor I, and the bending strength geometry factor J, are valid for external spur gears that are generated by rack-type tools (rack cutters or hobs). The program is made for twostage to six-stage gear drives, which are commonly used in the industry. Compactness of gear pairs and gearbox, and equality of factor of safety against bending failure is taken as the design objective. By considering the total required gear ratio, the number of reduction stages is input by the user. Gear ratios of every stage is distributed to the stages according to the total gear ratio that satisfies the required precision (from &plusmn / 0.1 to &plusmn / 0.00001 on overall gear ratio) depending on the user selected constraints (unequal gear ratio for every stage, noninteger gear ratio e.g.). Dimensional design is determined by considering bending stress, pitting stress, and involute interference constraints. These steps are carried out iteratively until a desirable solution is acquired. The necessary parameters for configuration design such as number of teeth, module, addendum modification coefficient, are selected from previously determined gear pairs that satisfies the constraints by user interaction considering the performance criterion from the developed program. The positions of gears and shafts are determined automatically in order to keep the volume of gearbox as minimum while satisfying the nonlinear spatial constraints (center distance constraint for proper meshing of gear pairs, face distance constraint for proper assembly of pinion and gear having same shaft, gear interference constraint for preventing interferences between gears, shaft interference constraint for preventing interferences between gears and shafts) by using DLL (Dynamic Link Library) technology of Lingo 8.0 optimization software together with Visual Basic 6.0. If shaft interference constraint is removed then cantilevered mounting of gear pairs would also be possible, otherwise the gears should be mounted between bearings. Visual output of assembly is made by using Autodesk Inventor 7.0, automatically by the program.

Recent studies have suggested significant variation in radiotherapy schedules used to treat advanced NSCLC, both between different centres as well as between countries. In this study, treatment methodologies have been explored using management plans proposed by radiation oncologists when given general questions and theoretical case histories for patients with advanced NSCLC. Methods and Materials The survey was conducted by sending a questionnaire to twenty four radiotherapy centres in Europe. The questionnaire was composed of two sections. The first section concerned reasons for starting radiotherapy, parameters that influence the choice of total dose and fractionation for radiotherapy and the kind of equipment that is used. The second section examines five case histories and asked the responders about the management of these five theoretical patients also regarding the radiotherapy techniques proposed and the aim of treatment (radical or palliative). Furthermore, trials comparing different regimens of palliative radiotherapy in patients with NSCLC were compared. Nineteen trials were reviewed. There were important differences in the doses of radiotherapy investigated, the patient characteristics and the outcome measures. Results In the first part responders (70% of the centres) suggested as the most important factors that influence the choice of total dose and fractionation for radiotherapy, distant metastases, performance status of the patient, lung function and size of the primary tumour. The most common reasons for starting the treatment is not only symptom relief, but also cure and prolongation of life. In the second part, more than 95% of the responders replied that they would give radiotherapy in each of these cases. The median total doses proposed where 20Gy/5fractions/1week or 30Gy/10fractions/2weeks for cases A and D (equivalent dose for fractionation 2Gy per fraction=23 and 33Gy) and 60-68Gy/30fractions/6weeks or 68Gy/34fractions/7weeks for cases B, C and E. For case E, 20% of the responders suggested Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy with 63Gy in 3 Fractions. The total dose and number of fractions of radiotherapy could be related to the perceived aims and expectations of treatment e.g. those aiming to extent life would give significantly higher total doses in a larger number of fractions, whereas those aiming to relieve symptoms would give significantly lower total doses. For the review to the literature there is no strong evidence that any regimen gives greater palliation. Higher dose regimens give more acute toxicity, especially oesophagitis. There is evidence for a modest increase in survival (5% at 1 year and 3% at 2 years) in patients with better performance status (PS) given higher dose radiotherapy. Some regimens are associated with an increased risk of radiation myelitis. Conclusions This survey demonstrates a range of treatment strategies for advanced and inoperable NSCLC within Europe. There are a number of factors that influence the perceived aims of treatment and treatment planning. These factors should be taken into account when evaluating the effectiveness of different irradiation techniques, especially in the determination of radiobiological parameters and dose-response relations. The majority of patients should be treated with short courses of palliative radiotherapy, of 1 or 2 fractions. Care should be taken with the dose to the spinal cord. The use of high dose palliative regimens should be considered for and discussed with selected patients with good performance status. More research is needed into reducing the acute toxicity of large fraction regimens and into the role of radical compared to high dose palliative radiotherapy. In the future, large trials comparing different RT regimens may be difficult to set up because of the increasing use of systemic chemotherapy. Trials looking at how best to integrate these two modalities, particularly in good PS patients need to be carried out. / Πρόσφατες μελέτες έχουν αναδείξει σημαντική ποικιλία στα ακτινοθεραπευτικά σχήματα που χρησιμοποιούνται στην ακτινοθεραπεία του μη μικροκυτταρικού καρκίνου του πνεύμονα προχωρημένου σταδίου. Στη συγκεκριμένη μελέτη θεραπευτικές μεθοδολογίες έχουν διερευνηθεί χρησιμοποιώντας τεχνικές που προτείνονται από ογκολόγους ακτινοθεραπευτές . Υλικά και Μέθοδοι: Η μελέτη αποτελείται από δυο μέρη. Στο πρώτο ένα ερωτηματολόγιο εστάλη σε είκοσι τέσσερα ακτινοθεραπευτικά κέντρα στην Ευρώπη .Το ερωτηματολόγιο αποτελούνταν από δυο τμήματα. Στο πρώτο ζητούνταν οι λόγοι για τους οποίους γίνεται έναρξη της ακτινοθεραπείας, οι παράμετροι που επηρεάζουν την επιλογή για τη συνολική δόση και τις συνεδρίες για την θεραπεία και τον εξοπλισμό που χρησιμοποιούν. Στο δεύτερο τμήμα παρουσιαστήκαν πέντε θεωρητικά κλινικά περιστατικά και ζητήθηκε η αντιμετώπιση αυτών των θεωρητικών ασθενών. Στο δεύτερο μέρος της μελέτης πραγματοποιήθηκε ανασκόπηση στη βιβλιογραφία και σύγκριση των αποτελεσμάτων κλινικών δοκιμών που έχουν πραγματοποιηθεί στο παρελθόν. Αποτελέσματα: Στο ερωτηματολόγιο απάντησαν το εβδομήντα τοις εκατό των κέντρων στα όποια εστάλη. Στο πρώτο μέρος ως οι πιο σημαντικοί παρόντες που επηρεάζουν την επιλογή της τελικής δόσης και τις συνεδρίες οριστήκαν οι παρουσία απομακρυσμένων μεταστάσεων, η κλινική εικόνα του ασθενούς, η πνευμονική λειτουργία και το μέγεθος του πρωτογενούς όγκου. Οι σημαντικότεροι λόγοι για έναρξη θεραπείας είναι ανακούφιση από τα συμπτώματα καθώς και επιμήκυνση της ζωής. Στο δεύτερο μέρος ενενήντα πέντε τοις εκατό των κέντρων απάντησαν ότι θα πραγματοποιούσαν ακτινοθεραπεία και στους πέντε αυτούς ασθενείς. Η επιλογή της συνολικής δόσης και συνεδρίων επηρεάζεται από την θεώρηση της θεραπείας ως παρηγορική ή θεραπευτική. Τα κέντρα που είχαν στόχο την επιμήκυνση της ζωής έδιναν μεγαλύτερες δόσεις και περισσότερες συνεδρίες εν αντιθέσει με τα κέντρα που είχαν στόχο την υποχώρηση των συμπτωμάτων που έδιναν μικρότερης δόσεις σε λιγότερες συνεδρίες. Στο δεύτερο μέρος υπολογιστήκαν οι σχετικές βιολογικές δραστικότητες από τα δεδομένα της βιβλιογραφίας καθώς και ο παράγοντας πολλαπλασιασμού του όγκου και κατασκευάστηκαν καμπύλες δόσης απόκρισης. Συμπεράσματα: Η μελέτη αποδεικνύει την ύπαρξη ποικιλίας στις τεχνικές που χρησιμοποιούνται στη θεραπεία προχωρημένου και ανεγχείρητου μη μικροκυτταρικού καρκίνου του πνεύμονα. Αυτοί οι παράγοντες πρέπει να συνυπολογίζονται όταν εκτιμάται η αποτελεσματικότητα διαφορετικών ακτινοθεραπευτικών τεχνικών, κυρίως στο προσδιορισμό ακτινολογικών παραμέτρων και σχέσεων δόσης –απόκρισης.