The main focus of the current study was to quantify the chemical signals received by a blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) tracking a source in a laboratory flume. To make a direct linkage between tracking behavior and the odorant concentration signal, we developed a measurement system to quantify the instantaneous concentration field surrounding actively tracking blue crabs. A three-dimensional laser-induced fluorescence (3DLIF) system was designed and constructed to measure odorant concentrations around crabs tracking three source types: a continuous release with exit velocity matching the mean local velocity in the flume; a continuous release with a meander created by an upstream cylinder; and a pulsed release switching on and off and with the same mass flow rate as the other two plume types. The meandering and pulsed plumes were introduced to observe the effects of large-scale spatial (meandering) and temporal (pulsed) intermittency on crab tracking. Simultaneous with the chemical concentration measurements, crab position data was recorded for kinematic analysis during post-processing. In addition, concentration measurements were collected for the three plume types without crabs present in order to quantify the statistical characteristics of the plume structure The concentration signals arriving at the antennules and outer chemosensory organs, most notably the legs, were targeted due to the hypotheses that concentration bursts at the antennules mediate upstream movement and that spatial contrast at the leg chemosensors mediates turning. A sampling zone was placed in front of the crab's mouth parts and aligned with the crab carapace orientation to extract odorant bursts at the antennules. The data generally showed an increase in upstream walking speed when high concentration bursts arrive at the antennules location, which agrees with the hypothesis. Measurement of the odorant concentration at the outer chemosensors was less direct and involved placing a box upstream of the crab and sampled earlier in time in order to avoid shadowing interference. Based on the signal at the upstream sampling box, a general bias for turning was observed. Crabs casted transversely in response to the directional bias extracted from the upstream sampling box. A statistical analysis of crab behavioral response to concentrations at the antennules and outer chemosensors can be found in a (future) companion thesis written by Jennifer Page in the School of Biology. Data were also taken for the three plume types in the absence of blue crabs. The continuous plume average statistics displayed Gaussian behavior at nozzle centerline. The meandering plume data conformed to the meandering plume model of Gifford (1959), modified for an induced pseudo-periodic meander. The pulsed plume displayed characteristics intermediate between the cloud dispersion model (Townsend 1951, Chatwin and Sullivan 1979) and the Gaussian dispersion model for a continuous release. For the three plume types, the standard deviation of the concentration fluctuations was greater than the average concentrations, as time records consisted of intermittent high concentrations interspersed with concentrations close to zero.

The motivation for this MA work is based on the challenge to the preconception of hand-tufting through material, colour and light. When imagining a rug, a very specific image appears in our mind. Some details of that image could vary from person to person, but what is almost certain, dense and heavy, probably made out of wool, woven textile will pop up in front of our eyes. This work suggests a possibility of creating new expressions in design by the material driven approach. The investigation was led by practice based research including set up of experiments, experimental work and evaluation complementing the whole process. The exploration proved that qualities of monofilament yarn have a great ability to enhance colours as well as add certain kind of lightness to the hand-tufted piece. Furthermore, due to the transparency of monofilament yarn an interplay between the loops and the backing was possible, opening up for changes in colour perception. The outcome of the research is collection of woven and hand-tufted textiles contributing to the field of textiles by bringing new qualities to the hand-tufting technique.

ABSTRACT: Formation of organ shape is an intriguing yet largely unanswered question in developmental biology. Shapes arise as a result of tightly controlled spatial variation in the rates and directions of tissue expansion over the course of development; therefore, quantifying these growth patterns could provide information about the underlying mechanisms of morphogenesis. Here we present a novel technique and computational tools for quantifying growth and shape changes in developing leaves, with a few unique capabilities. This includes the ability to compute growth from three-dimensional (3D) coordinates, which makes this the first method suitable for studying leaf growth in species or mutants with non-flat leaves, as well as small leaves at early stages of development, and allows us to simultaneously capture 3D shape changes. In the following, we apply these methods to study growth and shape changes in the first rosette leaf of Arabidopsis thaliana. Results reveal clear spatiotemporal patterns in growth rates and directionality, and tissue deformation maps illustrate an intricate balance involved in maintaining a relatively flat leaf surface in wild type leaves. Semi-automated tools presented make a high throughput of data possible with this method, and algorithms for generating mean maps of growth will make it possible to perform standardized comparative analyses of growth patterns between wild type and mutants and/or between species. The methods presented in this thesis will therefore be useful for studying leaf growth and shape, to further investigate the mechanisms of morphogenesis.   RÉSUMÉ: Comment un organe acquiert sa forme particulière au cours du développement est une question intéressante mais largement non résolue. La forme d’un organe résulte de la façon dont les taux et directions de croissance de ses tissues varient dans l’espace et dans le temps. Quantifier les motifs de croissance est donc nécessaire pout élucider les mécanismes sous-jacents de la morphogenèse. Nous présentons ici une nouvelle méthodologie pour quantifier la croissance et les changements de forme dans les feuilles en développement. Cette méthodologie s’appuie sur le développement de nouvelles techniques expérimentales et de programmes informatiques, et présente des avantages uniques : la croissance de la surface des feuilles et le changement de forme peuvent être analysés en trois dimensions (3D), pour une longue période et de large déformations. De plus l’analyse de multiples échantillons permet de générer une cartographie moyenne des motifs de croissance à la surface des feuilles au cours de leur développement, ainsi qu’une description quantitative de la déformation des tissus sous l’effet de leur croissance. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons les résultats de croissance et de changements de forme de la première feuille de rosette d'Arabidopsis thaliana au cours de son développement. Les cartes moyennes de croissance révèlent des motifs spatio-temporels évidents tant pour les taux que pour les directions de croissance. De plus, la description de la déformation des tissus démontre l'équilibre complexe impliqué dans le maintien d'une surface relativement plane dans les feuilles. La méthode proposée et les logiciels associés permettra d’effectuer des analyses comparative de la croissance entre feuilles de type sauvage et feuilles de mutants aux formes altérées, afin d’élucider les mécanismes de la morphogenèse foliaire.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第19728号 / 工博第4183号 / 新制||工||1645(附属図書館) / 32764 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科材料化学専攻 / (主査)教授 田中 勝久, 教授 平尾 一之, 教授 三浦 清貴 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

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This thesis presents the first use of a novel direct-write, non-line-of-sight, two-photon photoelectrochemical etching technique for etching of single crystal silicon carbide substrates. The use of this technique has resulted in structuring of 3-dimensional structures in high quality single crystal silicon carbide wafers. The 3-dimensional structures demonstrated cannot be formed by any single or combination of traditional silicon carbide machining techniques. This thesis outlines the development of the optical, electrical, and diagnostic components required to achieve two-photon photoelectrochemical etching in silicon carbide. The diagnostic sub-assemblies --a single pixel confocal detector assembly and an in-situ optical microscope assembly-- and their design is also discussed. Several etched structures using the two-photon photoelectrochemical etching technique are presented.

No description available.

With the advent of cephalometrics in the 1930s, numerous studies have focused on the profile of a face to achieve a more esthetic orthodontic treatment outcome. With such heavy emphasis on facial esthetics, a shift in focus from the profile view to the oblique view has become necessary as the smile in the oblique view is what the general public evaluates. The purpose of this pilot study was to determine whether the current tools for diagnosis and treatment evaluation are sufficient. Currently, 2-dimensional composite photographs are utilized in evaluating the soft tissue. At Temple University, 3-dimensional images, which show all sides of the patient's face, are used adjunctively to 2-dimensional composite photographs. In this study, faculty members at the Temple University Department of Orthodontics were asked to complete surveys after viewing two different image modalities, 2-dimensional images and a 3-dimensional video of the same patient. They were asked to fill out the soft tissue goals for specific facial landmarks. Patient photos were in the smiling view as current literature lacks studies on this view. Faculty members' responses from analyzing the 2-dimensional images and 3-dimensional video for each patient were compared to determine which areas had frequent discrepancies from using two different image modalities. During the survey, a voice recorder captured any comments regarding the images. The ultimate goal of this qualitative pilot study was to identify when 3-dimensional imaging is necessary in treatment planning and evaluation, with an added hope to further advance research in 3-dimensional imaging and its vast possibilities to advance the field of orthodontics. Based on the data collected, the following conclusions were made: 1. The qualitative data highlighted that 3-dimensional imaging would be necessary in cases with skeletal deformities. 2. In the oblique view, 3-dimensional imaging is superior than 2-dimensional imaging by showing more accurate shadow, contour, and depth of the soft tissue. 3. Further improvement is necessary to create a virtual patient with treatment simulation abilities. 4. The comfort level among orthodontists of 2-dimensional imaging was higher than 3-dimensional imaging. With more widespread use of 3-dimensional imaging, more orthodontists may gradually reach a higher comfort level in using this relatively new technology. 5. Faculty members expressed high willingness to use 3-dimensional imaging if improvement in new technology could allow for more manipulation and accurate soft tissue prediction. 6. 3-dimensional imaging is superior in its efficiency, quick capture time, and lack of need for multiple images. Implementation of 3-dimensional imaging could streamline the records process and help with practice efficiency without compromising the image quality. 7. Both patients and orthodontists may benefit from using 3-dimensional imaging. Patients can see an accurate representation of themselves and possibly view their own treatment simulation upon further improvement in current technology. Orthodontists would benefit with much more accurate images that may serve as the virtual patient. 8. Besides the exorbitantly high cost, faculty members thought that more advances were needed and the current benefit was not great enough to justify the investment. The results were consistent with other studies that used the oblique view in that the 2-dimensional oblique view lacks depth and does not provide adequate information. With further improvement in current 3-dimensional imaging, this technology can benefit orthodontists in visualizing their patients. In addition, patients can benefit by hopefully seeing a live and accurate simulation of themselves instantly as a virtual patient. With these benefits of 3-dimensional imaging, it may one day be the new standard in patient records in the field of orthodontics. / Oral Biology

A hurricane is a combination of sustained winds, low atmospheric pressures and precipitation. Over the past decades, Louisiana has experienced several devastating hurricanes. The east bank of the City of New Orleans is bounded by Lake Pontchartrain to the North and the Mississippi River to the South. Lake Pontchartrain is a brackish system connected to the Gulf of Mexico through Lake Borgne to the East. As a Hurricane enters the Estuary from the Gulf of Mexico, it imposes a sustained surge of a few meters which may lead to flooding in areas which are not protected by levees. These flood water may be saline. Saltwater flooding is an environmental issue in flooded marshlands since saltwater can be fatal to some plants. The response of salinity and storm surge to hurricane duration which represents the forward speed of the storm is numerically modeled.

Orientador: Eliana Aguiar Petri Nahas / Resumo: Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre a força dos músculos do assoalho pélvico (MAP) e a função sexual em mulheres na pós-menopausa. Métodos: Realizou-se estudo de corte transversal com 156 mulheres, idade entre 45-65 anos, sexualmente ativas, em amenorreia >12 meses e sem alterações do assoalho pélvico. A função sexual foi avaliada por questionário validado, o Índice de Função Sexual Feminina (FSFI), em que escore total ≤26.5 indica disfunção sexual. A força dos MAP foi avaliada por meio da palpação vaginal bidigital, graduada 0 a 5 pela escala de Oxford, categorizados em não funcional (escores 0–1, sem contração dos MAP) e funcional (escores 2–5, com contração dos MAP). A biometria dos MAP foi realizada por ultrassom transperineal tridimensional (3D) (Voluson E6, GE) para avaliação da área total do hiato urogenital e diâmetros anteroposterior e transverso, e espessura do músculo levantador do ânus. Resultados: As participantes foram divididas de acordo com a força dos MAP, em funcional (n=93) e não funcional (n=63). Não houve diferenças entre os grupos quanto a idade, tempo de menopausa, paridade e tipo de parto e índice de massa corpórea (IMC). Foi observado maior percentual de usuárias de terapia hormonal (TH) no grupo com MAP funcional (36.6%) quando comparadas ao não funcional (12.7%) (p=0.002). Na comparação da biometria dos MAP não foram constatadas diferenças entre os grupos (p>0,05). Observou-se que as mulheres com MAP não funcional apresentaram piora na função sex... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the association between pelvic floor muscles (PFM) strength and sexual function in postmenopausal women. Methods: An analytical cross sectional study was conducted with 226 women, aged 45-65 years, sexually active, in amenorrhea >12 months and without pelvic floor disorders or urinary incontinence. For the evaluation of sexual function, the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) was used (total score ≤26.5 indicates sexual dysfunction). PFM strength was assessed by bidigital vaginal palpation, graded 0 to 5 by the Modified Oxford scale, categorized as non-functional (scores 0-1, without contraction) and functional (scores 2-5, with contraction). Transperineal 3-dimensional ultrasound (Voluson E6, GE) was used to evaluate the total urogenital hiatus area, transverse and anteroposterior diameters and levator ani muscle thickness. Results: Participants were categorized as functional PFM (n=143) and nonfunctional PFM (n = 83). There were no differences between the groups in age, time since menopause, parity and type of delivery, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference. A higher percentage of hormone therapy (HT) users was observed in the group with functional MAP (39.2%) when compared to nonfunctional (24.1%) (p=0.043). The women classified as functional PFM presented greater thickness of levator ani muscle when compared to those classified as nonfunctional (p=0.049). Women with nonfunctional PFM had worsening of sexual function in relation to the doma... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre