If the person who actually caused the damage is not a sufficiently solvent debtor, if he is impossible to identify or does not have sufficient liability insurance coverage, liability of the actual wrongdoer will not help the claimant. Hence, the latter will look for other possibly liable persons, particularly those who had to supervise the actual wrongdoer. Indeed, the concept of liability for damage caused by others shows that the person who causes damage with its unlawful conduct will not necessarily be the person who will finish repairing the damage is sustained. The legal system considers that certain people, because of their hierarchical relationship or supervisory control over other individuals, must be liable for the damages they cause. Such is the case of the employer when their employees cause damage to third. Often these rules are vicarious and sometimes they provide liability for rebuttable negligence / Si la persona que realmente causó el daño no es un deudor suficientemente solvente, si es imposible de identificar o no tiene cobertura de un seguro de responsabilidad civil, la responsabilidad del infractor real no ayudará a la víctima. Por lo que este último buscará otras personas posiblemente responsables, especialmente a los que tenían que supervisar al culpable real. Precisamente, el concepto de responsabilidad civil por hecho ajeno pone de relieve que quien ocasiona un daño con su conducta ilícita no necesariamente será la persona que acabará reparando el hecho dañoso. Los ordenamientos jurídicos consideran que determinadas personas, por su relación de jerarquía o de supervisión sobre otros individuos, deben responder civilmente por los daños que éstos causen. Tal es el caso del empresario cuando sus empleados causan un daño a tercero. A menudo, estas reglas son de responsabilidad vicaria y a veces son de responsabilidad por culpa iuris tantum

La tesis doctoral es el resultado de la investigación llevada a cabo en relación a toda una serie de sentencias del Tribunal Supremo, de los Tribunales Superiores de Justicia y de los tribunales de las Audiencias Provinciales que han utilizado en sus resoluciones los Principios de Derecho Europeo de Contratos (PECL), que, como se sabe, es un texto articulado de reglas con vocación de servir para la armonización y unificación del Derecho de obligaciones y contratos en los Estados miembros de la UE, pero sin fuerza vinculante alguna, por cuanto que no es fuente de nuestro ordenamiento jurídico. El método de trabajo en esta investigación ha consistido en comparar la doctrina legal y jurisprudencial tradicional de la materia en cuestión, con las enseñanzas y con la interpretación actual dada por estas sentencias a la luz de la utilización y aplicación de estos Principios en sus argumentos, comprobando si realmente ofrecen un punto de partida para un cambio de sentido de la doctrina tradicional, o más bien sirven de refuerzo de sus argumentos tradicionales. Las materias sobre las que, hasta la fecha, han tratado los Tribunales españoles se comprenden en prácticamente todos los capítulos de los PECL: sobre el capítulo de disposiciones generales se ha tratado del principio de la buena fe, de la definición del término “razonable”; también de los capítulos relativos a la formación del contrato, a la representación, a la validez del contrato, interpretación, contenido y efectos, cumplimiento, incumplimiento resolutorio y remedios generales y específicos, fuentes de las obligaciones solidarias, la compensación… El estudio de nuestra investigación no podía abarcar todas las materias, por lo que nos hemos centrado en dos de especial interés y actualidad: el cambio de circunstancias en los efectos del contrato (art. 6:111) –cláusula rebus sic stantibus- y el incumplimiento resolutorio y remedios generales y específicos (cap. 8 y 9). El resto de materias nos hemos limitado a reseñarlas y exponer lo que sobre las mismas argumentan los tribunales, con un breve análisis de compatibilidad con nuestro ordenamiento jurídico. La conclusión final resultante es que, por ahora, después de haber utilizado ya reglas de todos sus capítulos, lo que se viene confirmando es que con uso de otros principios de nuestro propio ordenamiento jurídico ya se estaban consiguiendo esas nuevas tendencias doctrinales que el propio Tribunal Supremo califica de modernas. / The doctoral thesis is the result of research carried out in relation to a series of Supreme Court decisions of the High Courts of Justice and the courts of the Provincial Courts have used in its resolutions the Principles of European Contract Law (PECL), which, as is known, is an articulated rules text with spirit of service to the harmonization and unification of the law of obligations and contracts in the Member States of the EU, but without any binding force, in that no is the source of our legal system. The working method in this research has been to compare the traditional legal and jurisprudential doctrine of subject matter, with the teachings and the current interpretation of these statements in light of the use and application of these principles in their arguments, checking whether they actually provide a starting point for a reversal of the traditional doctrine, or rather serves to assist their traditional arguments. The matters on which they have, so far, treated the Spanish Courts understood in virtually all chapters of the PECL: on the general provisions chapter has dealt with the principle of good faith and fair dealing, the reasonableness, also the chapters on contract formation, conflict of interest in the representation, the validity of the contract, interpretation, contents and effects, place of performance of a contractual obligation, non-performance and remedies in general and particular remedies, when solidary obligations arise, set-off… The study of our research could not cover all the matters, so we focused on two of special interest and relevance: the change of circumstances on the effects of the contract (art. 6:111) –clause rebus sic stantibus- and non-performance obligation and general and specific remedies (ch. 8 and 9). All other matters we’ve just review them and expose what about them argue the Courts, with a brief discussion of our legal system compatibility. The resulting final conclusion is that, for now, having already used rules all its chapters, which has been confirmed is that with use of other principles of our own legal system were already getting these new doctrinal trends that the Court itself modern Supreme qualify.

The objective of this dissertation is to study the practices of mediation of the European Union (EU) in order to explore how the understanding of violent conflicts by EU officials is reflected in their ways of responding to them through practices of mediation. In late 2011 the in-house Mediation Support Team of the Union took office as part of implementing the Concept on Strengthening EU Mediation and Dialogue Capacities, adopted by the Council of the European Union in 2009. The group began to develop new practices of in-house mediation support, thereby engaging with the already existing efforts of the Union. This study sets out to trace the emergence of this loosely knitted web of practices - the assemblage of EU mediation - by drawing on the sociology of translation or Actor-NetworkTheory and on concepts of governmentality studies. It builds on the four moments of translation as developed by Michel Callon and refines them with the notion of political rationality and techne to assess what it is that makes the assemblage relatively durable. This dissertation argues that the seemingly incoherent and to an extent diverging practices of mediation are in fact organized around a reasoning on violent conflict which securitizes conflict. It is challenged by a transformative rationale which is advocated by the Mediation Support Team. However, the common denominator of both concepts is an understanding of how to build peace with sustainable economic development, the eradication of poverty, strong and democratic state institutions and an effective system of multilateralism as its main components. Taken together, this reasoning or political rationality gives rise to a state-centred approach to violent conflict which often plays out at the expense of a detailed conflict assessment as it simplifies the multiple realities and narratives of violent conflict. Two case studies of EU mediation practices in Myanmar and Georgia substantiate this argument. They are assessed through analysing the transcripts of 63 semi-structured interviews and textual artefacts. Moreover, the dissertation discovers an intriguing puzzle pertaining to how the political rationality of the assemblage of mediation is resisting any form of scrutinizing the underlying assumptions of the state-centred understanding of violent conflict. On the one hand, the Mediation Support Team fulfils a supportive role and did not manage to establish itself as an obligatory passage point of the assemblage which would define how to engage in mediation and require all other actors to pass through it. In fact, the codified practices of the Common Foreign and Security Policy authorize the Council of the European Union to determine the Union's foreign policy objectives, including mandating an actor to mediate on behalf of the EU, and calling for all efforts of resolving violent conflicts to be in line with Council policies. Accordingly, European Union Special Representatives or Heads of Delegations engage in those practices that engender a peace process. On the other hand, the study found that the practices of mediation support structure the way of thinking of EU officials on peace and conflict in that they introduce specific concepts such as the transformative approach to violent conflict and blur the boundaries between EU actors and external experts, thereby raising the question whether or not this will challenge the Union's concept of violent conflict in the future.

Orientador : Prof. Dr. Carlos Eduardo Pianovski Ruzyk / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Jurídicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito. Defesa: Curitiba, 28/03/2016 / Inclui referências : f. 162-169 / Resumo: A dissertação se propõe a analisar como o Direito Civil brasileiro apreende o silêncio na espacialidade dos negócios jurídicos. Para tanto, depois de constatar que o tema foi profundamente analisado pela doutrina brasileira de década de 1930, notadamente pelas obras de Lino de Moraes Leme, José Martins Rodrigues e Miguel Maria de Serpa Lopes, o texto revisita estas obras, propondo uma sistematização entre os marcos teóricos utilizados por estes autores e um cotejo entre suas posições e as teorias do negócio jurídico próprias de sua temporalidade - a modernidade. Sequencialmente, o texto apresenta uma síntese da transição do Direito Civil da modernidade para o Direito Civil contemporâneo, enfatizando as mutações operadas na seara negocial, dando assim o primeiro passo além daqueles trilhados pelos autores da década de 1930. Assim, apresenta também as teorias do negócio jurídico da contemporaneidade, esboçando as potencialidades de cada qual para a apreensão do silêncio enquanto fato jurídico. Ao final, para apresentar o atual locus do silêncio no negócio jurídico, o texto constrói quatro modelos jurídicos para o silêncio: legal, consuetudinário, jurisprudencial e negocial, de acordo com a respectiva fonte normativa, e, por derradeiro, propõe um modelo hermenêutico que permite solver alguns dos problemas próprios do tema. Palavras-chave: silêncio; Direito Civil; negócio jurídico; modelos de direito. / Abstract:The dissertation aims to analyze how Brazilian Civil Law seizes the silence in contract law. Therefore, after noting that the issue was widely examined by Brazilian doctrine of the 1930s, notably the works of Lino de Moraes Leme, José Martins Rodrigues and Miguel Maria Serpa Lopes, the text revisits these works, proposing a systematization between the theoretical frameworks used by these authors and a comparison between their positions and the modern theories of contract. Sequentially, the text provides an overview of the transition of Civil Law of modernity to the contemporary Civil Law, emphasizing the changes operated in contract law and so taking the first step beyond those trodden by the authors of the 1930s. The text also presents the contemporary theories of contract, outlining the potential of each to the seizure of silence as a legal fact. Finally, to present the actual locus of silence in contract law, the text builds four legal models for silence: legal, customary, jurisprudential and contractual, according to its normative source, and, at last, proposes a hermeneutic model that allows solving some of silence's issues. Key-words: silence; Civil Law; contract; juridical standards.

The purpose of this thesis is to determine the scope and consequences of the separability doctrine in English law. It reveals a tension which hitherto has not been explored or understood between the desire to widen the separability doctrine so as to promote commercial arbitration and the need for that doctrine to rest on sound principle and policy. The thesis seeks to convince the reader that: (i) English arbitration law is, and should continue to be, based on a contractual theory of arbitration; (ii) the separability doctrine, as applied in England, is consistent with a contractual theory of arbitration; (iii) the best way for the English doctrine of separability to develop, for reasons of policy and principle, is to recognise two main exceptions to separability, these being for non-existent and for illegal contracts; and (iv) the competence-competence principle can, and should, be utilised in order to mitigate some possible drawbacks of the above-mentioned exceptions to the separability doctrine. In developing the above arguments the thesis tackles issues of great importance that have tended to be overlooked, in particular the relationship between the separability doctrine and general theories of arbitration and the relationship between the separability doctrine and the competence-competence principle.

This is an investigation into the methods and techniques used by Lord Denning in pursuit of his notion of doing justice to the case in front of him. The thesis examines Denning’s upbringing and biography to attempt to identify incidents and influences on his character which may have shown themselves in his later judicial career. The thesis then examines his judicial style and philosophy to attempt to isolate a theory of adjudication which accounts for some of his decisions. The theory of the interstitial spaces within the law wherein judges are entitled to exercise their discretion in coming to judgement is examined. This is then set against Denning’s actions in three cases which are examined at length to analyse his methods of obtaining the space to exercise his discretion and then the way he actually exercised that discretion is examined and analysed. There is in analysis of the legitimacy of each of these exercises of discretion and the legacy of each of them (if any). The conclusion pulls all these threads together and expounds a theory of adjudication that may fit these decisions and his judicial style and then analyses this theory against the background of modern jurisprudential thought.

Capítulo I. Se presenta la evolución del Derecho privado en relación por los principios de libertad contractual e igualdad entre partes, poniéndose el acento en la crisis de la autonomía de la voluntad como justificación del tratamiento del deber precontractual de informar. Se examina la evolución de este deber desde la regulación clásica de la contratación (regla caveat emptor) hasta la contemporánea, en que se termina imponiendo sobre todo en los supuestos de asimetría informativa. Asimismo, se exponen las ventajas de dicho deber frente a la anulación por vicios del consentimiento y a las reglas sobre incumplimiento de las obligaciones. A continuación, se presentan en general las normas sobre información precontractual y los proyectos de Derecho contractual europeo en esta materia. Subsiguientemente, se desarrolla la noción y clasificación del deber precontractual de informar, su naturaleza, su extensión (límites y contenido) y sus fundamentos (criterios jurídicos y económicos). En este sentido, se defiende la existencia del deber general de informar de las entidades de crédito a aquellos clientes cuyos conocimientos, experiencia o cualificación les impiden comprender una operación. Finalmente, se presentan las figuras que se abordan junto a la información precontractual propiamente dicha: publicidad, oferta, formularios contractuales, asesoramiento e información general al público. Capítulo II. Se presentan las normas sobre información precontractual aplicables a las entidades de crédito y se delimita su ámbito de aplicación objetivo y subjetivo (entidad de crédito, cliente, consumidor e inversor). Luego se exponen en general los requisitos exigidos a la información por dichas normas. El capítulo se centra en el examen de las normas sobre condiciones generales de la contratación, consumo, servicios bancarios y de inversión, contratación a distancia y publicidad. Asimismo, se presenta la regulación de los proyectos de Derecho contractual europeo sobre el particular. Finalmente, se analizan críticamente las mencionadas normas. Capítulo III. Se exponen las diferentes formas de incumplimiento del deber precontractual de informar de las entidades de crédito y la problemática de la carga de la prueba. Luego, se presentan las principales consecuencias ante dicha infracción: administrativas, concurrenciales y contractuales. El capítulo se centra en el estudio de estas últimas: ejercicio del derecho de desistimiento, anulación por vicio del consentimiento, no incorporación de condiciones generales, nulidad y responsabilidad civil. / Chapter I. I research the evolution of private law in relation to the principles of contractual freedom and equality between parties, putting the emphasis on the crisis of contractual freedom as a justification for my interest in analyzing the pre-contractual duty to inform that a financial institution owes its clients. I review the evolution of this duty from classical (the so called caveat emptor rule) to contemporary law of contract as this duty arises mainly from situations of asymmetric information between the parties. In my thesis I also emphasize the technical advantages of establishing such duty in comparison to other feasible remedies like the annulment of the contract for defects of consent or the termination for breach of contract. After that, I research the current rules on pre-contractual duties of information and the draft European contract law in this particular field. Subsequently, I pay close attention to the concept and classification of the precontractual duty to inform, its nature, extent (range and content) and its foundations (from the legal and economic point of view). In this regard, my conclusion is that a financial institution has a general duty to inform their customers whose poor knowledge, experience or training makes them unfit to fully understand the financial transactions they have entered into. Moreover, I deal with other sections of the law of contract which are somehow linked to the pre-contractual duty to inform (among others, the rules with regard to matters like advertising, contractual offer, drafting of contract terms and conditions, giving of advice and general information addressed to the public). Chapter II. I analyze the special rules on pre-contractual information which apply to financial institutions and I also define its objective and subjective scope (i.e., financial institution, client, consumer and investor). I study also the general requirements of these legal standards. This Chapter is focused on the review of the rules on general contract terms and conditions, consumer protection and investment services regulation, distance marketing and advertising. It also takes into consideration the draft European contract law rules on the matter. Finally, I try to analyze critically all these different legal standards. Chapter III. I review the different forms of breach by the credit institution of the pre-contractual duty to inform owed to its clients. I also take into account the issue of the burden of proof. As my main concern, I pay special attention to the most relevant consequences of this breach, i.e., under administrative law, competition law and contract law. This Chapter is actually mainly focused on the study of the most important techniques of the law of contract that intend to protect the client, i.e., the right of withdrawal from the contract, the right of termination for lack or defect of consent, the lack of binding effect of the general terms and conditions under certain circumstances, and the liability for damages

mpmartin@um.es / Esta tesis doctoral explora las variables implicadas en las recomendaciones de custodia de los psicólogos forenses de la Administración de Justicia de la Región de Murcia. El Instituto Nacional de Estadística advierte que en el año 2014 el número de divorcios aumentó un 5.6% respecto al año anterior, llegando a más de cien mil. Se trata de una realidad social, una circunstancia que ha pasado a formar parte de la vida de muchas personas como una etapa más. Los cambios producidos, tanto a nivel judicial como social, suponen una demanda para la que la psicología debe estar preparada, no sólo en el ámbito forense, también en el asesoramiento psicológico y gestión de conflictos familiares, dado que esta población presenta un elevado riesgo de sufrir ciertas dificultades reactivas a la situación estresante que están viviendo. La premisa fundamental en esta situación es la búsqueda del mejor interés del menor (favor filli). A través de la evaluación psicológica forense de la unidad familiar, se puede determinar la opción de guarda y custodia que causará la menor interferencia en la vida de los niños/as. OBJETIVOS: El objetivo principal es analizar la influencia que tienen las variables psicológicas y sociofamiliares evaluadas, sobre la recomendación de custodia del perito. Así mismo, interesa conocer el grado de participación de los menores en el proceso y la evolución de recomendaciones de custodia en la Región de Murcia. Además, se estudia la utilidad del Modelo de Áreas y Variables a Evaluar en Casos de Custodia Disputada de Ramírez (1997), buscando la relación estadística entre las variables que propone y las evaluadas por los peritos. METODOLOGÍA: La metodología utilizada se compone de tres fases: estudio piloto (n=50), consulta a expertos (n=35) y el desarrollo final de la investigación (n=186). Tras el estudio inicial de 581 informes elaborados, finalmente se han utilizado 186 informes forenses elaborados entre 2005 y 2015. Se han explorado las circunstancias concretas de las familias evaluadas y, específicamente, de los 276 menores implicados/as en el proceso de ruptura de pareja de sus progenitores. Se ha diseñado una base de datos para recoger las variables que el modelo teórico y las guías de buenas prácticas indican evaluar en una pericial de guarda y custodia, realizando los análisis estadísticos pertinentes con la muestra. RESULTADOS Y CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados obtenidos indican relación estadísticamente significativa (p<.05) con la recomendación de custodia de 21 de las variables registradas, teniendo la mitad de ellas una asociación muy potente (p<.01). Al analizar los 276 menores implicados, encontramos que las familias en proceso de separación tienen entre 1 y 4 hijos/as y que, casi el 90% de ellos han sido evaluados directamente por el psicólogo forense. No existen diferencias de género entre los menores evaluados y aquellos que no han acudido a entrevista. Sin embargo, los entrevistados tienen una media de edad de 9 años y medio y los no evaluados son menores de 4 años. Es decir, los peritos en la Región de Murcia utilizan el modelo teórico y las guías de buenas prácticas para recomendar la mejor organización familiar tras la ruptura de pareja de los progenitores. Además, encontramos que la recomendación de custodia compartida aumenta desde el año 2007, encontrando su punto más alto en 2014. Existiendo ciertas diferencias entre los criterios relevantes para esta alternativa. Por último, se observa un alto grado de implicación de los menores en la evaluación forense, dependiendo de su edad el peso de la intervención. / This PhD thesis explores the variables involved in the recommendations of custody made by forensic psychologists in the Administration of Justice in the Region of Murcia (Spain). The Spanish National Statistics Institute reports that the number of divorces in 2014 was increased by 5.6% over the previous year, up to more than one hundred thousand cases. It is a social fact and a circumstance that has become part of the lives of many people. The concomitant changes produced at legal and social levels imply a demand from Psychology that must be prepared not only from the forensic point of view, but also in the counseling and management of family conflicts fields. This population experiences a high risk of suffering certain reactive difficulties to the stressful changes they are going through. The fundamental premise in this situation is to seek the best interest for the child - favor filli -. The forensic psychological evaluation of the family unit can determine the custody option likely to cause the smallest interference in the lives of the children. OBJECTIVES: The main objective of the present work was to analyze the influence of the psychological and socio-familial variables evaluated on the recommendation of custody by the forensic experts. The level of participation of the children in the process and the evolution of the diferent recommendations of custody in the Region of Murcia were also considered of interest. In addition, the utility of the “Model for Areas and Variables to Be Evaluated in Disputed Custody Cases” by Ramirez (1997) was studied, looking for a statistical relationship between the proposed variables and those evaluated by the experts. METHODOLOGY: The methodological aproach consisted on three phases: a pilot study (n=50), consults to experts (n=35) and the final development of the research (n=186). After a preliminar study of 581 forensic reports, 186 reports produced between 2005 and 2015 were finally selected. The specific circumstances of the evaluated families were explored with special attention to the 276 children involved in the processes of separation lived between their parents. A database to collect the variables pointed out by the referred theoretical model and the best practice guidelines to be used in forensic evaluations involving childern custody was developed, making the appropriate statistical analysis to the sample. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The results of this work indicate a statistically significant (p<0.05) relationship with the recommendation of custody for 21 of the considered variables, half of them having a very strong association (p<0.01). The analysis of the 276 children involved in separation processes reveals that families under this situation have among 1 and 4 children and that almost 90% of them have been directly evaluated by the forensic psychologist. There are no gender differences between the children evaluated and those who have not gone to interview. However, those children directly evaluated are on average 9.5 years old while those children not evaluated are under 4 years of age. Thus, experts in the Region of Murcia follow the theoretical model and the best practice guidelines in their recommendations for the best family organization after parental separation. In addition, joint custody recommendations experience and increase since 2007, finding its peak in 2014. There are certain differences in the relevant criteria used for this choice. Finally, a high degree of involvement of the children in the forensic evaluation is observed, depending on their age the actual contribution of their intervention.

La tesi EL JUDICI DE PETICIÓ DE LLEGÍTIMA s’ocupa de les qüestions processals relatives a la llegítima hereditària catalana contingudes principalment en el Codi civil de Catalunya i en la Llei d’Enjudiciament civil. Ens ocupem de les qüestions teòriques però partint dels problemes empírics pràctics que es troba el dia a dia l’advocat i el tribunal que s’ocupa del dret de successions i concretament del dret de la quarta llegítima catalana. Des de la naturalesa i actual concepció del dret de llegítima successòria, s’estudia la demanda de petició de llegítima, les seves principals característiques i problemàtica, les particularitats de la contestació a la demanda i l’eventual necessitat de formular reconvenció. També la configuració de les parts processals, sobretot en relació al litisconsorci passiu necessari. Qui pot demandar i contra qui i còm.. La fixació de la quantia i de la petició en la demanda, la computació de la llegítima i determinació dels contractes onerosos o gratuïts que es poden computar als efectes del càlcul de la llegítima, i també de la valoració dels béns en relació a la prova del judici i els interessos . L’eventual necessitat d’acordar mesures cautelars, quines mesures, i les diferents possibilitats pel que fa als procediments possibles. I finalment la forma del pagament de la llegítima en diners o bé en béns de l’herència i el particular règim del Codi civil de Catalunya a l’ocupar-se d’aquesta qüestió. S’inclouen dos Annexes, un del llistat d’articles del Codi civil de Catalunya amb contingut processal i un segon Annexa d’index de la jurisprudència citada. / The dissertation JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS TO CLAIM THE FORCED ESTATE addresses the procedural issues regarding the Catalan forced estate (“Llegítima”) contained mainly in the Civil Code of Catalonia and in the Code of Civil Procedure. We deal with theoretical problems but starting from practical day-to-day problems faced by lawyers and judges working in the area of inheritance law and specifically the right to the Catalan fourth forced estate (“Quarta legitima catalana”). Taking into account the legal nature and present conception of the right to the forced estate, we study the petition to claim the forced estate, its main characteristics and problems, the particularities of the reply to oppose the claim, and the eventual need to file a counterclaim. We also address the configuration of the parties to the proceedings, mainly in relation with the mandatory joinder of defendants, who may sue, against whom and how. Then we focus on the determination of the amount and the petition of the claim, the calculation of the forced estate, the onerous contracts or gifts that may be considered for the establishment of the forced estate, also the valuation of the goods in relation to the evidence to be produced during the trial and legal interest. The eventual need to obtain preliminary measures, what measures, and the different possibilities given the range of possible proceedings. Finally, the form of payment of the forced estate, in cash or with assets of the estate, and the particular regime of the Catalonian Civil Code on this matter. Two annexes are included; one is a list of the articles of the Catalonian Civil Code with a procedural content, and the second an index of the cited cases law.

La relación de los derechos de autor con las actividades teatrales tiene múltiples facetas, algunas de ellas aparecen analizadas en este trabajo, pero lo central de esta tesis radica en el conflicto existente en torno a la consideración de autor del director de escena. Desde un planteamiento jurídico, la legislación de propiedad intelectual no considera al director de escena como un autor. Lo relega en cambio a un papel de «intérprete» de la obra dramática que él escenifica, y con ello se le hace titular de unos derechos de contenido más reducido que los que corresponden al autor. Esta perspectiva considera que el autor único de la obra teatral es el autor del texto dramático. En cambio, tanto en el universo de la profesión como en la consideración estética, a la figura del director de escena se le confiere un incuestionable estatuto de autoría. Es el autor indiscutible del montaje escénico. Nuestro objeto de estudio transcurre en el centro de esta discusión. En su recorrido, hemos realizado un análisis de la función que realiza el director de escena en su montaje, de los elementos que la integran, y del carácter creativo original de esa función, así como de los diferentes tipos de autoría que se dan en las artes escénicas, para, seguidamente, adentrarnos en la identificación de las características de la obra que se pone en escena. ¿Es ésta una obra intelectual autónoma, independiente, que cumple con los requisitos legales de creación original para ser protegida por la ley de propiedad intelectual? O ¿debe considerarse la puesta en escena una manifestación de la obra dramática –textual-, careciendo así de cualquier tipo de originalidad sustantiva que le confiera el carácter de obra intelectual? Sobre el cuestionamiento y las respuestas a estas dos hipótesis transcurre nuestro estudio, confrontando la labor del director y la propia creación escénica con los requisitos que la propia ley establece para considerar cualquier creación como una obra intelectual. A continuación pasamos a comparar el concepto legal de autor con el concepto que la estética ofrece del mismo, es decir, con el sentido que el territorio artístico tiene de autoría. La línea heurística de este trabajo continúa a través de una confrontación analítica entre la obra del dramaturgo y la obra del director de teatro (sobre todo cuando nominalmente se trata de la misma obra), pero ello no impide que nos preguntemos también por el carácter del director cuando éste lleva a escena una obra no textual. / The relation between copyright and theatrical activities has various facets; some of them are to be found in this work, nevertheless the central axe of this thesis stems from the existing conflict around considering the stage director as the actual author. From juridical point of view, the legislation does consider the stage director an author. It does, however, relegate him to the role of interpreter of the play he is staging and by that he is made a holder of some rights of less relevance than those belonging to the author. From this perspective the author of the drama is the only possible author of the play. However, in professional universe, as well as in aesthetic consideration, the stage director figure is bestowed with an unquestionable status of authorship. It is an indisputable author of the stage editing. The object of our study is located in the heart of this debate. All along its course, we have conducted an analysis of the function the stage director carries in his play, of the elements that embed it, of the original creative character of his function, as well as of different types of authorship common in performing arts in order to be able to explore the characteristics of the staged play. Is it an intellectually independent play that fulfils the legal requirements of original creation to be protected by the copyright law? Or should a staging be considered a manifestation of the dramatic “textual” play lacking the substantive originality, which grants it the character of intellectual creation? Our study moves between the questioning and resolving of both hypothesis, confronting director’s work and stage direction itself with the requirements established by the law as such to consider a creation as an intellectual oeuvre. The following is a comparison of a legal concept of an author with a concept of him offered by aesthetics, that is to say, the meaning of an author to the artistic territory. The heuristic line of this study advances through a confrontation of playwright’s work and theatre director’s work (in the same play above all), which does not preclude asking questions about director’s role when bringing a non-textual play to the stage. To realize this study we have also used different comparison lines. On one hand establishing parallelisms with different legislation from our European context and, on the other, with other type of plays that the law considers intellectual, as dance, cinematographic works, photography etc. We have listened to the opinions that the theatre directors themselves have on the issue in question, as well as on specialized juridical doctrine and on jurisprudence, both national and international, that has provided opinion on this issue. The interdisciplinary character of this thesis has provoked the maintenance of study line in between the two fields, without opting for strictly legal content, nor uniquely theatrological. The mere fact of moving in this interstitial space has permitted us to keep the perspective that unites and separates them, in other words the space that relates them.