Der »Jahresbericht 2009 zur Luftqualität in Sachsen« beinhaltet und bewertet die Messergebnisse zur Luftqualität im Freistaat Sachsen. Das 31 Messstellen umfassende stationäre Luftmessnetz misst die Konzentration der Luftschadstoffe Schwefeldioxid, Stickstoffdioxid, Feinstaub-Partikel, Blei, Benzol und Ozon. Bei den meisten Schadstoffen lag die Belastung auf dem Niveau des Vorjahres. Sie war niedriger als in den Jahren zuvor. Eine Ausnahme bildete der 24-Stunden-Grenzwert der Partikel-Konzentration (PM10). Hier gab es einen Anstieg gegenüber dem Vorjahr. An Verkehrsmessstellen in Leipzig, Dresden und Görlitz wurde dieser Grenzwert mehr als zulässig überschritten. Ursachen waren insbesondere die kalte Witterung im Januar und die extreme Trockenheit im April. Beim Jahreswert der NO2-Konzentration wurde wie in den Vorjahren in den Städten Dresden, Chemnitz und Leipzig der ab 2010 geltende Grenzwert nach EU-Richtlinie 2008/50/EG überschritten. Messstellen in ländlichen Gebieten zeigten bei Ozon weiterhin Überschreitungen der Zielwerte zum Schutz der menschlichen Gesundheit und der Vegetation.

O σκοπός της έρευνάς μας ήταν η διερεύνηση της επίδρασης της διαφθοράς σε ορισμένες μακροοικονομικές μεταβλητές. Συγκεκριμένα θέλαμε να εξετάσουμε τις σχέσεις μεταξύ διαφθοράς και επιπέδου εισοδήματος, βάσει της κατάταξης της παγκόσμιας τράπεζας (ΕΗ1), διαφθοράς και ρυθμού οικονομικής μεγέθυνσης (ΕΗ2), διαφθοράς και γραφειοκρατίας (ΕΗ3), διαφθοράς και φορολογικών εσόδων (EH4), και τέλος διαφθοράς και επιπέδου στρατιωτικών δαπανών (EH5). Οι ερευνητικές υποθέσεις ΕΗ1 και ΕΗ4 διερευνώνται στο πλαίσιο μιας περιγραφικής ανάλυσης, καθώς ο στόχος σε τέτοιου είδους αναλύσεις είναι η διαπίστωση της ύπαρξης κάποιου προτύπου στην συμμεταβολή των δύο μεταβλητών, ενώ η ΕΗ2 διερευνάται στο πλαίσιο μιας αιτιολογικής ανάλυσης, καθώς αποσκοπεί στην μέτρηση κάποιας αιτιώδους σχέσης μεταξύ δύο μεταβλητών. Για την διερεύνηση των παραπάνω ερευνητικών υποθέσεων επιλέξαμε ένα δείγμα 180 χωρών, για τις οποίες υπήρχαν στοιχεία αναφορικά με την τιμή του δείκτη αντιλαμβανόμενης διαφθοράς (Corruption Perception Index, CPI) για το 2008. Οι χώρες αυτές, σύμφωνα με την κατάταξη που χρησιμοποιεί η Παγκόσμια Τράπεζα (για οικονομίες με πληθυσμό μεγαλύτερο των 30.000 ατόμων), ανήκουν σε μια από τις ακόλουθες τέσσερεις κατηγορίες βάσει του κατά κεφαλήν Ακαθάριστου Εθνικού Εισοδήματος (gross national income (GNI) per capita) το 2009: • Χώρες Χαμηλού Εισοδήματος: Χώρες με κατά κεφαλήν Ακαθάριστο Εθνικό Εισόδημα μικρότερο από 995$. • Χώρες Κατωτέρου-Μέσου Εισοδήματος: Χώρες με κατά κεφαλήν Ακαθάριστο Εθνικό Εισόδημα μεταξύ 996$ και 3.945$. • Χώρες Ανωτέρου-Μέσου Εισοδήματος: Χώρες με κατά κεφαλήν Ακαθάριστο Εθνικό Εισόδημα μεταξύ 3.946$ και 12.195$. • Χώρες Υψηλού Εισοδήματος: Χώρες με κατά κεφαλήν Ακαθάριστο Εθνικό Εισόδημα μεγαλύτερο από 12.196$. / The purpose of our research was to investigate the effect of corruption in certain macroeconomic variables. Specifically, we wanted to examine the relationship between corruption and income level, based on the classification of the World Bank (EH1), corruption and slow economic growth (EH2), corruption and bureaucracy (EH3), corruption and tax revenues (EH5) and finally corruption and military spending (EH5). The research assumptions EH1 and EH4 are investigated in a descriptive analysis, as the goal in a such analysis is the finding of a pattern in “symmetavoli” of two variables, while EH2 is investigated in an explanatory analysis, designed in measuring any casual relationship between two variables. For the investigation of the above research hypotheses, we have choosen a sample of 180 countries, for which the data were available, regarding the index value of perceived corruption (Corruption Perception Index, CPI) for 2008. These countries, according to the classification that used by the World Bank (for economies with population greater than 30.000 people) belong in one of the following four categories based on GNI (gross national income per capita) in 2009: - Low Income Countries: countries with Gross National Income per capita less than $995. - Countries of Lower-Middle Income: countries with GNI per capita between $996 and $3.945. - Countries of Upper-Middle Income:countries with GNI per capita between $3946 and $12.195. - High Income Countries: Countries with GNI per capita greater than $12.196.

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Synthetic polymers are one of the most significant pollutants in the aquatic environment, because of abilities such as buoyancy and extreme persistency. Serious effects are expected from so-called microplastics (particle size <5 mm) that are reported in rivers, lakes as well as the ocean and that accumulate in sediments worldwide. In this thesis the abundance of microplastics in river shore sediments in the Rhine-Main area of Germany was studied. Therefore, a new method was developed that is based on a sodium chloride density separation with subsequent destruction of natural debris, and identification of the plastic particles by microscopy or Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Using the improved density separation, microplastics were separated from river shore sediments of 12 sites originating from the river Rhine, the river Main, and the stream Schwarzbach. Large amounts of microplastic particles of up to 1 g kg-1 or up to 4000 particles kg-1 were detected in the shore sediments. The identification by FTIR showed that polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene were the most abundant polymer types in the sediments, covering over 75% of all plastics identified. Transport of microplastics from tributaries to main streams was indicated by the detection of identical pellets in the River Rhine and in the Main mouth. Comparable concentrations detected by sampling one site over a period of two years suggest a constant pollution of the river shore sediments with microplastics. For deeper insights into the sorption process of organic contaminants to synthetic polymers in freshwater systems, batch experiments in synthetic freshwater were conducted to determine sorption kinetics and sorption isotherms for four selected glass state polymers (polycarbonate, poly(methyl methacrylate), polystyrene, and polyvinyl chloride) and six different model substances (carbamazepine, hexachlorocyclohexane (β/γ), 17α-ethynilestradiol, chlorpyrifos, and o,p-dichlorodiphenyltrichlorethane). Sorption to the polymer particles was observed for all contaminants increasing with the KOW values of the contaminants. Because of losses of contaminants in control samples, sorption reaction models could be applied to four out of six contaminants, and isotherms were calculated for three contaminants. Furthermore, influences of the different polymer types used were observed in the experiments. Finally, microplastics separated from sediments were extracted and analyzed by GC/MS and LC-MS/MS using target screening methods and non-target approaches. Different pesticides were identified in the polymer particles, suggesting that microplastics can act as a sink for hydrophobic contaminants. Moreover, several plastic additives such as phthalates or chlorinated flame retardants were identified. For this reason, it is very likely that microplastics act as a direct source for these chemicals in aquatic systems. The results of this thesis stress the urgency for the mitigation of the plastic particles in the aquatic environment.

The Red River Delta in Vietnam is one of the regions whose quaternary aquifers are polluted by arsenic. Chronic toxification by arsenic can cause severe illnesses such as cancer, skin lesions, developmental defects, cardiovascular and neurological diseas-es, and diabetes. In this study, a food processing craft village in the Red River Delta was investigated regarding the potential risk faced by the population due to arsenic. The potential sources of arsenic are the groundwater, the crops grown in the sur-roundings, and animal products from local husbandry. However, the occurrence of arsenic in nature is variable, and its bioavailability and toxicity depend very much on its specification: trivalent compounds are more toxic and often more mobile than pen-tavalent compounds, while inorganic species are generally more toxic than organic ones. Local conditions, such as the redox potential, strongly influence its specification and thus potential bioavailability. The introduction to this work elucidates the key factors which potentially cause human exposure to arsenic: the geological setting of the study area, land and water use pat-terns, and the current state of research regarding the mobilization, bioavailability and plant uptake of arsenic. Although the study area is located in a region where the groundwater is known to be moderately contaminated by arsenic, the level of arsenic in the groundwater in the village had not previously been determined. In this study, water use in the village was examined by a survey among the farmers and by water analyses, which are present-ed in the following chapters. Four main water sources (rain, river, tube well and a pub-lic municipal waterworks) are used for the different daily activities; the highest risk to human health was found to be the bore well water, which is pumped from the shallow Holocene aquifer. The water from the bore wells is commonly used for cleaning and washing as well as to feed the animals and for food processing. Products like noodles and rice wine were examined as well as local pork and poultry. Vegetables from the gardens and rice plants from the surrounding paddy fields were sampled and ana-lyzed. All plants were found to have accumulated arsenic, leafy vegetables showing the highest arsenic concentrations. The results are discussed and compared, and conclusions are drawn in the last part. The reducing conditions in the paddy fields are likely to have a strong influence on arsenic uptake in rice plants and on transport to the aquifer. The installation of a wastewater treatment plant under the research project INHAND, which was funded by the BMBF German Ministry of Education and Research, led to lower arsenic concen-trations in the groundwater. Soaring industrialization, the growing population, and the consumers’ changing behav-ior will widely affect land and water use and hence the potential mobilization of arse-nic. In order to mitigate further human exposure to arsenic, wastewater needs to be treated and the reducing conditions in the rice fields need to be decreased by means of enhanced cultivation methods.:Abstract III Zusammenfassung V Acknowledgements VII Contents IX List of abbreviations XIII List of tables XVII 1 Scope of this work 1 2 Introduction 2 2.1 Geographical and geological setting of the study area 2 2.2 Hydrological situation 5 2.2.1 Surface water 5 2.2.2 Impact of human activities on surface water quality and distribution 6 2.2.3 Hydrogeology 7 2.3 Arsenic occurrence 7 2.3.1 Arsenic toxicity 8 2.3.2 Risk potential of arsenic in diet 10 2.4 Arsenic contamination in the groundwater resources of the Red River Delta 11 2.4.1 Occurrence and origin of arsenic in the Red River Delta 12 2.4.2 Mobilization processes 13 2.4.3 As mobilization in paddy fields 15 2.5 Arsenic occurrence in daily rural activities 16 2.5.1 Arsenic in soil 17 2.5.2 Arsenic in drinking water 19 2.5.3 Phytoaccumulation: Current state of research 20 2.5.4 Bioavailablity 22 2.5.5 Arsenic uptake in rice plants 23 2.5.6 Arsenic in meat and animal products 26 2.5.7 Arsenic uptake in golden apple snails 27 2.5.8 Processing: Wine and noodles 28 2.5.9 Arsenic concentrations in wastewater, activated sludge and digestate 29 2.6 Iron and manganese in the nutrient chain 30 2.7 Land and water use in the Red River Delta 31 2.7.1 Historical and political aspects of rural development in Vietnam 33 2.7.2 Craft villages in the Red River Delta 34 3 Materials and methods 36 3.1 Soil sample analyses 36 3.2 Well sampling 37 3.3 Wastewater and sludge analyses 37 3.4 Food analyses 38 3.5 Site visit and field observations 39 3.6 Questionnaire 39 4 Results 40 4.1 Soil samples 40 4.1.1 Total arsenic and total heavy metal concentrations 40 4.1.2 Sequential fractionation procedure 41 4.2 Arsenic in the water cycle in Dai Lam 43 4.2.1 Groundwater analyses 43 4.2.2 Water use in Dai Lam 47 4.2.3 Wastewater in Dai Lam 50 4.3 Arsenic in sewage sludge 51 4.4 Arsenic in manure samples 52 4.5 Arsenic in food samples 52 4.5.1 Rice 52 4.5.2 Arsenic in leaf vegetables 53 4.5.3 Arsenic in poultry products 56 4.5.4 Arsenic in pork samples 57 4.5.5 Arsenic in snails 57 4.6 Economic and demographic development potential 58 5 Discussion 61 5.1 Soil samples 61 5.2 Groundwater samples 62 5.2.1 High arsenic concentrations 62 5.2.2 Strong temporal and spatial variation 63 5.2.3 Weak correlation between measured parameters 69 5.3 Wastewater and sewage sludge 70 5.4 Pig manure 71 5.5 Daily exposure to As from dietary intake 71 5.6 Effects of land and water use on water quality and public health 76 5.7 Against the background of the transition economy 77 6 Conclusion 80 7 Perspectives (further work) 85 8 References 86 9 Annex 110

In recent years, artificial light at night is increasingly recognized as a multifaceted problem that is expanding on a global scale. Astronomers were the first to criticize the loss of the dark, star-filled night. In recent years, biologists, physicians, and scientists from many other disciplines have joined the protest against light pollution.

Der Band beinhaltet als Spitzenbeitrag die Masterarbeit eines Studenten der sächsischen Polizei, die an der Deutschen Hochschule der Polizei mit Bestnote bewertet wurde. Ferner finden sich darin zwei aufgrund der herausragenden Qualität in ihrem polizeilichen Nutzwert ebenbürtige Bachelorarbeiten von Absolventen der Hochschule der Sächsischen Polizei (FH) sowie ein Abschlussbericht über ein bundesweites Forschungsprojekt zur Vergleichbarkeit der Atemalkoholanalyse mit der Blutalkoholanalyse, das an der Hochschule der Sächsischen Polizei (FH) in den Jahren 2015 bis 2017 mit bundesweiter Beteiligung durchgeführt wurde. All diese Beiträge können Entscheidendes zur Qualitätssteigerung der polizeilichen und staatlichen Verkehrssicherheitsarbeit beitragen. / = Rothenburger Beiträge zur Polizei- und Sicherheitsforschung ; Bd. 108

Die Waffenverbotszone Eisenbahnstraße Leipzig ist die erste und bisher einzige Waffenverbotszone Sachsens. Die vorliegende Arbeit geht aus einem Projekt hervor, das anderthalb Jahre nach der Einrichtung der Waffenverbotszone begann, um deren Auswirkungen zu unter­suchen. lm Einzelnen wurden der Kriminalitätsverlauf, die Akzeptanz der Waffenverbotszone und das Sicherheitsempfinden der Wohnbevölkerung betrachtet. Erhoben wurden Daten sowohl für das Areal der Waffenverbotszone als auch für die beiden Ortsteile, über die sie sich erstreckt. Methodisch stützt sich das Projekt auf eine Prozessdatenanalyse, eine postalische Bevölkerungsbefragung und Expertenbefragungen. Daraus ist eine umfängliche Beschreibung der Situation in den beiden Ortsteilen und der Waffenverbotszone Eisenbahnstraße entstanden, die Einblicke in die spezifische Kriminalitätsbelastung und deren Veränderung sowie die Beurteilung der Waffenverbotszone in der Wahrnehmung der Bevölkerung gewährt. Zudem werden neben einer kritischen Bewertung der Anlage solcher Evaluierungsprojekte auch Vorschläge für künftige Projekte dieser Art unterbreitet sowie ein Szenario vorgestellt, das helfen kann, die Probleme der beiden Ortsteile langfristig zu lösen.

A biofilm is any group of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other and adhere to a surface by excreting a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The chemoautotrophic nitrifying bacteria hardly form biofilms due to their extremely low growth rate; however, biofilm formation of nitrifying bacteria trends to attach in carrier by extracellular polysaccharides that facilitate mutual adhesion, the forming biofilm is also beneficial in nitrogen removal in biological filter systems, especially in aquaculture water treatment systems. The microbial activity within bio-carrier is a key factor in the performance of biofilm reactor. Selection the nitrifier bacteria that biofilm formation and immobilization on the carrier for application in ammonium polluted water treatment technologies, especially in aquaculture is our research objective. Therefore, in this study, ten and six strains of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) respectively were isolated from six different aquaculture water samples collected from Quang Ninh and Soc Trang. Basing on their high nitrification activity and biofilm forming capacity, six bacterial strains have been selected to take photo by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and carry out in 2 – liter tanks with and without carriers. As the results, the system with carriers (30% of total volume) increased nitrogen compounds elimination efficiency from 1.2 times to 2 times in comparison with the system without carrier. Two representatives of ammonia oxidizing bacterial group (B1.1; G2-1.2) were classification based on characteristics and they were classified as Nitrosomonas sp. and Nitrosococcus sp. / Màng sinh học được hình thành từ vi sinh vật nhờ các tế bào tiết ra các chất cao phân tử ngoại bào (EPS) và dính vào nhau đồng thời được gắn lên một bề mặt vật thể lỏng hoặc rắn. Vi khuẩn nitrate hóa tự dưỡng có thể tạo ra màng sinh học nhưng khá khó khăn do tỷ lệ sinh trưởng rất chậm của chúng. Tuy nhiên vi khuẩn nitrate hóa tạo màng sinh học thường có xu thế bám lên giá thể nhờ sự gắn kết của các polisaccarit ngoại bào. Sự hình thành màng sinh học cũng là lợi thế để loại bỏ các hợp chất nitơ trong các hệ thống lọc sinh học, đặc biệt là trong các hệ thống xử lý nước nuôi trồng thủy sản. Hoạt tính vi sinh vật cùng với giá thể sinh học là một yếu tố quan trọng để thực hiện trong các bể phản ứng màng sinh học. Trong nghiên cứu này, mục tiêu của chúng tôi là lựa chọn được các vi khuẩn nitrate hóa có khả năng tạo màng sinh học và cố định chúng lên giá thể để ứng dụng trong các công nghệ xử lý nước bị ô nhiễm ammonia đặc biệt là trong nuôi trồng thủy sản. Kết quả cho thấy, từ sáu mẫu nước nuôi trồng thủy sản khác nhau từ Quảng Ninh và Sóc Trăng, 10 chủng vi khuẩn oxy hóa ammonia (AOB) và 6 chủng vi khuẩn oxy hóa nitrite (NOB) đã được phân lập. Dựa vào hoạt tính nitrate hóa và khả năng tạo màng sinh học của các chủng vi khuẩn phân lập được 6 chủng điển hình đã được lựa chọn để chụp ảnh kính hiển vi điện tử quét và được ứng dụng trong hai bể sinh học với dung tích 2 lít có chứa và không chứa chất mang (giá thể). Sau 7 ngày, hệ thống sinh học chứa giá thể (chiếm 30% thể tích) có hiệu suất loại bỏ các hợp chất nitơ tăng hơn từ 1,2 đến 2 lần so với bể sinh học không chứa chất mang. Hai đại diện của nhóm vi khuẩn oxy hóa ammonia (B-1.1 và G2-1.2) đã được phân loại sơ bộ dựa vào một số đặc điểm sinh học và chúng đã được xác định thuộc chi Nitrosomonas và chi Nitrosococcus.

Three different habitats: secondary forest, acacia plantation, and mixed forests on limestone, were chosen to determine and compare the ant species diversity in these habitats. A total of 24 identified species and 11 morphology species belonging to 20 genera in seven subfamilies were collected using pitfall traps from June 2014 to May 2015. The Shannon-Wiener’s species diversity index indicated that the diversity was the highest in the acacia plantation (2.08), followed by the secondary forest (1.99) and lowest in the mixed forests on limestone (1.83). There are three dominant species in the habitat (I), Pheidole noda, Odontomachus cf. monticola, and Odontoponera denticulate; four dominant species in the habitat (II), Odontoponera denticulata, Carebara diversa, Technomyrmex brunneus and Anoplolepis gracilipes; and only one dominant species in the habitat (III), Anoplolepis gracilipes. The species similarity (S) relatively low may be because of the difference vegetation and condition in the three habitats. / Đa dạng loài kiến trong ba môi trường sống khác nhau: rừng rậm thường xanh nhiệt đới, rừng keo và rừng hỗn giao trên núi đá vôi, được nghiên cứu để xác định và so sánh sự đa dạng các loài kiến trong những môi trường sống. Phương pháp nghiên cứu: sử dụng bẫy hố từ tháng 6 năm 2014 đến tháng 5 năm 2015. Đã ghi nhận được 35 loài, thuộc 20 giống, 7 phân họ. Chỉ số đa dạng loài Shannon-Wiener cho thấy rừng keo có chỉ số đa dạng cao nhất (2,08), tiếp theo là rừng rậm thường xanh nhiệt đới (1,99) và cuối cùng là rừng hỗn giao trên núi đá vôi (1,83). Có 3 loài ưu thế ở sinh cảnh (I) là Pheidole noda, Odontomachus cf. monticola và Odontoponera denticulata, bốn loài ưu thế ở sinh cảnh (II) là Carebara diversa, Technomyrmex brunneus, Odontoponera denticulate và Anoplolepis gracilipes. Ở sinh cảnh (III) chỉ có duy nhất một loài chiếm ưu thế là loài Anoplolepis gracilipes. Chỉ số tương đồng (S) tương đối thấp có thể là do sự khác nhau ở các thảm thực vật và điều kiện sống trong ba sinh cảnh.