Le Concile Vatican II et le Code de 1983 sont un unique événement de la Tradition de l’Église catholique. Héritiers de l’un et l’autre, les canonistes vivent une complexité. Le Code étant la forme normative de la Tradition, le défi est celui d’une concordance entre un fond et une forme. Un Code de lois est un monument de l’écrit ayant ses propres logiques. Il incarne des « visions du monde ». Elles résultent d’un processus de formation du droit ecclésial au fil de ses rencontres avec les cultures juridiques de la Grèce, de Rome, du judaïsme, de l’Occident moderne. Au service d’un Code censé être le prolongement d’une Bonne Nouvelle, les canonistes font l’effort de rester fidèles au dynamisme d’une Parole. Il y a là une tension entre une oralité des origines et des formes d’écriture, une Bible et un Code, qui peut s’identifier à l’articulation critique entre le fond et la forme. Comment dans ces conditions reconnaître un caractère providentiel à l’expression codifiée de la norme ecclésiale ? Comment maintenir une fidélité au dynamisme de l’événement fondateur de la foi chrétienne ? Par un parcours historique, exégétique et anthropologique, notre thèse rend compte d’un rapport potentiellement conflictuel et envisage des ouvertures pour l’avenir du droit ecclésial. / The Second Vatican Council and the 1983 Code of Canon Law are one and unique event in the Tradition of Catholic Church. Heirs of one each other, the canonists living complexity. The Code is the normative form of Tradition; the challenge is a concordance between a bottom and a form. A Code of laws is a masterpiece of the writing with its own logic lines. It embodies the “world views”. They arise from a process of formation of Church Law in the course of its meetings with the cultures of Greece, Rome, Judaism, the modern West. Serving a Code which is supposed to be a continuation of the Good News, canonists make the effort to remain faithful to the dynamism of the Word. There is here a tension between orality of the origins and forms of writings, which can identifies with the critical connexion between a content and a form. How in these conditions identify a providential character to a codified expression of the ecclesial norm ? How to maintain fidelity to the dynamism of the founder event of the Christian faith ? Through an anthropological, exegetical and historical course, our thesis shows a potentially conflictual relationship and is considering new practices for the future of the canon law.

Le régime de l'Église semi-autonome de Crète est aujourd’hui unique dans l’espace de l’administration des Églises orthodoxes et présente de ce fait des particularités et un intérêt accru. La présente étude relativement au régime de l'Église de Crète évolue autour de deux axes principaux : premièrement autour de l’étude de l’origine et de la formation historiques des relations institutionnelles actuelles entre l'Église de Crète et l’État grec et deuxièmement autour de l’étude et de l’interprétation nomocanonique du cadre institutionnel actuel déterminant et formant l’organisation (centrale et régionale) etle fonctionnement de l'Église semi-autonome de Crète dans l’État grec. L'Église de Crète est aujourd’hui régie par la Loi no 4149/1961 « Sur la Charte statutaire de l'Église orthodoxe en Crète », dont la rédaction fut considérablement influencée par les textes de la législation statutaire antérieure, tant de l'Église de Crète que de l'Église de Grèce. Ces textes antérieurs avaient introduit un certain nombre d’interventions de l’État dans l’administration ecclésiastique de Crète, dont les effets sont visibles aujourd’hui. L’élaboration et l’adoption d’une nouvelle Charte statutaire pour l'Église de Crète sous la lumière et les conditions de la nouvelle Constitution grecque de 1975 n’ont pas été rendues possibles jusqu’à aujourd’hui. C’est la raison pour laquelle l’objectif et le contenu de la présente étude ont été de présenter l’organisation de l'Église de Crète et toutes les formes de ses rapports avec l’État grec à travers le cadre actuel des garanties constitutionnelles sur la liberté religieuse aussi bien qu’à travers les saints canons de l'Église garantis par la Constitution. La contribution principale de la présente étude réside en l’approche des relations entre l'Église de Crète et l’État grec, non seulement du point de vue législatif et étatique, mais également du point de vue canonique-ecclésiologique, puisque les saints canons constituent le droit interne de l'Église. / The status of the semi-autonomous Church of Crete is currently unique in the field of administration of Orthodox Churches and therefore appears with peculiarities and current interest. Our present research is carried out around two basic axises.The first one concerns the study of the historical “birth” and development of contemporary public relations between the Crete Church and the Greek state. The second one is the study and the nomocanonical interpretation of the current institutional framework which determine the organisation and the function of the half – autonomous Church of Crete within the Greek state. The Crete Church is currently governed by the 4149/1961 law “the constitution law of the Orthodox Church on Crete” the syntax of which was greatly influenced by the previous constitutory laws of both the Church of Crete and the Greek Church. These texts introduced several state interventions in the administration of Crete Church, the results of which are obvious today. Untill now, the elaboration and the approval of a new Charter concerning the Crete Church enlightened by the new Greek constitution established in 1975, has not been possible. Thus the target of the present research has been the presentation of the internal administration of the Crete Church and its relations in all its forms with the Greek state through the contemporary religious beliefs concerning religious freedom as well as the Holy Rules of the Church protected by the state constitution. The main contribution of this research lies in the approach of the relations between the Church of Crete and the Greek state not only from the legislative point of view but also from the ecclesiastical one provided the Holy Rules are the internal principle of justice within Church.

Le présent travail propose une approche canonique et historique de l’organisation de l’Eglise au IVe siècle, ayant comme objectif principal de reconstituer la physionomie de l’Eglise selon quelques aspects essentiels et de saisir dans quelle mesure les canons de cette période ont façonné son visage. Ce retour aux sources d’une organisation stabilisée de l’Eglise fait apparaître en de nombreuses circonstances l’inventivité dont l’Eglise a fait preuve pour répondre aux défis de cette époque. Les conciles du IVe siècle ainsi que la législation canonique relative à l’élection et à l’ordination de l’évêque sont examinés dans le sens du détail significatif. L’étude accorde une attention toute particulière au canon apostolique 34 qui constitue de nos jours le canon le plus commenté et le plus invoqué dans les milieux orthodoxes, non seulement pour légitimer l’organisation des Eglises autonomes et autocéphales orthodoxes, mais encore pour justifier les droits juridictionnels des Eglises autocéphales sur leur diaspora. / This work provides a canonical and historical approach to the organization of the Church in the 4th century, having as main purpose the reconstruction of the face of the Church according to some key aspects, as well as the understanding of how the canons of this period have shaped its face. This return to a stable organization of the Church reveals inventiveness, which the Church has shown, in many circumstances, to meet the challenges of this era. The councils of the 4th century, as well as the canon law concerning the election and the ordination of the bishop, are considered in the direction of significant detail. The study pays particular attention to the Apostolic Canon 34, which is today the most commented and cited canon in the Orthodox community, not only to legitimize the organization of autonomous and autocephalous Orthodox Churches, but also to justify the jurisdictional rights of autocephalous churches in their diaspora.

The CIC/83, the living law (ius vigens) of the Latin Catholic Church, contains 110 canons on marriage in cc. 1055 – 1165. [The 1990 Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches contains a similar section, cc. 776 – 866]. The sacred canons, in general, are a compilation of theological statements that are presented in juridical terms. The canons on marriage, like those of the other sacraments, commence with a theological statement defining the essence of the sacrament. The first canon, c. 1055, states that (§1) the marriage covenant, for the baptized, has been raised to the dignity of a sacrament by Christ the Lord and that (§2) a valid marriage contract cannot exist between baptized persons without being a sacrament. A requirement of c. 1099 is that one must not be in error (error iuris) concerning the unity, indissolubility, or the sacramental dignity of marriage. Additionally, c. 1101, §2 states that when by a positive act of the will one excludes marriage itself or an essential element or an essential property, that marriage is invalid. The expectation of cc. 1099 and 1101, therefore, is that sacramentality be included at the time of exchange of consent. From the time of the scholastics, contract and sacrament have been identified as one for the baptized, hearkening to a time when civil legislation attempted to subvert the authority and oversight of the Church regarding (sacramental) marriage. At the Second Vatican Council, the constitution Gaudium et spes reinterpreted marriage as a covenantal relationship between man and woman. A covenant and a contract are not identical terms. More importantly, marriage was again seen as a covenant, and as a covenant, for the baptized, it Father Glen J. Pothier 2 is sacramental. Sacrosanctum Concilium, which set forth principles for the reform of the sacramental and liturgical life of the Latin Church, stated that sacraments presuppose faith. The International Theological Commission identified that there are members of the baptized faithful, Catholic or non- Catholic, who are unbelievers, who may have been baptized as children but have had no further faith elucidation, or, as members of non-Catholic ecclesial communities, do not believe in the seven sacraments of the Catholic Church, or, in particular, that marriage is a sacrament. Such persons would not, then, understand that sacramentality must be exchanged on the day of marriage. Rotal jurisprudence has reflected this change. In addition to the presumption that sacraments require faith, another presumption exists when the Church expects that the baptized marry according to the mind of the Church (the mens Ecclesiae), that is, facere quod facit Ecclesia, ([by] doing what the Church does). But in a society that is weakened by divorce, secularism, and a lack of understanding of what the Catholic Church understands by the sacrament of marriage, this presumption needs to be reexamined. Through research on the historical development of theological and canonical principles, and by means of independent studies of large groups of baptized Catholics and non-Catholics, it becomes increasingly clear that the theologico-juridico principles of c. 1055 and the sacramentality of marriage must be revisited. / Systematic Theology & Theological Ethics / D. Th. (Systematic Theology & Theological Ethics)

Bien que le Code de droit canonique prévoie au canon 281 la rémunération des clercs et leur assistance sociale en cas de maladie, d’invalidité ou de vieillesse, cette disposition est loin d’être appliquée convenablement aux prêtres séculiers de Centrafrique. En plus de la pauvreté structurelle, le pays est en proie à une guerre civile qui a détruit tout le tissu socio-économique. Mais la guerre ne justifie pas tout. Il y a un problème de gestion et d’administration des biens ecclésiastiques. La gestion rigoureuse et transparente des maigres ressources financières dont dispose l’Église reste un défi majeur. S’il est vrai que la subsistance du clergé est de la responsabilité de l’Église, les prêtres ont aussi une part importante à jouer. Notre thèse propose les mesures à prendre pour rendre possible l’auto-prise en charge des prêtres en Centrafrique. / Although the Code of Canon Law provides at canon 281 the remuneration of clerics and their social assistance in case of sickness, invalidity or old age, this provision is far from being properly applied to the secular priests of Central Africa. In addition to structural poverty, the country is in the throes of a civil war that has destroyed the entire socio-economic fabric. But war does not justify everything. There is a problem of management and administration of ecclesiastical goods. The rigorous and transparent management of the meager financial resources available to the Church remains a major challenge. While it is true that clergy subsistence is the responsibility of the Church, priests also have an important part to play. Our thesis proposes the steps to be taken to make possible the self-reliance of the priests in the Central African Republic.

The CIC/83, the living law (ius vigens) of the Latin Catholic Church, contains 110 canons on marriage in cc. 1055 – 1165. [The 1990 Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches contains a similar section, cc. 776 – 866]. The sacred canons, in general, are a compilation of theological statements that are presented in juridical terms. The canons on marriage, like those of the other sacraments, commence with a theological statement defining the essence of the sacrament. The first canon, c. 1055, states that (§1) the marriage covenant, for the baptized, has been raised to the dignity of a sacrament by Christ the Lord and that (§2) a valid marriage contract cannot exist between baptized persons without being a sacrament. A requirement of c. 1099 is that one must not be in error (error iuris) concerning the unity, indissolubility, or the sacramental dignity of marriage. Additionally, c. 1101, §2 states that when by a positive act of the will one excludes marriage itself or an essential element or an essential property, that marriage is invalid. The expectation of cc. 1099 and 1101, therefore, is that sacramentality be included at the time of exchange of consent. From the time of the scholastics, contract and sacrament have been identified as one for the baptized, hearkening to a time when civil legislation attempted to subvert the authority and oversight of the Church regarding (sacramental) marriage. At the Second Vatican Council, the constitution Gaudium et spes reinterpreted marriage as a covenantal relationship between man and woman. A covenant and a contract are not identical terms. More importantly, marriage was again seen as a covenant, and as a covenant, for the baptized, it Father Glen J. Pothier 2 is sacramental. Sacrosanctum Concilium, which set forth principles for the reform of the sacramental and liturgical life of the Latin Church, stated that sacraments presuppose faith. The International Theological Commission identified that there are members of the baptized faithful, Catholic or non- Catholic, who are unbelievers, who may have been baptized as children but have had no further faith elucidation, or, as members of non-Catholic ecclesial communities, do not believe in the seven sacraments of the Catholic Church, or, in particular, that marriage is a sacrament. Such persons would not, then, understand that sacramentality must be exchanged on the day of marriage. Rotal jurisprudence has reflected this change. In addition to the presumption that sacraments require faith, another presumption exists when the Church expects that the baptized marry according to the mind of the Church (the mens Ecclesiae), that is, facere quod facit Ecclesia, ([by] doing what the Church does). But in a society that is weakened by divorce, secularism, and a lack of understanding of what the Catholic Church understands by the sacrament of marriage, this presumption needs to be reexamined. Through research on the historical development of theological and canonical principles, and by means of independent studies of large groups of baptized Catholics and non-Catholics, it becomes increasingly clear that the theologico-juridico principles of c. 1055 and the sacramentality of marriage must be revisited. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / D. Th. (Systematic Theology & Theological Ethics)

Le présent travail intitulé « La procédure devant les tribunaux ecclésiastiques de l’Église de Grèce : une analyse nomocanonique de la loi étatique 5383/1932 », ambitionne d’être la première monographie consacrée à la Loi 5383/1932, loi concernant les tribunaux ecclésiastiques grecs, dite aussi, d’après la définition du Conseil d’État, loi du droit disciplinaire ecclésiastique. Elle concerne 82 métropoles et l’archevêché d’Athènes. La procédure disciplinaire est une procédure judiciaire ; elle consiste en un procès au cours duquel doivent être appliqués tous les principes d’un procès juste. Ces tribunaux aussi doivent offrir la garantie d’un jugement juste. Le critère consiste à savoir s’ils saisissent une différence selon les règles du droit, avec compétence pour cette différence dans le cadre d’une procédure préétablie. La Loi 5383/1932 est un texte juridique et, pour la traiter, nous avons appliqué les méthodes juridiques et canoniques, dites nomocanoniques, d’analyse et d’interprétation. / The present work bears the title, «The Procedure before the Ecclesiastical (Church) Courts of the Church of Greece: A nomocanonical analysis of the state law 5383/1932» which aspires to constitute the first monograph devoted to Law 5383/1932, a law that concerns the Greek Ecclesiastical courts, or better yet, the law regarding ecclesiastical disciplinary law according to the case law of the Council of State. This law concerns 82 metropolises (cathedrals) and the archdiocese of Athens. The disciplinary procedure is a judicial procedure that entails a hearing during which all of the principles of a fair trial must be applied. These courts owe a duty to offer the guarantees of a fair trial. The criterion is to know whether they are vindicating a difference with the rules of law having jurisdiction over this difference in the context of an existing procedure. Law 5383/1932 is a legal text and, in order to analyze it, we have used the legal and Canon law methods otherwise known as legal rule analysis and interpretation.