Scanning är ett verktyg som har utvecklats mycket och används mer och mer inom geodetisk mätning. Instrumenten har blivit mer pålitliga med högre kvalité på resultaten, därför är det viktigt att eliminera de problem som kan skada scanningens pålitlighet. Det problemet som ska undersökas och testas i det här examensarbetet uppstår när man till exempel scannar en bergvägg. Man vill få en så lik avbildning av bergväggen som möjligt för att sedan kunna göra volymberäkningar emot bergväggen. Avbildningen av bergväggen består av ett moln av punkter som tillsammans skapar en 3D-modell av bergväggen.   Om det ska fyllas med betong emot bergväggen så måste man veta vilken volym betong det kommer gå åt, därför är det viktigt att modellen av bergväggen stämmer. Problemet är att modellen kan visa sig att vara fel beroende på hur man har scannat. Det är när bergväggen är så pass ojämn och att man inte kan scanna från alla vinklar som det uppstår så kallade skuggor i modellen, en hålighet i berget kan då i modellen istället vara fylld. Detta gör att det går åt mer volym när man ska fylla igen vilket kan bli dyrt för alla inblandade.   För att testa detta ska flera olika metoder testas under arbetet, olika typer av instrument, täthet mellan punkter, olika infallsvinklar och manuell scanning. Det som är intressant att se är hur pass mycket metoderna skiljer sig mellan varandra och genom att jämföra dessa så kan man få fram ett resultat som visar vilken metod som är mest trovärdig.   Arbetets resultat och analys finns att läsa senare i den här rapporten där man också får svar hur arbetet genomfördes och hur metoderna skilde sig emot varnadra.

Obtaining geometrical and physical information of industrially manufactured products or manually created artifacts has increased dramatically in the past few years. These data are usually generated by means of specific devices which are called 3D scanners. 3D scanners generate virtual 3D models of objects which in different fields can be used for various applications such as reverse engineering and quality control in manufacturing industry or data archiving of valuable unique objects of cultural heritage. There are basically two types of 3D scanning depending on whether contact or non-contact techniques are used. Non-contact scanners have been developed to overcome the problems of contacts. Optical methods are the most developed and major category of non-contact scanning techniques. Remarkable progress in computer science has been the key element of optical 3D scanning development. Apart from this improvement, optical scanners are affected by surface characteristics of the target object, such as transparency and reflectivity, since optical scanners work based on reflected light from the object surface. For solving this problem, in most cases the object is sprayed with an aerosol spray to change its characteristics temporarily, e.g. from shiny to dull or transparent to opaque. It is important to apply coating of minimum possible thickness to keep the object geometry unchanged. To study this issue, an atomization-based spray coating system was developed in this thesis research and used in sets of experiments to evaluate the effects of thin layer coating on 3D scanning results. In this thesis, firstly the spray coating system structure and coating specifications will be offered. Then, for appraising the efficiency of atomization-based spray coating in 3D scanning process, some examples are presented. These examples are based on some actual parts from different industries which were used as target objects to be coated and scanned. / Graduate / 0548 / behzadv@uvic.ca

Obtaining geometrical and physical information of industrially manufactured products or manually created artifacts has increased dramatically in the past few years. These data are usually generated by means of specific devices which are called 3D scanners. 3D scanners generate virtual 3D models of objects which in different fields can be used for various applications such as reverse engineering and quality control in manufacturing industry or data archiving of valuable unique objects of cultural heritage. There are basically two types of 3D scanning depending on whether contact or non-contact techniques are used. Non-contact scanners have been developed to overcome the problems of contacts. Optical methods are the most developed and major category of non-contact scanning techniques. Remarkable progress in computer science has been the key element of optical 3D scanning development. Apart from this improvement, optical scanners are affected by surface characteristics of the target object, such as transparency and reflectivity, since optical scanners work based on reflected light from the object surface. For solving this problem, in most cases the object is sprayed with an aerosol spray to change its characteristics temporarily, e.g. from shiny to dull or transparent to opaque. It is important to apply coating of minimum possible thickness to keep the object geometry unchanged. To study this issue, an atomization-based spray coating system was developed in this thesis research and used in sets of experiments to evaluate the effects of thin layer coating on 3D scanning results. In this thesis, firstly the spray coating system structure and coating specifications will be offered. Then, for appraising the efficiency of atomization-based spray coating in 3D scanning process, some examples are presented. These examples are based on some actual parts from different industries which were used as target objects to be coated and scanned. / Graduate / 0548 / behzadv@uvic.ca

Denna kandidatuppsats undersöker överdelsplagg och den förflyttning de gör i förhållande till kroppen i rörelse. För att kunna utveckla plagg med smarta funktioner med sensorer eller aktivatorer vars uppgift är att avläsa eller stimulera en specifik punkt på kroppen, är det viktigt att förstå hur plaggets förflyttas i förhållande i kroppen i rörelse. I det syftet utfördes denna studie genom att frivilliga testpersoner skannades i 3D scanner med ett testplagg med markeringar för avmätningar i olika positioner. Positioner som undersöktes i studien var baserade på det rörelsemönstret som är observerat i vardagslivet i Sverige. Studien avsåg även att se över om förflyttningen har olika karaktär för storlekar. Både män och kvinnor deltog i studien i storlekarna S, M och L. Den största förflyttningen skedde vid lyft av båda armarna över huvudet. Det gick även att observera skillnader i förflyttningen mellan de olika storlekarna. Det finns ett behov att uppmärksamma dessa förflyttningar för konstruktion av plagg med sensorer och aktivatorer. / This bachelor thesis is exploring how upperbody garments and the movement the garment does in relation to the body in movement. To be able to develop garments with smart technology with sensors and activators, which jobs are to read or stimulate a specific point of the body, it is important to understand the displacement of the garment when the body moves. In purpose of this, this study is performed by having people volunteer for 3D body scanning wearing a test garment with markers for measurements in different postures. The postures that were examined was based on the pattern of movement that was observed in the daily life in Sweden. The study aimed to see how the displacements changes in different sizes. Both men and women took part in this study in the sizes S, M and L. The biggest displacement was in the posture where the participants lifted their hands above their heads. It was possible to observe differences in the displacement between the sizes. There is a need to observe these movements to be able to make constructions suitable for garments with sensors and activators.

How form translates as it moves between the physical and the digital has caught my interest. I collect data through different types of 3d scanning exploring a range of technologies. In the digital realm, the information captured presents itself as a messy abstraction to the original where some information is added while other is lost. Developing the material, I adopt complex content aware auto fill algorithms - a strategy that becomes essential for the project.  In my installation visitors can explore thresholds between the real and the virtual. My firm belief is that the traces from the physical and digital wear and tear add value in that they unpack my process, birthing something strange while familiar. / Hur form översätts när den rör sig mellan det fysiska och det digitala har fångat mitt intresse. Jag samlar in data genom olika typer av 3d-skanning och utforskar en rad olika tekniker. I det digitala rummet redovisas den dokumenterade datan som en rörig abstraktion till sitt original, där viss information adderas medan annan förloras. Jag antar i min designprocess komplexa content aware auto fill-algoritmer - en strategi som blir central för projektet. I min installation bjuds besökare att utforska möten mellan det verkliga och det virtuella. Det är min övertygelse att spåren från det fysiska och det digitala slitaget adderar mervärden genom att de packar upp min process samtidigt som något märkligt men bekant materialiseras.

The technical paper deals with the application of 3D scanning for the preparation of cast machining which is a part of steam turbines manufactured by the Industrial Turbo machinery branch office of the Siemens Ltd. in Brno. There is a theoretic explanation of general terms which relate to the 3D digitization process in the first part. Further in the theoretic part, the used digitization systems TRITOP and ATOS are described in detail. In practical part, the analysis of the current process has been carried out and the alternate process of the cast preparation for a subsequent machining has been suggested. By means of above mentioned systems, the cast has been converted in a digital form and compared with the source CAD module. The comparison results in material allowance check and the suitable setting for a following machining process. In conclusion, the technical economic evaluation of both processes has been carried out.

Mit Techniken der Computergraphik können bewegte drei-dimensionale Oberflächen mit höchsten visuellen Details generiert und dargestellt werden. Mittlerweile sind die Ergebnisse so gut, dass beispielsweise virtuelle menschliche Gesichter in Filmen und Videospielen kaum noch von realen zu unterscheiden sind. Auch in der Ergonomie werden immer genauere Mensch-Modelle und Simulationen verwendet, beispielsweise zur Validierung und Verbesserung von Textilien.

Finger flutings are lines and markings drawn with the human hand in soft cave sediment in caves and rock shelters throughout southern Australia, New Guinea and southwestern Europe, dating back to the Late Pleistocene. Analysis of these markings can reveal characteristics of the creators, such as age, sex and group sizes. However, despite a comprehensive method of study, data collection is still reliant on in field measurements and is often constrained by physical challenges within the caves. Advances in technology allow us to record archaeological data in three dimensions. Creating 3D models of finger fluting panels would allow for off-site measurements and other forms of detailed analysis. In this thesis, I test three different 3D scanning techniques, photogrammetry, tripod structured light scanning, and handheld structured light scanning, to determine the most appropriate method for the documentation of finger flutings based on factors such as portability, cost, efficiency, accuracy, as well as other challenges present in cave and rock shelter settings. I created replica fluting panels in three different media and created 3D models of them. I then compared measurements taken from the panels in person to measurements taken from the 3D-scanned models to see if there is statistically significant difference between the models and the panel. The results of my experiment show that 3D models of finger fluting panels are accurate representations of the experimental panels and that photogrammetry is the technique that best meets the requirements of finger fluting research. / Graduate

Broiler birds have drastically increased in size over the past few decades through improvements in genetic selection. Physical measurements such as surface area, volume and physical dimensions are needed information in the construction of animal facilities and developing management guidelines. The objective of this study was to develop a three-dimensional scanning methodology to characterize surface area and envelope volume of poultry, livestock, and equine using a commercially available 3D digitizer system. The digitizing system used phase shift moiré to capture images of three test cylinders, four fiberglass animal models, and a live broiler bird. These images were spliced into physical models using image processing software. System accuracy (< 2%) was verified with cylinder models. Recommended camera orientations and placements were established with each species by the use of fiberglass models. The methods will have to be fine-tuned for live animals as observed in the live broiler test.

Aim: To use the extraoral scanner 3D Sense in practice and compare the measurements on scanned material with conventional, direct clinical measurements. This is to evaluate if extraoral scanning can replace a clinical examination and extraoral 2D photography. Material &amp; method: Fifteen adults at the Faculty of Odontology were recruited for the study. Five determined landmarks were marked in the faces of the subjects. Direct clinical measurements were performed between the landmarks of every subject and used as a reference. The subjects' faces were scanned and the same distances were measured in the scans. Differences in measurements of the two methods were conducted in a paired t-test. Intra- and inter operator differences were calculated for all distances. Intraclass correlations were used to describe to what extent subjects in the same group resemble each other.  Results: Conformity of direct clinical measurements and measurements on scanned material varied between the mean difference of 0,22-5,13 mm. Intra- and inter operator ICC was overall excellent. Conclusion: The measurements between the landmarks pronasale (prn) and pogonion (pg) was the only distance with no statistical significant difference between the two methods. The 3D Sense shows decreasing conformity to clinical measurements with increasing distances. Inter operator ICC shows excellent values and measuring on scanned material can be regarded as a reproducible method. The results indicate clinical acceptance for use of 3D Sense for some purposes in odontology. 3D Sense has been validated in-vitro and analyzed in-vivo. The studies have established the 3D Sense’s adequacy in odontology.